孤立性肺结节良恶性诊断的临床影响因素

目的探讨孤立性肺结节（solitary pulmonary nodule,SPN）良恶性诊断的相关临床影响因素及外科治疗策略。方法回顾性分析2010年11月至2012年3月在山东大学附属省立医院行手术治疗的151例SPN患者的临床及病理资料,其中男89例、女62例,年龄30～80（57．99±0．86）岁,比较不同临床因素对恶性率影响的差异。结果良性SPN29例,恶性122例。恶性SPN IA期58例,IB期30例,ⅡA期7例,ⅢA期25例,Ⅳ期2例。恶性SPN的平均直径大于良性（2．03cm1VS．1．77cm,P=0．039）,直径大于2cm者的恶性率高于2cm以下者（90．3％VS．74．2％,P=0．013）,恶性患者的平均年龄大于良性患者（60．39岁VS．47．90岁,P〈0．01）,年龄45岁以上患者的恶性率高于〈45岁患者（86．4％VS．38．9％,P〈0．01）。不同性别、有无临床症状、有无吸烟史、吸烟指数≤400支／年和〉400支／年、不同部位的恶性率差异无统计学意义。结论SPN的良恶性诊断应当综合患者的病史、年龄、结节直径、形态、动态变化进行判断,性别、有无临床症状、吸烟与否、吸烟指数及位置作为诊断参考因素的意义不大。     

孤立性肺结节的良恶性鉴别及处理策略

随着多层螺旋CT和低剂量CT扫描在肺癌筛查中的广泛应用,孤立性肺结节的检出率明显增高。一旦发现孤立性肺部结节,临床上很难立即将孤立性肺结节区分为良性或恶性病变。通过孤立性肺结节的病因,孤立性肺结节患者的流行病学特征,结节的大小、形态、位置及生长速度,结节恶性概率数学模型,正电子发射断层扫描（PET）或正电子发射断层扫描／x线电子计算机断层成像（PET．CT）的诊断价值等分析,为孤立性肺结节良恶性病变的鉴别诊断提供参考。同时总结孤立性肺结节的处理策略,根据结节直径是否大于8mm以及患者是否有高龄、吸烟和恶性肿瘤病史,分别采用不同的随访和治疗策略,并探讨胸腔镜手术在孤立性肺结节诊治过程中的价值。     

电视胸腔镜手术在不明原因肺孤立性小结节诊断中的价值

目的探讨胸腔镜手术在不明原因肺孤立性小结节中的诊断价值。方法对42例40岁以上不明原因肺孤立性小结节（直径〈3cm）应用胸腔镜技术行肺小结节病灶切除，术中快速冰冻切片，对恶性病变按恶性肿瘤手术原则进一步手术，良性病变则结束手术。结果诊断恶性病变22例，其中17例原发性肺癌行胸腔镜辅助小切口肺癌根治术，2例双侧肺癌行病灶切除术，3例肺转移癌中2例肺叶切除联合局部淋巴结清扫、1例病灶切除。20例良性病变（2例机化性纤维化结节、6例肺硬化性血管瘤、5例肺炎性假瘤、7例肺错构瘤）仅行病灶切除。37例随访16～79个月，平均48个月，18例良性病变无复发；14例原发肺癌中，13例生存，1例术后38个月死亡。结论胸腔镜手术在诊断不明原因肺孤立性小结节中具有较高的应用价值，掌握良好的手术指征可明显提高恶性肿瘤的诊断率，避免长期观察和等待。     

实时超声弹性成像在甲状腺结节诊断中的临床价值

目的探讨实时超声弹性成像在甲状腺结节诊断中的临床应用价值。方法对2009年6~12月期间收入我院血管甲状腺腹壁疝外科并行实时超声弹性成像检查的168例甲状腺结节性疾病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,将实时超声弹性成像图按弹性硬度分为0~Ⅳ级(0~Ⅱ级为良性,Ⅲ~Ⅳ级为恶性),并与病理学结果进行比较。结果 168例患者共208个结节:结节性甲状腺肿125个;甲状腺腺瘤36个;甲状腺恶性肿瘤41个,其中39个为甲状腺乳头状癌,1个为甲状腺髓样癌,1个为甲状腺非霍奇金淋巴瘤;其他结节6个,包括弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿1个、灶性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎3个、亚急性肉芽肿性甲状腺炎2个。弹性分级为0~Ⅱ级的结节148个,Ⅲ~Ⅳ级者60个。根据病理学结果,良性结节占0~Ⅱ级的97.3%(144/148),占Ⅲ~Ⅳ级的38.3%(23/60);恶性结节占0~Ⅱ级的2.7%(4/148),占Ⅲ~Ⅳ级的61.7%(37/60)。实时超声弹性成像的诊断敏感度为90.2%(37/41),特异度为86.2%(144/167),准确度为87.0%(181/208)。结论实时超声弹性成像能反映甲状腺结节的相对硬度,为诊断提供有用信息,有助于鉴别诊断甲状腺结节的良、恶性。     

