2005-2012年凭祥市结核病和艾滋病（TB／HIV）双重感染人群资料分析

目的了解凭祥市结核病和艾滋病（TB／HIV）双重感染情况,为制定结核病和艾滋病的防治措施提供科学依据。方法通过结核病与艾滋病双向筛查,对凭祥市2005-2012年发现的69例TB／HIV双重感染者资料进行分析。结果2005-2012年新登记的1364例结核病人全部进行HIV筛查,检测率100．00％,检出HIV抗体阳性53例,阳性率为3．89％;对新发和可随访到的725例艾滋病患者和HIV感染者进行结核病筛查,查出活动性结核病患者16例,检出率为2．21％。69例双重感染者中,男性60例、女性9例;其中活动性肺结核患者68例,肺外结核患者l例;痰涂片阳性11例,阴性58例;HIV传播途径,血液传播24例、性传播45例;69例双重感染者全部进行了抗结核药物治疗,11例涂阳结核病患者中治愈7例、非结核死亡2例、迁出2例;34例涂阴结核病患者完成疗程;35例接受抗病毒治疗。结论TB／HIV双向筛查策略是有效发现传染源、预防和控制结核病及艾滋病流行的有效途径。     

陕西省TB与HIV/AIDS双向筛查及TB/HIV患者抗结核治疗转归队列分析

目的 了解陕西省TB/HIV (结核分枝杆菌 /艾滋病病毒)双重感染防治工作。提高TB/HIV发现、治疗和管理力度,控制结核病和艾滋病的进一步传播,保护公众健康。方法 收集整理和分析2010—2017年陕西省各地上报的《TB/HIV 双重感染防治管理工作年度报表》。结果 2010—2017年,累计接受HIV抗体检测的结核病患者43 304例,检测率25.10%,HIV检测阳性数16例,阳性检出率0.04%;同期,HIV /AIDS患者中,新检出的HIV/AIDS中接受X线胸片或查痰9 666人,结核病检查率76.81%;诊断TB/HIV双重感染患者224人,结核病患者检出率2.32%;既往的HIV/AIDS中接受X线胸片或查痰24 277人次,结核病检查率80.43%;诊断TB/HIV双重感染患者105人,结核病患者检出率0.43%;结核中筛HIV/AIDS,新检出HIV/AIDS中筛结核,既往HIV/AIDS中筛结核,三组检出率两两进行对比,差别均有统计学意义（P<0.001）;共进行抗结核治疗263例,抗结核治疗率76.23%;进行抗病毒治疗256例,抗病毒治疗率74.20%;抗结核治疗的TB/HIV患者中治愈35例（17.59%）,完成疗程率141例（70.85%）,结核死亡1例（0.50%）,非结核死亡15例（7.54%）,丢失2例（1.00%）,其他5例（2.51%）。结论 双向筛查是切实有效的早期发现TB/HIV的方法,有利于提高TB/HIV的早期发现,并能提高TB/HIV双重感染患者结核病的治疗成功率、降低结核病死亡率,有效的控制TB/HIV双重感染疫情。     

云南省HIV/AIDS患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的：研究云南省HIV/AIDS合并下呼吸道感染住院患者病原菌分布及耐药性特点,指导临床用药．方法收集2008年1月至2012年12月在昆明市第三人民医院艾滋病科住院的HIV/AIDS合并下呼吸道感染住院患者278例进行痰液,肺泡灌洗液标本涂片、培养,阳性标本进行回顾性分析．结果278例痰液及肺泡灌洗液标本共分离出细菌127株（45.7%）,真菌53株（19.1%）,白色假丝酵母菌50株,曲霉菌3株．分支杆菌49株,结核分枝杆菌44株,其余为非典型分支杆菌．革兰氏阴性杆菌占64.6%,依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、不动杆菌属、阴沟肠杆菌,革兰阳性菌占15.4%．真菌占19.1%,常见为白色念珠菌．结核分枝杆菌占17.6%．革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、头胞哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星较敏感,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、呋喃妥因、亚胺培南较敏感．结论云南省HIV/AIDS患者合并下呼吸道感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌,真菌感染比例逐年增高,以条件致病菌为主,对抗菌药物产生了不同程度的耐药,结核杆菌感染发病率高,存在耐多药结核菌,临床应合理使用抗菌药物,以延缓病原菌耐药的产生．     

