某冶炼厂环境铅污染及其对人群健康影响的研究

目的　比较某冶炼厂环境铅污染 1 5年前后的变化 ,为该厂扩建投产后污染变化评价提供依据。方法　选取 1 980～ 1 982年调查时污染区中的厂南区和对照区 ,于 1 995～ 1 997年再次调查两区稻米、蔬菜、井水中的铅含量以及学龄儿童的血铅及δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶 (δ -ALAD)活力 ,并比较两次调查结果。结果　本次调查样品的几何均值米铅 (干重 )、菜铅 (湿重 )、井水铅、学生血铅和δ -ALAD酶活力 ,污染区分别为 2 6.7± 1 .65mg/kg、60 .4± 2 .67mg/kg、0 .0 1 4± 0 .0 0 5mg/L、2 0 6± 1 .7μg/L和 98± 1 .3IU/L ,对照区分别为 1 3 .2± 1 .85mg/kg、4 4.9± 2 .84mg/kg、0 .0 2 0± 0 .0 0 5mg/L、2 2 9± 1 .3 μg/L和 2 2 5± 1 .4IU/L。两区比较米铅含量污染区高于对照区 ,而酶活力前者明显低于后者 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;污染区有 2 2个学生 (占 2 1 .2 % )超过对照区学生血铅最高值 ( 3 1 2 .9μg/L) ,其中 8人的血铅值高达 4 50～ 762 μg/L。与 1 980～ 1 982年调查结果相比 ,污染区的稻米蔬菜铅含量显著增加。结论　该冶炼厂对污染区的铅污染有不断累积加重的趋势。     

某冶炼厂环境铅污染及其对人群健康影响的研究

目的：比较某冶炼厂环境铅污染15年前后的变化,为该厂扩建投产后污染变化评价提供依据。方法：选取1980－1982年调查时污染区中的厂南区和对照区,于1995－1997年再次调查两区稻米、蔬菜、井水中的铅含量以及学龄儿童的血铅及δ－氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶（δ－ALAD）活力,并比较两次调查结果。结果：本次调查样品的几何均值米铅（干重）、菜铅（湿重）、井水铅、学生血铅和δ－ALAD酶活力,污染区分别为26．7&;#177;1．65mg/kg、60．4&;#177;2．67mg/kg、0．014&;#177;0．005mg/L、206&;#177;1．7μg/L和98&;#177;1．3IU／L,对照区分别为13．2&;#177;1．85mg/kg、44．9&;#177;1．84mg/kg、0．020&;#177;0．005mg/L、229&;#177;1．3μg/L和225&;#177;1．4IU／L。两区比较米铅含量污染区高于对照区,而酶活力前者明显低于后者（P＜0．01）;污染区有22个学生（占21．2％）超过对照区学生血铅最高值（312．9μg/L),其中8人的血铅值高达45－762μg/L。与1980－1982年调查结果相比,污染区的稻米蔬菜铅含量显著增加。结论：该冶炼厂对污染区的铅污染有不断累积加重的趋势。δδδδδδ     

再生铅冶炼地区环境铅污染及儿童血铅水平调查

目的 了解皖北再生铅冶炼地区铅污染水平以及儿童血铅水平,为进行环境治理及儿童健康干预提供依据.方法 对皖北某县再生铅冶炼地区环境中铅含量进行监测,同时选择污染区2所小学261名5～12岁的学生和清洁对照区的109名学生进行血铅测定.结果 污染区环境铅污染相当严重,最高空气铅含量达到5.74 μg/m3,超过国家标准3.83倍.土壤铅最大超标倍数达2.04倍.主要农作物小麦铅平均含量为2.84 mg/kg,最大超标倍数达42.5倍.污染区儿童血铅水平为98.3～441 μg/L,平均为(258.2±97.8)μg/L,明显高于对照组儿童.结论 再生铅冶炼地区环境铅及儿童体内铅含量均严重超标.     

