前列腺恶性叶状肿瘤(附一例报告并文献复习)

目的　探讨前列腺恶性叶状肿瘤的临床、病理特征及治疗方法。　方法　分析 2 0 0 3年1月收治的 1例前列腺恶性叶状肿瘤患者的临床资料 ,并进行文献复习。患者 6 0岁 ,因排尿困难伴间歇性肉眼血尿 1年 ,TURP术后症状复发 2个月入院。直肠指诊示前列腺 5cm× 6cm ,质软 ,表面光滑。血清PSA 1.2 5ng/ml,CT检查示前列腺密度不均。复阅病理切片后诊断为前列腺肉瘤 ,全麻下行根治性前列腺切除术。　结果　术后病理检查肿瘤类似乳腺叶状囊肉瘤 ,由上皮和间质成分构成 ,其中间质细胞明显增多 ,细胞有异型性 ,可见核分裂相。上皮细胞增生 ,但无明显异型性。由上皮细胞形成的囊腔被增多的间质成分挤压、拉长形成类似叶状的裂隙。精囊及膀胱颈部均有肿瘤细胞浸润 ,诊断前列腺恶性叶状肿瘤 ,标本切缘阴性。免疫组化染色检查 :间质细胞Vimentin( ) ,Actin( - ) ,上皮细胞CK( ) ,PSA( ) ,AE1/AE3( ) ,基底细胞CK34BE12 ( )。患者于术后 6个月肿瘤复发 ,拒绝进一步治疗 ,目前仍在随访中。　结论　前列腺恶性叶状肿瘤罕见 ,确诊依靠其特异性临床及病理表现 ,根治性前列腺切除术是目前最可靠的治疗方法     

乳腺叶状肿瘤60例临床病理分析

目的探讨乳腺叶状肿瘤的临床病理特征,分析肿瘤复发的相关因素。方法对2006年7月至2012年5月中山大学附属第三医院收治的60例乳腺叶状肿瘤患者的临床病理资料进行回顾性研究。结果良性组较交界性、恶性组平均病程长,发病年龄、肿瘤直径小,肿瘤血流供应少;良性组多呈膨胀性生长,细胞核轻度异型性,核分裂不活跃,肿瘤坏死少见,间质多无过度生长;而交界性、恶性组多呈浸润性生长,核大多有中至重度异型性,分裂活跃,可见肿瘤坏死,间质过度生长。肿瘤复发与病理类型、手术方式、核分裂及间质生长情况相关。结论良性叶状肿瘤比交界性、恶性叶状肿瘤发病早,进展慢,恶性程度低,侵袭性弱;肿瘤复发与肿瘤病理类型、手术方式、核分裂和间质生长情况相关。     

前列腺基底细胞癌一例报告及文献复习

目的提高对前列腺基底细胞癌诊断及治疗的认识.方法报告1例前列腺基底细胞癌患者诊治结果,结合文献复习,探讨本病的组织发生及诊治特点.67岁男性,间歇性肉眼血尿3年,前列腺Ⅱ度增生,右叶明显抬高,质地较硬.PSA 5 ng/ml.前列腺穿刺活检报告：前列腺腺样基底细胞肿瘤,低度恶性.术前口服氟他胺治疗45 d,行前列腺根治性切除术.结果病理报告：肿瘤有完整包膜,肿块呈分叶状,瘤细胞体积小,细胞核大并呈卵圆形、大小一致,核分裂相少见,部分细胞呈实性巢状或梁状排列,部分筛孔样结构.浸润性生长,边缘部分见前列腺腺体基底细胞增生.病理诊断为前列腺基底细胞样癌（腺样囊性癌）.患者术后恢复良好,无尿失禁,血尿消失.随访24个月无复发.结论腺样基底细胞癌/腺样囊性癌为前列腺腺癌的一个亚型,临床罕见,恶性程度低,生长缓慢,转移较晚,外科手术治疗效果较好,预后较好.     

恶性潜能未定的前列腺间质肿瘤的临床诊治分析

目的:探讨罕见的恶性潜能未定的前列腺间质肿瘤(stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential, STUMP)的临床特点及诊治方法。方法:回顾性分析2012年5月—2020年5月复旦大学附属中山医院收治的6例STUMP患者的诊治及行机器人辅助腹腔镜下前列腺根治性切除术(robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, RARP)术后随访结果并复习相关文献。结果:本组患者发病年龄28～75岁，主要表现为逐渐加重的下尿路梗阻症状、尿潴留、肉眼血尿。血清前列腺特异性抗原正常或轻度升高。经直肠超声和核磁共振提示前列腺实质或囊实性肿瘤或前列腺增生。根据前列腺穿刺活检病理，4例提示STUMP或前列腺间质肿瘤的患者行RARP;2例提示前列腺增生的患者行经尿道前列腺电切(transurethral resection of the prostate, TURP),术后病理为STUMP,后因肿瘤复发行RARP。RARP术后患者平均随访75.17个月，术后3个月尿控率为100%,无ClavienⅡ级及以上并发症...     