HIV-TB: the 'cursed duet'

Tuberculosis is the most common infection among HIV-infected patients in India. More deaths were reported due to tuberculosis in AIDS patients in pre-antiretroviral therapy era. HIV is the strongest of all known, risk factors for the development of TB. Tuberculosis can develop at any stage of the HIV disease. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is more common and constitues half of the cases in HIV-infected individual with TB. Hilar lymphadenopathy is frequently observed. TB in HIV frequently poses a diagnostic challenge. Acid-fast bacillus demonstration on sputum smear microscopy is the main-stay laboratory investigation for TB. In addition to antituberculous therapy, antiretroviral therapy must be initiated in HIV-infected individual with TB. Early referrals to the RNTCP and ART programmes are the best option for management.     

运城市HIV/AIDS患者中结核病筛查结果分析

目的:了解HIV/AIDS患者中结核病的感染情况。方法:对辖区内已登记和管理存活的HIV/AIDS患者拍胸片、痰涂片、PPD试验进行结核病筛查,按照活动性肺结核病诊断标准进行确诊。结果:390例HIV/AIDS患者中合并活动性肺结核36例。发病率9.23%,其中痰涂片阳性21例。占5.38%,痰涂片阴性15例。占3.83%。男性组合并活动性肺结核23例,发病率10.60%,女性13例,发病率7.51%,差别无统计学意义(X~2=1.09,P>0.05)。各年龄组合并活动性肺结核无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PPD试验阳性率为15.1%。结论:HIV/AIDS患者中结核病双重感染率较高。应加强时HIV/AIDS患者的结核病监测。     

Incidence of tuberculosis among reported AIDS cases in Quebec from 1979 to 1996

BACKGROUND: The impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis (TB) rates in Quebec has not been fully established. Because concurrent HIV infection is the single most important factor in TB reactivation, the authors used Quebec AIDS surveillance data to quantify the extent of TB among reported AIDS cases and to identify the characteristics of AIDS patients with TB. METHODS: The study population comprised people aged 15 years and over with AIDS diagnosed between Jan. 1, 1979, and Dec. 31, 1996, and reported by Mar. 13, 1997. Patients with TB (all forms) and those without TB were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the independent effect of each variable on the AIDS-TB cases. The authors also compared the number of AIDS-TB cases with the number of TB cases to estimate the effect of HIV infection on TB incidence. RESULTS: Of the 4684 people with AIDS reported in Quebec, 242 (5.2%) had active TB at some point during the course of their illness. During 1992-1995, 9.6% of the people with TB in Montreal, and 5.8% in the province of Quebec, also had HIV infection. Those with AIDS and TB were predominantly male (75.2%), manual workers (40.1%) and residents of Montreal (86.4%) and were born in an HIV-endemic country (63.8%). The multivariate analysis indicated that AIDS patients who were born in HIV-endemic countries in the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa or other developing regions were 21.8 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 19.5-28.5), 17.9 times (95% CI 12.7-27.1) and 4.9 times (95% CI 3.5-7.0) more likely to have TB than those born in Canada; manual workers and unemployed people with AIDS were 1.6 times (95% CI 1.3-2.0) and 2.0 times (95% CI 1.5-2.6) more likely to have TB than professional workers; and people who acquired HIV infection through heterosexual contact were 2.1 times (95% CI 1.6-3.1) more likely to have TB than men who acquired it through sexual contact with other men. INTERPRETATION: AIDS seems to contribute significantly to the number of TB cases. The results of this study reinforce the importance of offering HIV testing to people in high-risk groups, such as those born in a country where HIV and TB is endemic.     

Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis among asymptomatic HIV+ patients in Guangxi, China

Background Pulmonary tuberculosis （PTB） among asymptomatic Chinese patients with HIV infection has not been investigated despite high tuberculosis burden in China. This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and clinical outcomes of PTB among asymptomatic patients with HIV/AIDS in Guangxi to facilitate the development of diagnostic and treatment strategies.Methods All asymptomatic adult HIV-infected patients with CD4 ＜350 cells/μl who attended four HIV clinics in Guangxi between August 2006 and March 2008 were evaluated for active PTB with physical examination, chest X-ray （CXR）,sputum smear and/or sputum liquid culture. Data were described using median （interquartile range, IQR） and frequencies.Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with PTB.Results Among 340 asymptomatic subjects, 15 （4%） were diagnosed with PTB, with 4 （27%） sputum smear positive and 8 （53%） sputum culture positive. CXR has higher diagnostic sensitivity （87%） than sputum smear （25%） and sputum culture （67%）, but lower specificity （56%） compared with sputum smear （99%） and culture （100%）. In univariate analysis,injection drug user, body mass index （BMI） ＜18 kg/m2, CD4 ＜50 cells/μl and presence of peripheral lymphadenopathy were associated with an increased risk of asymptomatic PTB, while in multivariate analysis only peripheral lymphadenopathy maintained statistical significance （OR=7.6, 95% CI 1.4-40）. Patients with negative smear and minor or no abnormalities on CXR had longer interval between screening and TB treatment.Conclusions PTB was relatively common in this group of HIV＋ asymptomatic Chinese patients. Diagnosis is challenging especially where sputum culture is unavailable. These findings suggest that an enhanced evaluation for PTB needs to be integrated with HIV care in China and transmission prevention in China to control at both households and health care facilities, especially for patients with factors associated with a higher risk of PTB.     

干扰素释放试验在AIDS合并结核感染患者中的诊断价值

目的：评价4种诊断方法对人获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）合并结核病（TB）患者的诊断价值。方法将52例人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染合并TB患者作为观察组,100例未感染HIV的TB患者为对照组,对两组患者进行结核菌素（PPD）试验、痰结核菌培养、结核抗体和γ干扰素释放试验（IGRA）进行诊断。结果对照组患者PPD试验、痰结核菌培养和结核抗体阳性率明显高于观察组患者,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）;而IGRA阳性率两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;观察组IGRA阳性明显高于PPD试验、痰结核菌培养和结核抗体阳性率,均差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）。抗逆转录病毒治疗观察组患者IGRA阴性发生率明显高于阳性率,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论IGRA是诊断HIV感染合并TB的敏感方法,而抗逆转录病毒治疗可能对结果有一定的影响。     

Improved diagnosis of Ziehl-Neelsen smear negative tuberculosis using sodium hypochlorite sedimentation method

BACKGROUND: Bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is largely dependent on Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) microscopy. This method has a low sensitivity. Although concentration of sputum with sodium hypochlorite (NaOC1) followed by sedimentation increases the sensitivity of direct smear microscopy, no study has focused on the effect of NaOC1 on smear negative sputum specimens. OBJECTIVE: To establish whether 3.5% NaOC1 sedimentation method specifically improves the diagnosis of Ziehl-Neelsen smear negative tuberculosis. DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: Mbagathi District Hospital and Center for Respiratory Diseases Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and thirty confirmed direct ZN smear negative sputum specimens from new TB suspects were analysed. RESULTS: Seventy (30.4%) specimens were culture positive. Of these, 19 were ZN smear positive. The ZN sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 27.1%, 99%, 95% and 76%, respectively, after sedimentation with 3.5% NaOC1. CONCLUSION: Overnight sedimentation using 3.5% NaOC1 significantly improves diagnosis of ZN smear negative TB. This technique has potential to improve diagnosis in TB diagnostic services especially in settings with high burden of dual TB/HIV infection.     