孤立性肺结节早期诊治的临床策略

目的 探讨孤立性肺结节（solitary pulmonary nodule,SPN）早期诊治的临床策略,明确肿瘤标志物、术前CT引导下亚甲蓝联合Hookwire针穿刺定位技术及电视胸腔镜手术（video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS）在孤立性肺结节早期诊治中的意义。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年2月泰兴市人民医院胸外科70例孤立性肺结节患者的临床资料,其中男33例、女37例,年龄32～87（59．74±2．04）岁。收集病史,术前行心肺、肝肾功能、痰细胞学和支气管镜等常规检查,联合检测肺癌血清肿瘤标志物进行初步的良恶性诊断,并作手术风险评估。对孤立性肺结节直径小于1cm或肺内小结节预计术中无法准确定位者,术前半小时行常规CT引导下亚甲蓝与Hookwire联合定位;对肺结节较大预计术中可准确定位者,可直接行VATS肺结节及周围肺组织的楔形切除术。术中快速冰冻病理检查,如病理检查为恶性病变则行规范肺叶切除或肺段切除加系统性淋巴结清扫术,如病理检查为良性病变则结束手术。对孤立性肺结节患者特别是早期肺癌患者作长期的随访。结果住院期间无死亡,无支气管胸膜瘘发生,并发肺部感染2例、气胸3例、切口感染1例,经对症治疗后均治愈或好转出院。本组70例患者中有11例术前行肺穿刺获得病理诊断;59例患者中有12例肺结节偏中央型,术中穿刺活检,47例患者在VATS下行肺结节切除术,病理诊断结果为：腺癌19例,鳞癌9例,细支气管肺泡癌3例,腺鳞癌2例,炎I生假瘤11例、肺结核球4例,肉芽肿5例,硬化性血管瘤2例,乳腺癌肺转移1例,结肠癌肺转移1例,甲状腺癌肺转移1例,胃癌肺转移1例。随访70例（100％）,随访时间2～34个月,无死亡,1例右肺上叶腺癌患者术后18个月发生脑转移,目前在接受放疗中,其余患者生存质量良好。结论对孤立性肺结?     

A case of sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen with increased accumulation of fluorodeoxyglucose after 5-year follow-up

IntroductionSclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of spleen is a new entity defined as a benign pathologic lesion. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) shows weak accumulation, thereby ruling out the malignancy in preoperative diagnosis is difficult. Herein, we reported a case of shrinking SANT with increased FDG accumulation during a 5-year follow-up period, which was treated by laparoscopic splenectomy.Presentation of caseA 64-year-old female had been referred to our hospital for the evaluation of a splenic tumor. Initial contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a well-defined, and ovoid hypoattenuating lesion, measuring 52 mm in diameter in the spleen. Initial PET/CT revealed accumulation of FDG in the tumor (maximum standardized uptake value [SUVmax]: 2.8). The mass was diagnosed as SANT, and the patient was followed-up every 6–12 months for 5 years. Follow-up PET/CT revealed increased accumulation of FDG (SUVmax: 3.5). As it was suspicious considering the differential diagnosis, including malignant lymphoma and inflammatory pseudotumor, she underwent laparoscopic splenectomy. The pathological results showed three types of vessels including capillaries, ectatic small veins, and sinusoids-like vessels, consistent with the features of SANT.DiscussionA SANT may have features that resemble those of malignancy, including the growing mass and the increase of FDG accumulation.ConclusionAlthough the preoperative diagnosis of SANT is difficult, it is necessary to make a diagnosis of SANT comprehensively, even when accumulation of FDG increased slightly during the follow-up period and suggested the possibility of malignant diseases.     