哈尔滨市儿童血铅水平及其影响因素

目的探讨哈尔滨市儿童血铅水平的影响因素。方法于1999年4-6月选择哈尔滨市6个区眼包括污染区(即工业区)和清洁区(即商业区)演的6所幼儿园2～7岁605名学前儿童进行血铅测定及家庭装修、使用燃料、饮食等问卷调查。在上述地区采集大气、地面尘土、蔬菜样品测定其铅含量。结果污染区儿童血铅眼G±s:(0.479±0.013)μmol/L演高于清洁区眼G±s:(0.250±0.014)μmol/L演有统计学意义(P<0.05)。污染区大气铅浓度眼(2.037±0.455)μg/m3)高于清洁区眼(1.017±0.595)μg/m3演,污染区尘土铅含量眼(84.000±0.015)mg/kg演高于清洁区眼(72.000±0.025)mg/kg演,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),污染区和清洁区蔬菜铅含量差异无统计学意义。以血铅值为因变量,家庭装修、燃料、饮食等为自变量,经多元逐步回归分析(P=0.01),有10个因素被选入方程,其中,父亲接触铅、儿童饭前不洗手、室内家具为油漆面、经常在户外玩、儿童所在居住地、吃铁皮包装的罐头制品、经常吃花生等7项因素与儿童血铅水平呈显著正相关;经常吃豆制品、木耳、奶制品等3项因素与血铅水平呈显著负相关。结论哈尔滨市儿童血铅水平受多种因素影响,应预防环境铅污染对儿童健康危害。     

大气铅污染对幼儿健康影响的调查

目的　了解铅污染区幼儿身体发育情况和对病原的易感性。方法　选取铅污染区某幼儿园 82名 3～ 7岁幼儿为调查对象 ,测定血铅、血红蛋白、身高、体重 ,另取选经济水平相同的非污染区某幼儿园中年龄结构相同的幼儿为对照进行比较。并调查了两地幼儿园的学期病假率及感冒发病率。结果　污染区大气铅浓度为 2 .41± 2 .36 μg/ m3 ,幼儿血铅为1.2 43± 0 .896μmol/ L ,身高、体重指标均低于对照组 ,幼儿学期病假率 2 .2 % ,高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ,感冒发病相对危险度 3.35倍。结论　铅污染区幼儿的身体发育受到影响 ,对病原的易感性增加     

乡镇废旧蓄电池回收对环境和儿童血铅的影响

目的：分析某乡镇废旧蓄电池回收对环境和儿童血铅水平的影响,为治理环境、防止儿童中毒提供科学依据。方法：采用整群抽样方法,从高污染区、中污染区和相对清洁区分别选取5－9岁在校生进行血铅测定,并对其生活环境中空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦中铅的含量进行检测。结果：高污染区的空气、土壤和小麦铅污染最严重（均值分别为0．0163mg/m^3、1．1614mg/kg、7．9050mg/kg）,饮用水铅含量虽低于国家卫生标准,但明显高于相对清洁区;中污染区的空气、土壤和小麦也受到一定程度铅污染（均值分别为0．0094mg/m^3、0.2910mg/kg、2．4275mg/kg）,饮用水铅含量低于国家卫生标准（均值为0．0048mg/L）;相对清洁区的空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦无明显铅污染（均值分别为0．00047mg/m^3、0．0534mg/kg、0．0032mg/L、0．3650mg/kg）。3组儿童血铅均值分别为532μg/L、452μg/L、126μg/L,3组间存在显性差异（P＜0．05）,且环境铅含量越高,儿童血铅水平越高。结论：该镇废旧蓄电池回收行业已造成区域性严重铅污染,致使儿童血铅明显升高,社会干预刻不容缓。     

环境铅与幼儿体内铅水平及健康危害研究

目的　了解环境铅与幼儿体内铅水平及对幼儿体格发育的影响。方法　测定大气、食品、饮水等铅含量以及5 0 1例 3～ 6岁儿童发铅和血铅含量 ,并检查 2 6 4名儿童的体格发育情况。结果　计算获得市区幼儿每人每日摄入铅约 5 4 μg ,郊区约 4 5 μg ,市区和郊区幼儿发铅分别是 18 71± 8 8μg/g和 13 97± 8 0 μg/ g:血铅分别是 131 2± 72 1μg/L和 10 8 3± 6 8 1μg/L(1μg/L =0 0 0 4 83μmol/L) ;市区幼儿的发铅和血铅水平显著高于郊区 ,P <0 0 0 1;市区幼儿血铅≥ 10 0 μg/L者占 6 9 8% ,郊区占 4 0 1% ;以血铅 10 0 μg/L划线分组比较幼儿体格发育 ,各年龄段幼儿血铅 <10 0μg/L和≥ 10 0 μg/L组的身高、体重、胸围、头围和血色素含量无显著性差异。 结论　成都市环境铅污染严重 ,幼儿血铅水平及铅中毒流行率较高 ,应重视防治儿童铅中毒。     