诊断性前列腺电切术对血清PSA异常患者的应用研究

目的:探讨诊断性前列腺电切(TURP)在前列腺增生合并血清PSA异常患者中的应用价值及意义,为临床处理前列腺增生合并血清PSA异常的患者提供一种新的手段。方法:收集符合入组标准的患者71例,总结病理为前列腺癌患者的Gleason评分及预后。对所有患者进行术后随访,检测其TURP术后6个月、1年的PSA值及IPSS评分,分析术后血清PSA值、IPSS的变化,评估TURP在前列腺增生伴血清PSA异常患者中的诊疗效果。结果:①40例前列腺穿刺活检阴性而血清PSA持续异常的患者中,2例术后病理示前列腺腺癌(2/40),Gleason评分为6分,另1例电切后病理示前列腺增生组织,但术后血清PSA持续异常(18μg/L),行2次活检,病理诊断为前列腺癌,Gleason评分6分,3例均行前列腺根治性切除术,术后随访恢复好。31例拒绝活检患者中术后病理示前列腺腺癌9例(9/31)。Gleason评分7⁹分,平均8分,1例行前列腺根治性切除术,8例行内分泌治疗。②59例病理诊断为良性前列腺增生(BPH),其中血清PSA恢复正常者56例,显著降低者3例,IPSS评分有明显改善53例,6例尿道狭窄经过尿扩处理后评分亦有改善。结论:诊断性TURP可提高前列腺癌的早期检出率,改善患者的下尿路症状,且有利于患者血清PSA持续正常化。对血清PSA异常(>4μg/L),伴有下尿路梗阻状态、前列腺穿刺活检阴性的患者可考虑行诊断性TURP。     

前列腺肉瘤样癌二例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨前列腺肉瘤样癌的临床表现、病理特点和诊治方法. 方法 前列腺肉瘤样癌患者2例.例1,51岁.因排尿困难、会阴部不适2个月,急性尿潴留入院.实验室检查PSA值2.31 ng/ml,CT检查示前列腺密度不均,左叶弥漫性增大、浸润膀胱.经直肠穿刺活检诊断为前列腺肉瘤样癌.行全膀胱、前列腺切除加尿流改道(Bricker手术),术后行局部放射治疗和内分泌治疗.例2,54岁,因排尿困难伴间歇性肉眼血尿1个月入院.实验室检查PSA 2.61 ng/ml.B超检查示低回声块.CT检查示前列腺密度不均.经直肠穿刺活检诊断为前列腺肉瘤.行全膀胱、前列腺切除加尿流改道(Bricker手术). 结果 2例术后病理均诊断为前列腺肉瘤样癌.镜下肿瘤组织由上皮癌细胞和肉瘤样间质2种成分组成,之间可见移行区过渡.免疫组化:2种成分中细胞角蛋白、上皮膜抗原均呈阳性表达.癌细胞波形蛋白阴性,肉瘤样细胞阳性.例1术后41个月出现广泛转移,2个月后死亡.实验室检查PSA正常.例2术后16个月出现骨转移并有局部复发,手术去势联合比卡鲁胺最大限度雄激素阻断治疗3个月无效,术后19个月死亡.实验室检查PSA<4.0 ng/ml.结论前列腺肉瘤样癌是一种罕见、高度恶性的肿瘤,预后不良,确诊需依赖病理表现及免疫组织化学检查.根治性切除辅以局部放射治疗和内分泌治疗可行.     

肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤一例报告并文献复习

目的报告1例肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤患者的临床及病理特点。方法患者女性,50岁。有20年口服避孕药史。主诉腰部不适和血尿半年,CT及MRI示左肾上极囊实性8cm×6cm肿物,术前诊断囊性肾癌,2004年7月行左肾根治性切除术。结果术中发现左肾上极与周围组织严重粘连。术后见左肾上极7.9cm×8.9cm×9.0cm多房囊性肿瘤,边界清楚,内充满咖啡色粘稠液体,囊腔直径0.5~2.0cm,部分囊壁较厚呈实性。病理检查:肿瘤均由上皮和间质成分共同构成,上皮细胞呈立方状、柱状和靴钉样,可见明确的胃肠道上皮分化细胞。间质成分主要由梭形细胞构成,可见特征性呈束状分布的平滑肌组织。免疫组化:上皮细胞AE1/AE3(+),间质细胞ER(+)、PR(+)、SMA(+)。术后随访8个月未见复发。结论肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤为良性肿瘤,罕有胃肠道上皮分化特征,需与肾脏其他良恶性肿瘤鉴别。     