结核感染T细胞斑点试验在HIV/AIDS合并结核感染诊断中的应用

目的探讨结核感染T细胞斑点试验（T-SPOT.TB）在临床诊断HIV/AIDS合并结核感染的应用价值.方法利用T-SPOT.TB方法,测定60例疑似HIV/AIDS合并结核感染患者,30例健康体检者,20例非结核疾病患者外周血单个核细胞中结核感染特异的效应T淋巴细胞的频率.结果 60例疑似合并结核患者,最终确诊结核35例,其中26例结核抗原特异ELISPOT阳性,提示该诊断方法敏感度为74.3%,30名健康对照中,4名健康体检阳性,20例非结核疾病患者均阴性,该方法的特异性为86.7%.结论结核感染T细胞斑点试验是较灵敏和特异的快速检测结核分枝杆菌感染的方法,可用于HIV/AIDS合并结核感染的辅助诊断.     

快速免疫色谱实验在肺结核和肺部鉴别诊断中的价值

目的：探讨快速免疫色谱实验（ICT－TB）技术在肺结核与肺部鉴别诊断中的价值。方法：采用ICT－TB卡检测已明确诊断的肺结核患者32例（其中痰涂片阳性14例）、肺部患者26例。结果：肺结核组阳性率62．5％（20／32）,其中痰涂片阳性组阳性率为85．7％（12／14）,肺癌组的阳性率为7．6％（2／26）。结论：ICT－TB卡在肺结核与肺部的鉴别诊断中有一定的价值。     

菌阴肺结核患者442例的临床分析

目的 探讨菌阴肺结核患者的临床特点.方法 对2009-01～2010-12在北京结核病控制研究所门诊部登记并治疗的442名菌阴肺结核患者的临床情况进行回顾性分析.结果 442例菌阴肺结核患者中,有可疑肺结核症状者204例,占46.2%;无症状健康体检发现238例,占53.8%.418例肺部病变符合一般活动性肺结核的特点,病变范围以上叶尖后段和下叶背段多见,占94.6%;结核菌素皮试≥15 mm者367例,占83.8%,抗结核抗体阳性者277例,占72.5%.确诊后积极给予正规抗结核治疗,420例患者完成疗程,占95.0%.结论 菌阴肺结核临床表现无特殊,但本组病例大多数患者胸片表现具备一般活动性肺结核特点,故诊断仍要以胸部影像学为重要依据,同时结合其他实验室辅助检查进行综合分析和鉴别诊断,确诊后积极抗结核治疗.     

艾滋病合并结核病30例临床观察

目的：探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点。方法：对2003年2月～2008年1月我院收治的30例艾滋病合并结核病的患者进行临床分析。结果：30例患者中以肺结核（21例,70.0%）及淋巴结结核（11例,36.7%）为主;蛋白纯化衍生物（PPD）试验弱阳性3例（10.0%）,痰涂片、痰培养查抗酸杆菌仅2例阳性（9.5%）。30例患者治疗前CD4＋T淋巴细胞计数明显低于其他未合并结核病的艾滋病患者（P〈0.01）。结论：艾滋病合并结核病患者PPD试验阳性率低,淋巴结结核较多见。治疗前CD4＋T明显降低。     

结核病与艾滋病防治机构合作防治TB/HIV双重感染研究

目的探索TB/HIV双重感染防治机构间一种科学的、可行的合作模式。方法省、市、县三级分别成立由结核病和艾滋病防治机构专业人员组成的项目小组,负责本级项目实施和管理工作。结核病和艾滋病专业人员联合进行培训、定期召开协调会议、共同督导访视。合作对确诊的结核病人进行咨询及HIV抗体检测。合作对确诊的HIV/AIDS进行结核病筛查。结果省、市、县三级疾病预防控制中心内部结核病与艾滋病防治机构建立了防治TB/HIV双重感染合作模式,并运行良好。399例HIV/AIDS病例中确诊结核病人6例,TB/HIV双重感染率为1.5%。结论疾病预防控制中心内部结核病与艾滋病机构间的合作开展TB/HIV双重感染防治是有效和可行的。     