18F-FDGPET/CT与传统影像检查寻找骨转移瘤原发灶的比较

[目的]比较18F-FDG PET/CT与传统影像检查(胸片、彩超、CT及MRI等)为骨转移瘤患者寻找原发灶的临床价值.[方法]回顾性分析37例于2008年5月～2010年6月间本中心收治的经病理证实的骨转移瘤患者的病例资料,并随访其后续的诊治情况.以病理结果或临床随访作为原发灶确认标准.并将PET/CT与传统影像检查对原发灶的检出情况进行比较.且对治疗方案的调整进行汇总.[结果]37例患者中,PET/CT提示原发灶28例,其中正确检出原发灶27例(73％),1例为假阳性;传统影像检查正确检出原发灶17例(46％),两者原发灶正确检出率的差异有显著性(x2=5.61,P=0.018).27例经PET/CT正确检出原发灶的病例中,17例(63％)采取了针对原发灶的治疗措施.此外9例PET/CT未提示原发灶的患者中,3例经病理证实为假阴性.[结论]与传统影像检查相比,18F-FDG PET/CT可更有效、更便捷的找出骨转移瘤患者原发灶,进而为制定更合理的治疗方案提供依据.     

Clinical value of whole body fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of metastatic bladder cancer

Objectives: To investigate the value of whole‐body fluorine‐18 2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for the detection of metastatic bladder cancer. Methods: From December 2006 to August 2010, 60 bladder cancer patients (median age 60.5 years old, range 32–96) underwent whole body positron emission tomography/computed tomography positron emission tomography/computed tomography. The diagnostic accuracy was assessed by performing both organ‐based and patient‐based analyses. Identified lesions were further studied by biopsy or clinically followed for at least 6 months. Results: One hundred and thirty‐four suspicious lesions were identified. Among them, 4 primary cancers (2 pancreatic cancers, 1 colonic and 1 nasopharyngeal cancer) were incidentally detected, and the patients could be treated on time. For the remaining 130 lesions, positron emission tomography/computed tomography detected 118 true positive lesions (sensitivity = 95.9%). On the patient‐based analysis, the overall sensitivity and specificity resulted to be 87.1% and 89.7%, respectively. There was no difference of sensitivity and specificity in patients with or without adjuvant treatment in terms of detection of metastatic sites by positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Compared with conventional imaging modality, positron emission tomography/computed tomography correctly changed the management in 15 patients (25.0%). Conclusions: Positron emission tomography/computed tomography has excellent sensitivity and specificity in the detection of metastatic bladder cancer and it provides additional diagnostic information compared to standard imaging techniques.     

前列腺癌分子影像学的PET研究进展

前列腺癌是男性泌尿系统中最常见的恶性肿瘤。它的生物学行为与临床情况有很大的异质性,这一特点使前列腺癌的早期诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后评价面临挑战。PET是反映肿瘤生物学的一种理想的非侵入性的功能显像方法,目前已有多种分子影像途径及药物用于前列腺癌的定位诊断及疗效监测。本文综述国内外有关前列腺癌分子影像学的最新PET研究进展并展望其发展前景。     

声辐射力脉冲弹性成像对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨声辐射力脉冲（acoustic radiation force impulse,ARFI）的声触诊组织定量（virtual touch tissue quantification,VTQ）技术鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法对63个甲状腺结节行常规超声检查,并采用超声弹性成像（EI）技术对病灶组织进行EI分级,采用VTQ技术检测病灶组织的剪切波速度（shear wave velocity,SWV）。以术后病理学检查结果作为金标准,采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）评估常规超声、EI及VTQ技术诊断甲状腺结节性质的最佳诊断界点及诊断价值。结果 63个甲状腺结节中有良性结节45个,恶性结节18个。常规超声检查、EI及VTQ技术的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积分别为0.837（95%CI：0.712～0.962）、0.863（95%CI：0.751～0.974）及0.900（95%CI：0.810～0.990）,与0.5比较差异均有统计学意义（P=0.001）,但三者间曲线下面积比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。常规超声检查的最佳诊断界点为具有3项恶性表现,相应的灵敏度、特异度及准确率分别为83.3%,86.7%及85.7%。EI的最佳诊断界点为Ⅳ级,相应的灵敏度、特异度及准确率分别为94.1%、82.6%及87.3%。VTQ技术的最佳诊断界点为3.39 m/s,相应的灵敏度、特异度及准确率分别为88.9%,91.1%及90.5%。结论常规超声检查、EI及ARFI的VTQ技术对甲状腺实性结节的良恶性鉴别诊断均有诊断价值,在鉴别诊断时需相互结合,综合考虑。     

Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake Correlates with the Growth Pattern of Small Peripheral Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma

Purpose Noguchi and colleagues reported that the growth pattern of small-sized adenocarcinoma was related to the vascular involvement and the prognosis of the patient. Noguchi's type A/B tumors had no lymph node metastasis, rare vascular involvement, and an excellent prognosis, which meant that Noguchi's type A/B tumors were preinvasive tumors of the peripheral type. Although Noguchi's classification was usually determined based on resected specimens, it would be useful to make a decision about the therapeutic strategy if the classification could be determined preoperatively based on the fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. Methods The FDG uptake in 61 pulmonary adenocarcinomas measuring 3 cm or smaller in diameter was compared with the mediastinal uptake and was classified into five grades. The relationship between the FDG uptake and Noguchi's classification (A to F) was analyzed. Results The FDG uptake was significantly lower in Noguchi's type A/B tumors than in type C or in type D/E/F. Eleven of 12 tumors (92%) with no increased or a weak FDG uptake were classified as type A/B, whereas 32 of 33 tumors (97%) with a strong or very strong FDG uptake were classified as type C–F. Conclusions The FDG uptake is helpful for making an accurate diagnosis of Noguchi's classification preoperatively in patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma.     

MRI对肝不典型增生结节癌变的诊断价值

目的:探寻肝不典型增生结节癌变的早期MRI表现,并评价其诊断价值。方法:对29例32个肝不典型增生结节癌变灶常规MRI及动态增强图像进行分析,并经手术及病理证实。结果:MRI检出32个癌变灶中的25个,检出率78%;25个病灶中,在T1WI上呈略高信号13个,等信号7个,略低信号5个;T2WI上呈略高信号的病灶6个,8个呈等信号,11个表现为"结节中结节";增强扫描动脉期21个病灶明显强化;7个病灶内可见脂肪变性。结论:肝不典型增生结节癌变的早期MRI表现具有典型特征,对帮助诊断具有一定价值。     

增强CT和PET/CT对胰腺癌诊断及分期中的价值

目的 探讨增强CT和PET/CT对胰腺癌诊断及分期中的价值.方法 回顾性分析安徽医科大学第一附属医院普外科2009年10月至2013年10月间收治47例手术治疗的胰腺占位患者资料.术前均行CA19-9检查、腹部增强CT扫描及全身PET/CT扫描,比较增强CT与PET/CT在胰腺癌诊断及分期中价值.结果 47例患者中,确诊胰腺癌41例,非胰腺癌6例.CA19-9、增强CT和PET/CT对胰腺癌诊断的灵敏度分别为78.0％、80.4％和95.1％,PET/CT灵敏度优于CA19-9和增强CT,差异有统计学意义（P值分别为0.023和0.043）;在胰周淋巴结转移判断方面,PET/CT和增强CT的灵敏度分别为75.0％和41.6％,二者差异有统计学意义（P=0.019）;在肝转移判断方面,PET/CT和增强CT诊断的灵敏度分别为80.0％和60.0％,二者差异无统计学意义（P=1.0）.结论 PET/CT对胰腺癌诊断有较高灵敏度,显著优于增强CT.当肿瘤SUV值升高,PET/CT诊断仍应注意结合CA19-9、增强CT甚至MRI综合判断;PET/CT有助于发现淋巴结和远处器官转移病灶,获得更加准确的术前分期,从而避免诊断性剖腹探查手术.     

肺隔离症的诊断与外科治疗

目的 总结肺隔离症(pulmonary sequestration, PS)的临床特征、诊断及外科手术治疗经验,以期提高对PS的诊疗水平. 方法 1993年8月至2007年2月我科共收治21例PS患者,其中男8例,女13例;年龄13～70岁.术前分别行胸部X线、CT、CT血管造影术(CTA)、磁共振成像(MRI)和正电子发射体层摄影CT(PET-CT)等检查;叶外型肺隔离症(ELS)行隔离肺切除术,叶内型肺隔离症(ILS)行肺叶切除术;共行左肺下叶切除术10例,右肺下叶切除术3例,左隔离肺切除术4例,右隔离肺切除术3例,行左全肺切除术1例. 结果 本组术后病理均明确诊断为PS,其中ELS 7例,ILS 14例;术前临床诊断为PS 7例.18例术中见有明显来自体循环的异常供血血管,其中单纯来源于胸主动脉11例,单纯来源于腹主动脉6例,另1例有2条异常血管,分别来源于胸、腹主动脉.异常血管直径为0.2～1.1 cm(平均0.7 cm),术中予双重结扎和缝扎;另有明显引流静脉3例,均经下肺静脉回流入左心房,予双重结扎.围手术期无死亡及并发症的发生.术后门诊随访20例,失访1例,随访率95.2%(20/21),随访至2009年1月,随访时间12～67个月.随访期间1例行全肺切除术患者术后2年因肺癌肝转移而死亡,其余患者情况良好. 结论 PS较为少见,临床症状无特异性,易误诊或漏诊;诊断方法主要为胸部X线、CT、MRI检查及选择性动脉造影;一旦确诊,大多主张外科手术治疗.     