乳腺分叶状肿瘤88例临床诊治分析

目的 探讨乳腺分叶状肿瘤的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗与预后的情况.方法 回顾性分析我院经手术和病理诊断确诊的88例乳腺分叶状肿瘤的临床资料.结果 88例患者中良性叶状肿瘤59例,交界性叶状肿瘤25例,恶性叶状肉瘤4例.行单纯乳腺肿块切除术74例,乳腺皮下腺体切除术10例,乳癌改良根治术4例.62例获得随访,随访时间1～8年,12例复发再次行乳腺全切术,1例患者行改良根治术后4年因肺、肝转移死亡.结论 乳腺分叶状肿瘤术前确诊率较低,术后易复发,应根据其生物学行为特点和不同临床病理特征而选择不同的手术切除方式.     

乳腺叶状肿瘤治疗和预后研究

目的 探讨乳腺良性、交界性和恶性叶状肿瘤的外科治疗术式和预后因素。方法 用Logistic回归和Cox模型单因素和多因素分析法对203例乳腺叶状肿瘤的随访结果行统计分析。结果 局部复发和因瘤死亡与组织学等级、局部复发与肿瘤的浸润性生长、因瘤死亡与核分裂和肿瘤性坏死有线性关系。核分裂和肿瘤性坏死是独立的风险因素。良性叶状肿瘤术后局部复发率为21．1％,交界性为45．2％,恶性为64．3％。5年生存率良性叶状肿瘤为100％,交界性为92．0％,恶性为33．3％。结论 对叶状肿瘤不宜采用肿物单纯切除术,良性和交界性应行区段切除术,复发的交界性和恶性应行乳房切除术。     

原发性前列腺平滑肌肉瘤合并腺泡腺癌1例报告

原发性前列腺平滑肌肉瘤罕见。本文报道1例前列腺平滑肌肉瘤合并腺泡腺癌。患者PSA异常升高, MRI检查提示前列腺恶性肿瘤, 经会阴前列腺穿刺活检病理诊断平滑肌肉瘤。遂行腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术, 术后病理确诊为前列腺平滑肌肉瘤+腺泡腺癌。术后随访20个月未见复发和转移。     

Giant phyllodes tumor of the prostate

A 55 year-old man complained dysuria and visited to our hospital. Physical examination showed firm large mass occupying whole abdomen. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a huge retroperitoneal tumor which compressed intestine, liver, kidney, and urinary bladder. We performed extirpation of the tumor (8.6 kg, largest diameter 60 cm) which was composed of myxoid stromal region associated with cystic pattern. Histological examination revealed that the epithelium of the cystic region was positive for prostate specific antigen (PSA) immunostaining. The tumor was diagnosed phyllodes tumor of the prostate (prostatic stromal proliferation of uncertain malignancy, PSTUMP). Serum PSA was declined 3.9 ng/ml to 0.9 ng/ml; however, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a residual (recurrent?) tumor in the pelvis one month after the operation. We carried out total prostatectomy and residual tumor resection. Phyllodes tumor of the prostate is histologically characterized with biphasic pattern of hyperplastic epithelial cysts and variably cellular spindle stroma. The tumor is considered to have malignant potential and several histological factors including cellularity, atypia, etc. are utilized to assess it. However diagnostic criteria and subsequent treatment modalities are not established thus far. Previous reports showed efficacy of total surgical removal rather than partial resection and that we performed radical extirpation of the entire tumor. Close follow up is needed against this frequently recurrent disease.     