艾滋病合并结核感染233例临床分析

目的探讨艾滋病（AIDS）合并结核（TB）感染的临床特点,提高对本病的认识。方法对1990—2009年1020例AIDS住院患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结AIDS合并TB感染的临床特点。结果1020例AIDS患者中共有233例发生TB感染,感染率为22．8％。TB感染部位以肺部最多见（43．8％）,其次是淋巴结（28．8％）．腹腔（12．0％）。223例（95．7％）血沉〉20mm／h,200例（85．8％）CD4^＋T细胞计数〈200个／μl。合并贫血148例（63．5％）．消化道念珠菌感染92例（39．5％）,肺炎62例（26．6％）。诊断结核病的主要方法为影像学诊断,其中CT诊断156例（67．0％）,X线片诊断56例（24．0％）。173例（74．2％）患者经抗结核治疗后预后良好。结论AIDS合并TB感染警逐年上升趋势,播散性感染及肺外感染多地,但感染部位仍以肺部最常见。合并TB感染者可同时存在其他多种合并症。早期规范抗结核治疗可获得较好疗效．     

传统与现代方法联合检测在肺结核实验室诊断中的价值

目的 探讨T-SPOT.TB、肺泡灌洗液(BALF)-TBDNA、BALF涂片、痰-TBDNA、痰涂片等传统与现代方法在诊断肺结核中的准确性以及联合检测优越性。方法 回顾性调查,对120例患者均用上述五种方法检测,对各检测结果统计对比分析。结果 BALF-TBDNA、BALF涂片阳性率分别为72.1%、33.8%,明显高于痰TBDNA(阳性率51.5%)、痰涂片(阳性率17.6%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);血T-SPOT.TB敏感性为89.7%,特异性为92.3%,与BALF-TBDNA、BALF涂片三者联合检测敏感性为100.0%,阳性预测值为100.0%,阴性预测值为100%。与单项检测对比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 用BALF进行TBDNA和涂片检测明显优于痰标本;血T-SPOT.TB有较好的敏感度和特异度,与BALF-TBDNA、BALF涂片联合检测提高了肺结核的诊断阳性率,减少肺结核的误诊、漏诊,是一组值得推广的检测方法。     

综合医院住院患者抗酸杆菌阳性肺结核50例回顾性分析

目的探讨由综合医院诊断出的抗酸杆菌阳性（菌阳）肺结核患者的临床特点,以提高对菌阳肺结核患者的诊断水平。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年6月由北京协和医院106712例住院患者中确诊的50例菌阳肺结核患者的临床资料。结果男性、60岁以上老年人,退休人员和农民是菌阳肺结核的好发人群。主要症状为发热（80％）、咳嗽（94％）、咯痰（92％）,多数（84％）患者有血红细胞沉降率增快。影像学检查提示病变部位以双肺弥漫病变或中上肺病变为主,病变形态以斑片渗出影、结节影和空洞影为主。痰直接涂片抗酸染色阳性的41例（82％）,痰分枝杆菌培养阳性3例（6％）,气管镜刷片检查或支气管肺泡灌洗液涂片抗酸染色阳性6例（12％）。入院至确诊的平均时间为14d。结论在综合医院应大力宣传、普及结核病防治基本知识,提高结核病诊断警惕性,并将痰直接涂片查抗酸杆菌作为有呼吸系统症状者的常规检查项目,必要时可考虑做气管镜刷片或支气管肺泡灌洗液检查,以提高菌阳肺结核的发现率。     

