发作性睡病5例临床特征分析

[目的]探讨发作性睡病的临床特征.[方法]对本院5例发作性睡病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.[结果]5例患者均无明显诱因及阳性家族史,均有白天过度嗜睡,其中3例伴猝倒,2例有入睡前幻觉.首发症状为白天过度嗜睡2例,猝倒伴白天过度嗜睡3例.实验室及影像学检查均无特殊改变.5例患者均进行整夜多导睡眠图（PSG）检查及多次小睡潜伏期试验（MSLT）检查.PSG结果显示睡眠潜伏期〈10 min,快速眼动睡眠（REM）潜伏期〈20 min.MSLT结果显示所有患者平均睡眠潜伏期〈5 min,其中3例出现2次或2次以上睡眠始发REM睡眠（SOREMPs）,2例未见SOREMPs,但平均REM潜伏期〈10 min.[结论]发作性睡病是慢性神经系统疾病,PSG及MSLT检查可以明确诊断,对患者应给予长期的药物治疗,心理治疗和健康教育,以提高患者的生活质量     

发作性睡病18例临床特征分析及文献复习

目的:探讨发作性睡病患者的临床表现、诊断方法及治疗药物。方法:回顾性分析2017年1月至2017年6月甘肃省人民医院睡眠医学中心收治的18例发作性睡病患者资料,同时对相关文献进行复习。结果:18例发作性睡病的患者均有日间过度思睡(100%),1例(0. 6%)存在猝倒发作,1例(0. 6%)存在睡眠幻觉,1例(0. 6%)存在睡眠呼吸暂停。所有患者动态脑电图及头颅MRI均未见异常。多导睡眠监测(Polysomnography,PSG)和多次小睡实验(Multiple Sleep Latency Test,MSLT)监测显示睡眠潜伏期均≦5 min,均出现2次或2次以上睡眠开始于REM睡眠。结论:不可抗拒的日间过度思睡是发作性睡病患者的典型临床表现,PSG和MSLT检查在明确诊断和鉴别诊断中具有重要的价值。     

多次小睡潜伏期试验在发作性睡病诊断中的应用10例分析

目的探讨多次小睡潜伏期试验（MSLT）中,潜伏期缩短对发作性睡病的诊断价值。方法对10例发作性睡病患者进行多次小睡潜伏期试验,5次MSLT分析．保持闭眼时间,α波解体时间,睡眠潜伏期,直接进入REM期时间。结果10例均为过度睡眠,其中自天过度嗜睡6例,1例出现睡眠瘫痪。3例猝倒,10例均进行MSTL检查：睡眠潜伏期都小于5min,其中有3次直接进入快速眼动睡眠期（REM）。结论MSTL对发作性睡病有着重要的诊断价值。     

发作性睡病病人的护理

发作性睡病(narcolepsy)是一种原因未明的睡眠疾病,人群患病率为0.02%～0.18%[1],无性别差异,我国人群患病率为0.04%[2],常于青少年期起病并可终生患病.此病常以睡眠发作、猝倒症、睡眠瘫痪及睡眠幻觉为典型临床表现,称为发作性睡病四联症.但临床大多是以反复发作的不可抗拒的不分地点和场合的白日过度嗜睡为主要主诉.因此,临床上常与嗜睡症和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停/低通气综合征(OSAHS)的过度嗜睡、癫痫等难以鉴别.本睡眠中心从2007年9月-2009年6月运用美国泰科公司Sandman睡眠监测仪行整夜多导睡眠监测(PSG)及白天多次睡眠潜伏试验(MSLT),睡眠分期参照Rechtschaffen and kales标准手工分期作为客观诊断,符合2005年颁布的国际睡眠障碍分类第2版(ICSD-2)发作性睡病的诊断标准[3]的有15例病人.现将临床监测护理报告如下.     

多道睡眠图对睡眠功能障碍患者的评估作用

对80例慢性失眠、日间嗜睡和睡中行为异常患者的全夜多道睡眠图(polysomnography,PSG)监测和多次睡眠潜伏期检查(multiplesleeplatencytest,MSLT)结果及其临床意义进行分析。结果显示32例慢性失眠患者非快速眼球运动期(nonrapideyemovements,NREM)睡眠潜伏期延长,总睡眠时间减少,深睡和快速眼球运动期睡眠时间比例下降或缺失,证实为心理生理性失眠;另11例慢性失眠者的PSG显示睡眠时间和睡眠结构正常,证实为认知错误性睡眠。15例日间嗜睡患者MSLT显示,13例的NREM睡眠潜伏期小于5min,其中9例伴有2次以上的快速眼球运动期睡眠提前出现,证实为发作性睡病;另2例MSLT正常,除外发作性睡病。17例睡中憋醒疑为睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的PSG显示憋醒前无呼吸暂停,结合临床诊断为神经症。5例睡中肢体抽动或突然坐起活动患者,发现3例为周期性肢体运动,2例为夜间癫痫发作。提示全夜PSG监测和MSLT对神经科临床常见的睡眠障碍疾患的评估有重要作用。     