Phyllodes tumor of the prostate: long-term followup study of 23 cases

PURPOSE: Phyllodes tumor of the prostate is a rare neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential. We studied a large series of phyllodes tumors to define the combination of histological features that are most useful for predicting patient outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 23 cases were obtained from our collective files from 1973 to 2002, and numerous clinical and pathological features were evaluated. A review of the reported cases of phyllodes tumor of the prostate was done. RESULTS: Patient age was 25 to 86 years (mean 55) and they usually presented with urinary obstructive symptoms and hematuria. The diagnosis was made in 18 tumors by transurethral resection, in 2 by enucleation, in 1 by tumor resection and in 2 by prostatectomy. We analyzed 5 histological features, including cellularity (scale of 1 to 3), cytologic atypia (scale of 1 to 3), the number of mitotic figures per 10 high power fields, the stroma-to-epithelium ratio (low or high) and necrosis (present or absent). This combination of features revealed that 14 cases were low grade phyllodes tumor, 7 were intermediate grade and 2 were high grade with the high grade cases characterized by increased cellularity, severe cytological atypia, more than 5 mitotic figures per 10 high power fields and a high stroma-to-epithelium ratio, indicating stromal overgrowth. Immunohistochemical studies of 8 tumors revealed consistent, intense cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in stromal cells for vimentin and actin, in luminal epithelial cells for prostate specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase and broad-spectrum keratin AE1/AE3, and in basal cells for high molecular weight keratin 34beta-E12. Recurrence was seen in 7 of 14 low grade tumors (50%) and in 1 patient low grade sarcoma emerged with subsequent distant metastases 14 years after initial diagnosis following 5 recurrences. Recurrence was seen in 6 of 7 intermediate grade tumors and low grade sarcoma emerged with subsequent abdominal wall metastases in 1 patient 11 years after initial diagnosis following 3 recurrences. The phyllodes tumor recurred in each patient with high grade tumors with a time to first recurrence of 6 and 0.2 years, respectively. Distant metastases developed in these 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Histological grading of prostatic phyllodes tumors is predictive of short-term outcome based on the combination of stromal cellularity, cytological atypia, number of mitotic figures and the stroma-to-epithelium ratio. However, these tumors usually recur after transurethral prostatic resection and they are often locally aggressive with time. The emergence of overt sarcoma and metastatic disease is more frequent than previously recognized. Complete resection at initial diagnosis appears to be indicated.     

Phyllodes tumor of the prostate: a case report

Prostatic phyllodes tumor is an unusual lesion for which there are only occasional reports in the literature. We encountered a phyllodes tumor of the prostate in a 36-year-old man who had complained of urinary frequency and dysuria for one month. In October 1998, he visited our hospital and had a transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) for obstructive symptoms. He experienced recurrent same symptoms in September 1999 and underwent another TUR-P. The pathologic examination at this time revealed phyllodes tumor. In the tumor, despite its regular alternating growth of ducts and stroma, the stromal element appeared histologically malignant, showing marked atypia and rhabdomyosarcoma-like components. Consequently, in December 1999, the patient underwent radical prostatectomy with lymph node dissection. The resection margins and pelvic lymph nodes were free of tumor. The patient remains alive and well after 14 months.     

Repeat Prostate Needle Biopsy: Who Needs it?

The indications for repeat prostate needle biopsy after a transrectal ultrasound guided sextant biopsy are not defined. We examined 100 sextant prostate needle biopsies without a diagnosis of malignancy, which are repeated. Carcinoma was detected in 20 repeat biopsies (20 percent). Stratification based on initial biopsy result revealed carcinoma in 10 of 69 cases (14.5 percent) without prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or atypia, 5 of 17 (29.4 percent) with atypia, 5 of 5 (100 percent) with grade II or III prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and 0 of 9 with grade I prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Examination of prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and PSA velocity did not provide statistically significant stratification, perhaps due to the wide variance in these parameters and the small sample size. We conclude that patients with a diagnosis of glandular atypia, or grade II or III prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on initial biopsy are at high risk for invasive carcinoma and should undergo repeat prostate needle biopsy. A rapidly increasing serum PSA level or grossly abnormal digital rectal examination may also indicate carcinoma not discovered on initial biopsy.     

Core needle biopsy as a diagnostic tool to differentiate phyllodes tumor from fibroadenoma

HYPOTHESIS: Core needle biopsy is a useful diagnostic tool in differentiating phyllodes tumor from fibroadenoma. DESIGN: The radiology database was queried for patients who underwent core needle biopsies of fibroepithelial lesions that raised the possibility of phyllodes tumor. These diagnoses were then compared with the final pathological diagnoses after surgical excision. SETTING: The data were gathered from the Comprehensive Breast Center, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, a tertiary care, university-based medical center. RESULTS: From August 21, 1998, to December 14, 2001, 57 core needle biopsies were identified in which the specimen raised the possibility of phyllodes tumor. The median age of the patients was 42 years (range, 16-77 years). The median diameter of all lesions was 1.1 cm (range, 0.6-3.6 cm). Of the 57 specimens, 25 had core biopsies in which the pathological findings favored a diagnosis of fibroadenoma over phyllodes tumor. Twenty-three had initial core biopsies favoring phyllodes tumor. Nine of the core biopsies were equivocal. Of the 25 patients with specimens favoring fibroadenoma, excisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of fibroadenoma in 23, and phyllodes tumor was found in 2. The negative predictive value was 93%. Of the 23 core biopsies favoring phyllodes tumor, 19 were confirmed on excisional biopsy, while 4 were fibroadenoma. The positive predictive value was 83%. In the equivocal core biopsies, 5 were fibroadenoma and 4 were phyllodes tumor on final pathological analysis. None of the lesions studied were determined to be malignant on final analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Core needle biopsy can significantly reduce the need for operative management of fibroepithelial lesions. A core needle biopsy with results favoring fibroadenoma should allow the breast physician to treat the lesion as a fibroadenoma, with observation and close follow-up or with enucleation. Core needle histologic examination of phyllodes tumor allows the physician to preoperatively plan the definitive management at one surgical procedure, reducing the need for reoperations.     