公路交通污染土壤和稻谷中镉铅分布特征

目的研究公路交通污染土壤和稻谷中镉铅分布特征及稻谷加工中镉铅的去除。方法用原子吸收光谱法测定319国道某路段旁水稻田 (污染区 )土壤和稻谷中镉铅含量 ,并与对照区做比较。结果镉[(1.89±0.45)mg/kg]、铅[(116.15±23.71)mg/kg]主要富集于表层土壤 ,污染区显著高于对照区 (P<0.001)。污染区水稻颖壳、糙米、粗米糠和粗精米中镉含量分别为0.195 ,0.254,0.248 ,0.239mg/kg,铅含量分别为1.32 ,0.722,1.99 ,0.635mg/kg,均显著高于对照区 (P<0.001)。稻谷镉含量分布 :粗米糠>糙米>粗精米>颖壳 ,稻谷铅含量分布 :粗米糠>颖壳>糙米>粗精米。土壤和稻谷中镉铅含量分别呈正相关 (r=0.942～0.994,P<0.001) ,稻谷加工过程中镉铅去除率分别为22.13 %和47.30%。结论公路旁土壤和稻谷受镉铅污染严重 ,土壤镉铅污染程度影响稻谷中镉铅含量。     

某铅冶炼厂周围环境铅污染调查

目的了解X铅冶炼厂对周围环境的污染程度,摸清环境污染现状。方法对厂址周围农田土壤、底泥、水质、环境空气、院落尘土、固废、农作物的铅进行监测分析。结果农灌井水中铅浓度最高为3.1mg/L,超标30.0倍;鱼塘水中铅浓度为0.07mg/L,超标0.40倍;鱼塘底泥中铅含量为1101.5mg/kg,超标0.10倍;河流底泥中铅含量最高为7400.0mg/kg,超标6.40倍;调查区域内的农田土壤样品中铅含量范围为47.0～287.9mg/kg,X铅冶炼厂周围400m范围内农田土壤中铅含量平均值为195.0mg/kg,超过对照点均值(34.4mg/kg)160.6mg/kg,调查区域内的农田土壤受到了不同程度的铅污染,距厂址越近、下风向的农田土壤铅污染越严重。结论X铅冶炼厂对周围环境造成了不同程度的铅污染,是造成部分群众血铅超标的主要污染源。     

山区公路边土壤铅污染水平及其分布规律研究

[目的 ]探讨山区公路边土壤铅污染水平及其分布规律 ,为制订相应的预防措施提供科学依据。 [方法 ]以 319国道龙岩市新罗区路段为污染区 ,检测不同条件下公路边土壤铅含量 ,并与对照区比较 ,铅含量测定用原子吸收光谱法。[结果 ]离公路边 35 0 m范围内 ,不同车流量的 3个路段土铅总平均含量 (mg/ kg)分别高达 94.0 0± 32 .19、85 .5 9± 32 .6 6和 118.33± 36 .5 6 ,高于对照区 (P<0 .0 1) ,最高高出 3.3～ 5 .0倍。随着与路边距离的增加 ,铅含量呈逐渐降低趋势 ,铅的深度分布主要滞留在表土层。不同路况对铅含量有直接影响 ,坡度大 ,含量高。但公路两侧 35 0 m内污染水平类似 (P>0 .0 5 )。 [结论 ]山区公路两侧 35 0 m范围内 ,0～ 40 cm深的表层土壤均受到不同程度的铅污染 ,污染水平及其分布规律与公路的运营时间、车流量、路边距离、土壤深度、土壤性质、路况等因素有关。     

