急性肺动脉栓塞的介入治疗

目的探讨急性肺动脉栓塞的介入治疗效果。方法 2009年10月～2011年5月对19例急性肺动脉栓塞行下腔静脉滤器植入,肺动脉造影,导管碎栓、抽栓、溶栓治疗,其中12例术中应用球囊辅助碎栓,术后处理联合应用低分子肝素和华法林,调整凝血酶原国际标准化率在2～3。结果术中即刻造影显示8例主干完全开通,11例部分开通。术中16例肺动脉压下降至16～37 mm Hg,3例肺动脉压升高至39～62 mm Hg,考虑末梢血管痉挛所致。基本治愈8例,显效5例,有效3例,无效3例。19例随访2～26个月,平均18个月,未见复发。结论急性肺动脉栓塞的介入治疗可以迅速恢复肺灌流量且相对于外科手术微创、简单,与全身静脉溶栓比较更迅速、有效。     

Prediction of Pulmonary Embolism Following Resection of Pulmonary Infarction: A Case Series

Purpose: Pulmonary nodules suspected to be cancerous are rarely diagnosed as pulmonary infarction (PI). This study examined the clinical, radiological, and laboratory data in cases diagnosed with PI to determine their potential utility as preoperative diagnostic markers. We also assessed factors affecting the postoperative course.Methods: A total of 603 cases of peripheral pulmonary nodules undiagnosed preoperatively were resected at Hokkaido University Hospital from 2012 to 2019. Of these, we reviewed cases with a postoperative diagnosis of PI. We investigated clinical symptoms, preoperative laboratory data, radiological characteristics, and postoperative complications.Results: Four patients (0.7%) were diagnosed with PI. All patients had a smoking history. One patient received systemic steroid administration, and none had predisposing factors for thrombosis. One case showed chronologically increased nodule size. Three cases showed weak uptake of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose. One patient with preoperative high D-dimer levels developed a massive pulmonary embolism (PE) in the postoperative chronic phase and was treated with anticoagulants.Conclusions: Preoperative diagnosis of PI is difficult, and we could not exclude lung cancer. However, if a patient diagnosed with PI has a high D-dimer level, we recommend postoperative physical examination for deep venous thrombosis. Prophylactic anticoagulation therapy should be considered to avoid fatal PE.     

Review of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in a General Hospital

Purpose Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a serious cardiovascular disease associated with high mortality rates. We analyzed the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome of patients with APE in a general hospital in Japan. Methods The subjects were 14 patients with APE: 6 with out-of-hospital onset and 8 with in-hospital onset. Results The incidence of APE in hospitalized patients was 0.03% (95% confidence interval, 0.01%–0.05%). Eight patients suffered shock and three patients suffered cardiac arrest. Advanced age, deep vein thrombus (DVT), cancer, fracture, obesity, and surgery were common risk factors. In the hospitalized patients, surgery was a major risk factor: APE developed perioperatively in five (63%) of eight patients. Nine patients were treated with heparin alone, three were treated with thrombolysis, and two underwent surgical embolectomy for right heart thrombi. Three of the patients who suffered shock died during hospitalization and another died of recurrence 2 months after the first episode. Overall in-hospital and 3-month mortality rates were 21% and 29%, respectively, and the in-hospital mortality rate of the patients with shock was 38%. Conclusion Acute pulmonary embolism was associated with high mortality rates and surgery was the most common risk factor predisposing to APE in hospitalized patients. Thus, standardized prophylaxis against DVT is essential for patients undergoing surgery.     

急性肺动脉栓塞外科治疗 (附5例报告)

５例急性肺动脉栓塞并发肺源性心脏病及呼吸功能衰竭病人行肺动脉切开取栓术。２例病人术后长期存活，心功能由ＩＶ级改善为Ｉ级，并口服华法林治疗未发生再栓塞；２例病人术中死于右肺出血；１例病人手术成功，顺利脱离呼吸机，术后亦行口服华法林抗凝治疗，但于术后第４天死于肺动脉再栓塞。结论：适时而恰当的手术决策是提高手术疗效的关键，术后除抗凝治疗外，还需要在下腔静脉内置入滤网才能更有效地预防再栓塞     

Persistent Pulmonary Embolism Rates Following Total Knee Arthroplasty Even With Prophylactic Anticoagulants

Background

Symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE), a significant and life-threatening complication following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), has been described as a “never event.” Despite a number of advancements in care, PE continues to occur following TKA. This study evaluates symptomatic PE rates over time in TKA patients enrolled in multicenter randomized clinical trials assessing the efficacy of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis regimens.