结核病与艾滋病双重感染病例流行病学特点分析

目的了解结核病与艾滋病双重感染病例流行病学特点。方法随访已确诊的艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人,为HIV/AIDS者拍摄X线胸片和痰抗酸杆菌染色涂片检查,对确诊的10例TB/HIV病例进行流行病学分析。结果TB/HIV双重感染病例中,涂阳检出率低于涂阴检出率,主要集中在儿童和青壮年,男女性无显著性差异,血液传播占70.0%。结论在结核病人和HIV/AIDS中开展结核病与艾滋病双重感染双向监测,提高TB/HIV双重感染病人发现率,防止传播和蔓延。     

Tuberculosis Drug Resistance and Outcomes among Tuberculosis Inpatients in Lilongwe,Malawi

Setting/Objective

We evaluated clinical characteristics, yield of solid vs. liquid culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based drug-resistance profiles, and clinical outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) inpatients in Lilongwe, Malawi.

Design

We enrolled adult patients admitted to the Bwaila TB Ward from Jan-Aug/2010. Evaluations included questionnaires, clinical exam, chest radiograph, HIV status, CD4 lymphocyte count, plasma HIVRNA and sputum analysis including Auramine-O stain, Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) and Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) culture, and susceptibility testing using the HAIN GenoType® MTBDRplus.

Results

Eighty-eight patients were enrolled (88% re-treatment, 42% smear positive, 93% pulmonary TB, 74% HIV co-infected). At baseline, 44/88 (50%) MGIT and 28 (32%) LJ cultures were positive with a mean time to positivity of 12.1 (Range 1–42) and 21.5 (Range 7–58) days, respectively. Four percent (3/77) of retreatment patients or 8% of the 38 MGIT+ PCR-confirmed retreatment cases had multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB). One MDR TB patient was smear negative and only one MDR patient was identified with LJ. Lower mean hemoglobin at admission was associated with mortality (10.5 vs. 7.5; p<0.01; CI 101 9.8–11.0).

Conclusions

The MDR TB burden among the retreatment population in Lilongwe, Malawi is similar to regional estimates by the WHO (7.7% 95% CI 0–18.1). MDR TB patients are not routinely identified with sputum smear or LJ, suggesting more efficient technology should be adopted.     

探讨γ-干扰素释放试验在HIV/AIDS患者中的结核病诊断价值

目的 探讨γ-干扰素释放试验（IGRA试验）在HIV/AIDS患者中诊断结核病应用价值及CD4⁺T淋巴细胞对IGRA试验结果影响程度。方法 选取789例HIV/AIDS患者血标本和痰标本,进行IGRA试验、CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数及结核分枝杆菌培养,并对检测结果加以分析。结果 789例HIV/AIDS患者中,结核分枝杆菌培养阳性有42例,其中 IGRA阳性率为50.00%（21/42）;HIV/AIDS合并活动性肺结核患者中,结核分枝杆菌培养阳性率为29.20%(33/113),IGRA阳性率为30.09%（34/113）;无肺结核主要临床症状和胸片无肺结核病灶的HIV/AIDS患者中,结核分枝杆菌培养阳性率为1.22%（6/490）,IGRA检测阳性率为26.94%（132/490）;在CD4⁺T淋巴细胞等级计数≥300个/mm³组、200~<300个/mm³组、100~<200个/mm³组及0~<100个/mm³组中,IGRA阳性率分别为30.58%、20.18%、25.42%、17.02%,IGRA阳性率有随CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数降低而降低的趋势（χ²=14.852,P<0.05）;IGRA结果不确定率分别为5.81%、10.09%、9.32%、20.43%, IGRA结果不确定率有随CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数降低而增高的趋势（χ²=30.021,P<0.05）。结论 IGRA试验作为HIV/AIDS感染者合并结核病的辅助诊断有一定临床使用价值,但作用非常有限,患者免疫力下降对IGRA试验结果影响较大,出现不确定性结果也随着免疫力下降而增高。