山西某地区汞环境污染及对居民肾功能的影响

[目的]探讨山西某地区土法炼金活动影响环境中汞（Hg）的分布以及对当地居民肾功能的影响。[方法]用原子荧光光谱法测定大气、水、粮食Hg含量以及居民尿Hg含量，尿N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）用速率法测定，尿β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）和尿微量白蛋白（mALB）测定采用终点法。[结果]污染区一年四季监测的大气Hg浓度为79～240ng／m^3，远高于对照区（P〈0．05）；河水中Hg含量超标19倍，达到（0．025±0．006）μg／L。污染区所产的玉米和粟米Hg含量分别为（0．006±0．003）mg／kg和（0．013±0．006）mg／kg，高于对照区（P〈0．05）；污染区居民尿Hg为（1．24±3．80）μg/L、尿β2-MG含量为（228．98±4．34）μg/gCr，均明显高于对照区（P〈0．05）。[结论]污染区炼金过程中产生的Hg对当地环境造成污染，并通过一定途径进入人体，引起当地人群体内Hg负荷水平的改变及肾功能异常。     

Impact of Air Pollution by Lead on the Heme Biosynthetic Pathway in School-Age Children

Blood-lead level (Pb-B), erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, free erythrocyte porphyrin (FEP) concentration, δ-aminolevulinie acid concentration in urine (ALAU), hematocrit value, and hemoglobin concentration were compared for groups of children 10–13 years old from areas differently polluted by lead (rural area and lead smelter area). The biological responses of the children were also compared with those observed in adults similarly exposed to lead (Pb-B: 10–40 μ/100 ml). Compared with the rural children, children living less than 1 km from the smelter exhibited a significant increase of Pb-B and FEP, a significant inhibition of ALAD, and a slight positive correlation of ALAU with Pb-B; however, they showed no biological signs of anemia. In children living approximately 1.5 km from the smelter, there was still a signfiicant increase of Pb-B and a concomitant inhibition of ALAD, but no change in FEP concentration. Comparison of the dose-response curves between Pb-B and FEP in adult males, adult females, and children indicates that the sensitivity to lead is in the order of children ≥ women > men. Based on the FEP response, it is proposed that 25 μ Pb/100 ml blood be regarded as the maximum biologically allowable concentration of lead in blood of school-age children.     

delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase enzyme activity in blood, brain, and liver of lead-dosed ducks

Mallard ducks were dosed with a single shotgun pellet (ca. 200 mg lead). After 1 month there was about 1 ppm lead in blood, 2.5 in liver, and 0.5 in brain. Lead-induced inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase enzyme in blood and cerebellum was much greater than in cerebral hemisphere or liver and was strongly correlated with the lead concentration in these tissues. The cerebellar portion of the brain was more sensitive to δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase enzyme inhibition by lead than were the other tissues examined. There was also a greater increase in the glial cell marker enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase, in cerebellum than in cerebral hemisphere, suggesting that nonregenerating neuronal cells were destroyed by lead and replaced by glial cells in that portion of the brain. Even partial loss of cerebellar tissue is severely debilitating in waterfowl, because functions critical to survival such as visual, auditory, motor, and reflex responses are integrated at this brain center.     

Oral supplementation of gossypin during lead exposure protects alteration in heme synthesis pathway and brain oxidative stress in rats

ObjectiveThe objective was to study the efficacy of oral supplementation of gossypin, a flavonoid, during lead exposure in preventive alterations in the heme synthesis pathway, brain oxidation, and tissue lead uptake in rats.MethodsMale rats were used for the experiment and were exposed to lead (0.5% in drinking water) or lead plus oral supplementation of gossypin (25 or 100 mg/kg) for 3 wk to determine the preventive effect of gossypin against lead toxicity. Animals were sacrificed after 3 wk for various biochemical variables suggestive of oxidative stress and heme synthesis pathway in addition to the concentration of lead in the blood and brain.ResultsExposure to lead produced significant inhibition in the activity of blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase accompanied by an increase in urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid and the levels of reactive oxygen species. There were significant alterations in the levels of glutathione, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, reactive oxygen species, and superoxide dismutase activity on lead exposure. Most of these alterations were significantly prevented by oral coadministration of gossypin, particularly at the dose of 100 mg/kg.ConclusionThe antioxidant and moderate chelating properties of oral gossypin suggest a promising role in use either as a nutritional supplement during lead exposure or as a complementary chelating agent during chelation therapy.     