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the prostate: report of 3 cases

We report three cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Case 1: A 71-year-old male was admitted with a complaint of micturition pain. Serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) was 12 ng/ml. Radical prostatectomy following needle biopsy was performed in May 1998. Histopathological diagnosis was prostatic endometrioid adenocarcinoma (pT2bpN0M0). Case 2: A 71-year-old male was admitted with a complaint of macrohematuria. PSA was 18 ng/ml. Cystoprostatectomy and ileal conduit construction following needle biopsy were performed in July 2002. The tumor that was diagnosed as endometrioid adenocarcinoma, invaded the bladder neck (pT4pN0M0). Case 3: An 86-year-old male was referred to our department for elevated PSA (16.8 ng/ml). Prostatic needle biopsy was performed and histopathological diagnosis was endometrioid adenocarcinoma with a part of well differentiated adenocarcinoma (T2bN0M0). PSA dropped to an undetectable range after total androgen blockade therapy.     

Malignant phyllodes tumor of the prostate

This is a report of a 70-year-old man with malignant phyllodes tumor of prostate. The retropubic prostatectomy was done. The stroma of the tumor was cellular and composed of elongated cells with spindle shaped nuclei and fragmented bizarre giant cells. After recovery from surgery, prophylatic radiotherapy was given over 2 months. A case report of a patient treated at our medical center and a review of the literature was done.     

Malignant phyllodes tumor of the prostate

We report a case of malignant phyllodes tumor of the prostate which is the eleventh reported case in the world. Phyllodes tumor of the prostate is extremely rare and histologically resembles mammary phyllodes tumor. Phyllodes tumor of the prostate is classified into benign, borderline and malignant, but health professionals should carefully follow up the borderline cases in case they take a malignant clinical course. This case was the first to be treated by pre- and postoperative radiation therapy. Although the patient had a slight response to radiation therapy, he eventually developed metastasis. Because malignant phyllodes tumor of the prostate is a very aggressive tumor, people with the condition should undergo systemic chemotherapy as adjuvant therapy.     

Successful therapy of a malignant phyllodes tumor of the prostate after postoperative local failure

A 19-year-old student who had presented with acute urinary retention was referred to our hospital with biopsy diagnosis of proliferating mesenchymal tumor of the prostate. Magnetic resonance imaging showed enlarged prostatic masses. Suspecting prostate sarcoma, we performed a nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. Histologic diagnosis of the tumor was prostatic malignant phyllodes tumor. Five months after the operation, bilateral obturator lymph node metastases appeared, which were treated with etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin chemotherapy. After a good response was achieved with four cycles of the chemotherapy, pelvic irradiation was added. Since then, there has been no evidence of recurrence for more than 4 years.     

A case of prostate cancer with cyst formation]

A 73-year-old man with the complaint of dysuria of 2 years' standing was admitted to our hospital for further examination of an intrapelvic cystic mass, 8.6 cm in diameter, detected incidentally by abdominal ultrasonography. The serum concentration of prostate specific antigen (PSA) was elevated to 44.9 ng/ml. Pelvic computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a cystic mass with an irregular thick cyst wall posterior to the urinary bladder originating from the prostate. Transrectal needle biopsy presented a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The bloody fluid of the cyst obtained by transperineal aspiration contained a significantly increased level of PSA, but no cancer cells were detected by cytological examination. Total prostatectomy was performed under the diagnosis of clinical stage C (cT3N0M0) prostate cancer. Pathological diagnosis was that cancer cells were present in the prostate tissue and had partly infiltrated the cyst wall. These results suggest that the present cyst was associated with the development of prostate cancer as a pseudocyst without an epithelial lining. The patient has remained free from the disease for over ten months. We review 56 cases of this rare condition that have been reported in Japan.