Pulmonary Embolism Rates Following Total Hip Arthroplasty With Prophylactic Anticoagulation: Some Pulmonary Emboli Cannot Be Avoided

Background

A symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) after total joint arthroplasty has been described as a “never event.” Despite potent anticoagulants and improvements in patient care, PE continues to occur following total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study evaluates symptomatic PE rates over time in THA patients enrolled in multicenter randomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis regimens.

Fatal Pulmonary Embolism After Total Hip Replacement

A retrospective study of fatal pulmonary embolism (FPE) was carried out in 1,324 cases of total hip replacement (THR), performed during 1969 to 1978. Dextran 70 (Macrodex® 6 per cent in saline, Pharmacia AB, Sweden) was given as thromboembolic prophylaxis. Sixteen patients died within 3 months. Autopsy was performed in 14 cases. Nine died from embolism, which makes an incidence of 0.7 per cent. Autopsy was performed in 8 of these cases. Seven patients died during the second and third week. Five patients had complained of acute chest pain and 4 of them had chest radiograms taken, which were normal. Only one patient had clinical symptoms of deep vein thromboses. Perfusion lung scan was performed as a screening procedure in 3 cases, all of them showing defects typical of pulmonary embolism. Four patients died from FPE, despite heparin therapy for 3–5 days. A comparison between patients with FPE and a control group showed that premonitory attacks of acute chest pain and previous operations for orthopaedic reasons were significantly more common in patients with FPE (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05), respectively). No difference could be found between the groups concerning blood loss, amount of transfusion, sex, operated side, type of prosthesis and weight.     

Less than Lobar Resections for Bronchogenic Carcinoma

We performed less than lobar resections for peripheral clinical Stage I primary lung cancers on 170 patients treated between 1973 and 1987 at two university centers, one in Hawaii and one in Israel. Most patients were poor risks and several had FEV₁< 1 liter. There were 6 (3.5%) hospital deaths. There were 58 segmental resections, 97 wedge resections and 15 less than lobar resections not otherwise specified. Seventy-three patients (43%) are living free of cancer from 5 to 11 years postoperatively and 20 additional patients died of causes unrelated to lung cancer after 5 years; thus disease free five year survival was 54.7%. Patients with adenocarcinoma had poorer prognosis than other cell types. Twenty-three patients (13.5%) had synchronous or metachronous second primary lung cancers. Nine of these patients are long term survivors. Twenty-four patients (14.1%) developed local recurrences with or without distant metastases. This promising long term cancer-free survival and the frequency of second primary lung cancers justifies less than lobar resection for peripheral. Stage I bronchogenic carcinoma, especially in the poor risk patient.     

The Timing of Symptomatic Pulmonary Embolism in Patients With Nonwarfarin Anticoagulants Following Elective Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty

BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence and timing of postoperative, symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients receiving nonwarfarin treatment following primary total joint arthroplasty (TJA), to clarify the appropriate duration of postoperative VTE prophylaxis.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 11,148 patients who underwent primary TJA, including total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty at our institution between January 2012 and March 2019. The median postoperative day of diagnosis of symptomatic PE and the interquartile range for day of diagnosis were determined. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to test the difference of timing for PE based on demographics and comorbidities.ResultsThe overall 90-day rate of symptomatic PE was 0.71%. The median day of diagnosis for symptomatic PE was 3 days postoperatively (interquartile range, 2-7 days). Factors showed statistical significance on multivariate analysis in association with earlier timing of PE occurrence in patients with atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and history of stroke.ConclusionThe vast majority of symptomatic PE occurs in the early postoperative period after TJA, and atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and history of stroke were independent factors affecting the timing of symptomatic PE.     

Fat Embolism Syndromes Following Liposuction

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) after liposuction is likely a life-threatening disorder, though its incidence is low. The three chief clinical manifestations include respiratory insufficiency, cerebral involvement, and petechial rash. Although FES is a multisystem disorder, the most seriously affected organs are the lungs, brain, cardiavascular system, and skin. Many laboratory findings are characteristic but nonspecific. The pathogenesis of FES after liposuction has been looked at both mechanically and biochemically. Diagnosis is difficult; Gurd and Wilson's diagnostic criteria based on clinical examination is still extensively used in clinics at present. There is no specific therapy for FES after liposuction for the moment, so prevention, early diagnosis, and supportive therapies are important. In this article we discuss the clinical presentation, pathogensis, and current methods to prevent FES and, if possible, ways to treat this complication.     