Biological response of children to low levels of inorganic lead

Blood lead level (Pb-B), erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D), zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), and free-erythrocyte porphyrin (FEP) were compared for groups of children of the nursery and primary school living near a lead smelter and in a village 4 km from the factory. A definite increase of Pb-B levels was found in the children living near the lead smelter, who proved to have average values about twice those of the control groups: 17.3 ± 6.9 μg/100 ml for the nursery school and 16.9 ± 5.5 μg/100 ml for the primary school children against 8.7 ± 2.8 and 7.6 ± 2.9 μg/100 ml for the respective controls. A significant decrease of ALA-D activity and an increase of FEP values were demonstrated among the children exposed. For FEP a graded response was evidenced at Pb-B levels ranging between 10 and 20 μg/100 ml blood so that the no-response level in children seems to be lower than 10 μg/100 ml of Pb-B.     

昆明西郊铅污染对人体健康影响的研究

对昆明西郊 4 15位居民临床体检和生化指标的测定发现 ,受冶炼厂铅污染的影响 ,居民体内血铅、发铅、尿铅、红细胞游离原卟啉和尿δ—氨基—γ—酮戊酸明显高于对照区 ,部分居民体内存在着铅吸收和慢性铅中毒症状。若长期生活在重金属污染环境中 ,并摄食该地区生产的稻米 ,将产生比较严重的后果。还提出了昆明地区非职业接触人员上述 5项指标的参考值     

δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity,urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid concentration and zinc protoporphyrin level among people with low level of lead exposure

To evaluate the relationship of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALAU) level and blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) concentration to low blood lead (PbB) levels, these biomarkers were determined for all subjects enrolled from a rural area of southeast China where people had low levels of exposure to lead. The mean values of PbB, ALAD, ALAU and ZPP were 67.11 μg/L (SD: 1.654, range: 10.90-514.04), 339.66 nmol ml⁻¹ h⁻¹ (1.419, 78.33-793.13), 20.64 μg/L (1.603, 2.00-326.00), and 0.14 μmol/L (3.437, 0.01-2.26), respectively. ALAD was inversely associated with low levels of PbB. ZPP was inversely related to low levels of PbB but positively related to relatively higher levels of PbB. Alcohol drinking contributed to low ALAD in men. Women had higher ZPP than men. ALAU had no significant association with PbB. In conclusion, ALAD possibly has a non-linear relation with low to moderate levels of PbB. At moderate levels of PbB, ZPP increases with increasing levels of PbB. ALAU is not suitable as an indicator for low levels of lead exposure.     

常熟市氟化工业园氟污染现状分析

目的了解氟化工企业对常熟市大气、食物氟污染状况。方法选择该市氟化工业园所在镇及1个无化工企业的镇作为对照,用滤膜法进行空气采样,用离子选择电极法对空气和食物中氟含量进行检测。结果氟化工业园区空气氟含量为0．46μg／m3,蔬菜及水产品中氟含量分别为1．54,2．24mg／kg,超过标准。河水和蔬菜中氟浓度[（1．64±1．64）mg／L和（1．54±1．27）mg／kg]均高于对照区[（0．65±0．30）mg／L和（0．62±0．25）mg／kg]结论空气中氟浓度两地均未超过标准,且差异无统计学意义,但蔬菜及河水中的氟浓度两地差异有统计学意义,有必要进一步调查研究。     

石门雄黄矿地区居民砷暴露研究

目的：研究砷污染地区居民砷暴露水平的分布特征。方法：分析污染区和对照区环境样品和居民头发砷含量。结果：污染区三个村土壤砷含量８４．１７～２９６．１９ｍｇ／ｋｇ。河水砷含量达０．５～１４．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，井水、自来水、食物含砷量一般符合国家卫生标准。砷摄入量１９５～１１２９μｇ／ｄ。居民头发砷含量中位数为０．９７２～２．４５９μｇ／ｇ。发砷值随年龄增加而增加。结论：石门雄黄矿附近地区河水砷污染严重，以河水为饮用水源的居民砷暴露水平达到甚至超过国内外重大慢性砷中毒案例的暴露水平，应引起重视