抑郁症的多导睡眠脑电图研究

目的探讨抑郁症患者的多导睡眠图异常改变，与正常对照组之间的差异。方法采用多导睡眠仪（PSG）对20例抑郁症患者进行整夜睡眠描记，并与对照组比较。结果抑郁症组与正常组比较：睡眠潜伏期延长，慢波睡眠减少，维持率低；REM潜伏期缩短，密度增加。结论我们认为抑郁症患者存在入睡困难、易醒、早醒及浅睡为主的睡眠障碍，多导睡眠图特征性变化是以快动眼睡眠过度活跃为特征，表现为REM潜伏期（RL）缩短，REM密度增加，原因可能与5-羟色胺／去甲肾上腺素（5-HT/NE）能神经传递减少及／或胆碱能传递增加有关。笔者认为抑郁症患者REM睡眠的特征性改变对抑郁症的诊断及鉴别诊断有一定临床意义。     

发作性睡病:临床表现,发病机制及治疗手段的探讨

发作性睡病,又称发作性嗜睡症,是一种较为罕见的睡眠障碍。临床表现上,发作性睡病以经典的四联征为特点,即日间过度睡眠伴有不可抗拒的睡意;猝倒(突发性肌张力丧失);入睡性幻觉;睡瘫症。患者很少有四联征同时存在,通常表现为其中的一或几种。发作性嗜睡症分为两型,一是伴发猝倒的发作性睡病,二是不伴发猝倒的发作性睡病,两者在基因背景上有所不同,故以此作为分类依据。研究表明,该病与下丘脑分泌素和改为人类白细胞抗原(HLA)表型共同相关。发作性睡病的诊断主要依据临床表现,多种睡眠潜伏期实验(MSLT)和多导睡眠描记法(polysomnography),以及脑脊液下丘脑分泌素水平。目前,该病尚无有效的治疗手段,现有的治疗方法包括药物治疗、生活方式治疗和中药治疗。本文主要探讨发作性睡病的临床表现、发病机制、诊断、以及治疗手段。     

倒班工作睡眠障碍相关机制的探讨

目的　探讨医护工作者倒班所导致睡眠障碍的原因及机制。方法　以64 例一线科室工作的医护人员为研究对象,其中34例倒班工作者设为倒班组,余30例设为正常对照组。两组分别行整夜PSG监测,包括EEG,ECG、EOG、EMG; 并行试验,观察是否存在正常睡眠一觉醒模式丧失。以各组MSLT时间及REM次数为评定指标,通过统计学分析比较两组间差异,得出结论。结果　倒班组有30 例存在正常睡眠一觉醒模式丧失,检出率为88.2%,正常对照组2例存在正常睡眠一觉醒模式丧失,检出率为6.7%。对照组平均MSLT为(20.1±6.7)min,REM睡眠次数为(0.1±0.3)次;倒班组平均MSLT为(3.1±1.9)min,REM睡眠次数为(3.4±1.7)次。结论　长期倒班对睡眠有影响,它是由生物节律变化、睡眠障碍及社会家庭问题3种因素相互作用的结果。     

抑郁症自杀倾向与多导睡眠图的关系

目的：探讨抑郁症患者自杀倾向与多导睡眠图之间的关系。方法：对16例有明显自杀观念或自杀行为的抑郁症患者（自杀组）、20例无自杀观念或自杀行为的抑郁症患者（非自杀组）、20例正常对照者检测多导睡眠图,并进行睡眠参数比较。结果：①抑郁症自杀组与非自杀组均存在诸多睡眠指标的异常,包括睡眠总时间减少、慢波睡眠百分比降低、睡眠效率和睡眠维持率降低、觉醒时间和觉醒次数增加、觉睡比和睡眠阶段s1百分比增加、REM睡眠潜伏期缩短以及REM密度增加。②自杀组与非自杀组相比,前者在睡眠进程方面表现为更加频繁的觉醒、更长的觉醒时间、更高的觉睡比以及更低的睡眠维持率,在REM睡眠方面,前者表现为更加严重的REM睡眠脱抑制,如REM睡眠潜伏期更短、整夜REM睡眠时间更长,整夜及第一个REM睡眠百分比更高、REM活动度和强度更高。结论：抑郁症的睡眠维持障碍和REM睡眠紊乱与其自杀倾向可能具有密切联系,表现为频繁的觉醒、REMM睡眠潜伏期缩短、REM活动度和强度增加以及REM睡眠时间延长的抑郁症患者可能预示更高的自杀风险。     

丹红注射液穴位注射治疗老年性失眠疗效评价

目的:观察丹红注射液穴位注射对老年性失眠症患者多导睡眠图(PSG)及睡眠结构(PSQI)的影响,以客观评价疗效。方法:将老年功能性睡眠障碍患者86例随机分为治疗组和对照组各43例,分别采用丹红注射液穴位注射和佐匹克隆治疗,观察治疗前后PSG及PSQI,以判定疗效。结果:PSG及PSQI显示,治疗组较对照组深睡眠时间(S3+S4)、REM睡眠时间显著延长(P<0.01),睡眠质量和日间功能改善明显(P<0.05或P<0.01);治疗组临床疗效治愈率及愈显率分别为33.3%、85.7%,对照组分别为7.3%、51.7%,2组间比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05);治疗组睡眠效率提高,REM时间、深睡眠增加,显著改善了睡眠结构、睡眠质量、日间功能障碍。结论:丹红注射液穴位注射治疗老年功能性睡眠障碍有良好临床疗效,通过增加深睡眠、REM时间,改善睡眠结构、睡眠质量和日间功能,疗效明显优于佐匹克隆,且无明显不良反应。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.