电视胸腔镜肺叶切除术后急性肺动脉栓塞的诊断与治疗

目的探讨电视胸腔镜(VATS)肺叶切除术后急性肺动脉栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)的诊断、治疗及其预防措施。方法 2007年1月至2010年11月广州医学院第一附属医院对1 115例肺癌患者施行电视胸腔镜肺叶切除术,术后发生急性PE 13例,男6例,女7例;平均年龄62.3(42～73)岁。所有患者均经胸部螺旋CT肺动脉造影(SCTPA)确诊,均接受低分子肝素和华法林抗凝治疗。结果电视胸腔镜肺叶切除术后急性PE发生率为1.17%(13/1 115),低危患者比例高(11/13),发生右侧PE 12例,接受抗凝治疗后症状均缓解,有9例患者复查SCTPA显示栓塞消失或明显吸收,无胸腔出血、伤口渗血等并发症;随访1～3个月均未发现复发。结论电视胸腔镜肺叶切除术后发生急性PE的诊断首选SCTPA检查,需采用适当的预防和治疗措施;术后PE发生率低,低危比例高,体现了微创外科手术的优势。     

Pulmonary Embolism Following Outpatient Vasectomy

Venous thromboembolic events have several known major risk factors such as prolonged immobilization or major surgery. Pulmonary embolism has rarely been reported after an outpatient vasectomy was completed. We present the rare case of a healthy 32-year-old Caucasian male with no known risk factors who presented with pleuritic chest pain 26 days after his outpatient vasectomy was performed. Subsequently, he was found to have a pulmonary embolism as per radiological imaging. We explore the association between outpatient vasectomies and venous thromboembolic events. A review of the literature is also included.Key Words: Vasectomy, Pulmonary embolism, Thrombophlebitis, Thromboembolism risk factors     

The Clinical Severity of Patients Diagnosed With an In-Hospital Pulmonary Embolism Following Modern,Elective Joint Arthroplasty Is Unrelated to the Location of Emboli in the Pulmonary Vasculature

Background

In the event of a postoperative pulmonary embolism (PE), it is generally believed that patients with centrally located emboli will have worse clinical symptoms than those with segmental or subsegmental ones. We studied if a relationship exists between the clinical severity at the time of PE diagnosis and the location of the emboli within the pulmonary vasculature.

Video-Assisted Open Supraclavicular Sympathectomy Following Air Embolism

Background:

Air embolism is a relatively rare complication of thoracoscopic surgery.

Methods:

Open supraclavicular sympathectomy was indicated to overcome the risk of re-embolization. A novel video-assisted technique was performed.

Conclusions:

The previously prevalent open supraclavicular sympathectomy is a good choice for avoiding air embolism. Laparoscopic instrumentation and technology can be used to improve open procedures, especially when exposure and visibility are limited. Sometimes we should remember to use the experience of our teachers.     

Screening and Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism After Total Hip Replacement

The effect of anticoagulative treatment of pulmonary embolism was studied in 63 patients out of 348 operated on with total hip replacement. Screening diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was obtained from ^99mTc perfusion scintigraphy in combination with ^99mTc-microaerosol ventilation scintigraphy and chest radiogram. the administration of heparin and warfarin was associated with hemorrhagic side effects in 7 per cent. the final outcome of surgery, however, was not interfered with. Fatal pulmonary embolism occurred in one patient (0.3 per cent) in whom the diagnosis had been missed.     

Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Is Effective in Preventing Symptomatic Pulmonary Embolism After Thoracic Surgery

Purpose. Postoperative pulmonary embolism (PE) remains a fatal complication even in thoracic surgery. We have used intermittent pneumatic compression for the prophylaxis of postoperative PE since 1998, and herein examined its effectiveness. Methods. Seven hundred and six patients, whose medical records showed use/no use of pneumatic compression for prophylaxis of PE, underwent general thoracic surgery in our department from December 1995 to December 2000. Their clinical records were reviewed, and variables were compared between patients who experienced clinically apparent PE and patients who did not have PE. Results. Three hundred and forty-four patients did not receive any prophylactic treatment, and 7 of these (2.0%) experienced postoperative PE. Three hundred and sixty-two patients received prophylactic pneumatic compression and none of these developed PE. There was a statistical correlation between the occurrence of PE and the application of pneumatic compression (²-test, P = 0.006). Six of the seven patients with PE were operated on in the right decubitus position, and the operative position and the prevalence of PE was also significantly correlated (²-test, P = 0.024). Other factors, such as age, sex, operative time, duration until patients became fully ambulatory, body mass index, and character of the disease, did not have significant correlation with the occurrence of PE. Conclusions. Pneumatic compression was found to effectively prevent postoperative PE. The right decubitus position is considered to be a risk factor for the development of postoperative PE in thoracic surgery.