超声弹性成像在甲状腺结节鉴别诊断中的价值

目的评价超声弹性成像指标在鉴别甲状腺良、恶性结节中的价值。方法对116个甲状腺结节行灰阶超声和超声弹性成像检查,计算病灶在弹性图/灰阶图的直径变化率和面积比值,与病理结果对照分析甲状腺良、恶性结节的超声弹性指标。结果超声弹性分级4级及以上者在恶性甲状腺结节中所占比例显著高于良性结节(P<0.05);甲状腺恶性结节弹性图/灰阶图直径变化率和面积比值均显著高于良性结节(P<0.05);分析ROC曲线,甲状腺结节灰阶图和弹性图面积比值较直径变化率诊断价值高,诊断准确性亦高(P<0.05)。结论超声弹性成像灰阶图和弹性图直径变化率和面积比值作为甲状腺弹性成像检查的诊断指标,明显提高了甲状腺结节鉴别的诊断价值和诊断准确性。     

螺旋CT常规剂量与低剂量扫描检出肺结节的对比研究

目的通过螺旋CT肺部常规剂量与低剂量扫描的对比分析,评价低剂量扫描检出肺结节的价值。方法对40例肺内结节患者分别行常规剂量螺旋CT（160mA,螺距1．0,层厚5mm）扫描及低剂量螺旋CT（40mA,螺距2．0,层厚5mm）,采用双盲法对结节的数目、大小及结节的细节征象（分叶、毛刺、胸膜凹陷、钙化、空洞及支气管气像）进行分析。结果低剂量CT扫描检查对结节的检出及细节征象与常规剂量扫描检查均无明显差异。但低剂量扫描剂量当量（CTDlw）仅为常规扫描的12．4％。结论低剂量螺旋CT与常规剂量螺旋CT对肺结节的显示相仿,可用于高危人群肺癌筛查。     

The influence of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography on the N- and M-staging and subsequent clinical management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

BackgroundIntrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a highly metastatic cancer. ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT) enables sensitive tumor and metastasis detection. Our aim is to evaluate the influence of pre-treatment PET/CT on the N- and M-staging and subsequent clinical management in ICC patients.MethodsBetween August 2010 and August 2018, 660 consecutive ICC patients, without prior anti-tumor treatments nor other malignancies, were enrolled. The diagnostic performance of PET/CT on the N- and M-staging was compared with conventional imaging, and the preoperative staging accuracy and treatment re-allocation by PET/CT were retrospectively calculated. Survival difference was compared between patients receiving PET/CT or not after propensity score matching.ResultsPatients were divided into group A (n=291) and group B (n=369) according to whether PET/CT was performed. Among 291 patients with both PET/CT and conventional imaging for staging in group A, PET/CT showed significantly higher sensitivity (83.0% vs. 70.5%, P=0.001), specificity (88.3% vs. 74.9%, P<0.001) and accuracy (86.3% vs. 73.2%, P<0.001) than conventional imaging in diagnosing regional lymph node metastasis, as well as higher sensitivity (87.8% vs. 67.6%, P<0.001) and accuracy (93.5% vs. 89.3%, P=0.023) in diagnosing distant metastasis. Overall, PET/CT improved the accuracy of preoperative staging from 60.1% to 71.8% (P<0.001), and modified clinical treatment strategy in 5.8% (17/291) of ICC patients, with unique roles in different tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages. High tumor-to-non-tumor ratio (TNR) predicted poor overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.17; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.49–3.15; P<0.001]. Furthermore, patients performing PET/CT had longer overall survival compared with those without PET/CT (HR =0.74; 95% CI: 0.58–0.93; P=0.011) after propensity score matching.ConclusionsPET/CT was valuable for diagnosing regional lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis in ICC patients, and facilitated accurate tumor staging and optimal treatment allocation.