46例危重心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗及并发症分析

目的探讨危重心脏瓣膜病手术治疗和围手术期处理的经验。方法46例危重心脏瓣膜病患者接受二尖瓣置换术（MVR）27例,二尖瓣并主动脉瓣置换术13例,主动脉瓣置换术（AVR）6例;同时行三尖瓣环缩术12例,左房折叠术11例。结果早期主要并发症为室性心律失常、低心排血量综合征、呼吸衰竭和多器官功能衰竭。早期死亡7例,其中室性心律失常2例、术后脑出血1例、多器官功能衰竭（MSOF）4例。结论危重心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗应注意围手术期处理,适当选择手术时机,合理纠正病变,加强术后并发症防治。     

卡维地洛在瓣膜性与非瓣膜性心力衰竭治疗中的对比观察

目的　探讨卡维地洛对瓣膜性心脏病心力衰竭患者的心功能的影响。方法　随机选择心力衰竭患者 6 8例 ,缺血性心脏病为A组 (n =33) ,瓣膜性心脏病为B组 (n=35 ) ,A、B两组分别用卡维地洛治疗 1个月、2个月、3个月时观察患者的心功能及左室射血分数 (LVEF)指标。结果　A、B两组分别治疗在治疗 1个月患者治疗前后心功能及LVEF比较均为P >0 0 5 ,差异无显著性 ;治疗 3个月时均为P <0 0 5 ,治疗前与治疗后差异有显著性。A、B两组相比较P >0 0 5差异无显著性。结论　该试验证实卡维地洛对瓣膜性心脏病心力衰竭的疗效与缺血性心脏病心力衰竭的疗效相同。可推断卡维地洛显著改善瓣膜性心脏病患者的心功能和左室射血分数 (LVEF)。     

瓣膜手术后急性心脏功能衰竭体外膜式氧合治疗

目的:探讨体外膜式氧合(ECMO)治疗瓣膜手术后急性心脏功能衰竭的经验。方法:回顾2005年9月至2009年7月期间,我院心脏外科监护病房(ICU)收治70例瓣膜手术后因急性心脏功能衰竭接受ECMO辅助的患者的临床资料。男性43例,女性27例,年龄15～74岁,平均(53±12)岁,采用静脉-动脉(V-A)转流模式。结果:46例(65.7%)成功脱离ECMO,38例(54.3%)痊愈出院。平均ECMO辅助中位数时间59(1,206)h,平均监护室停留中位数时间4(1,19)d。主要并发症为出血21(30.0%)例,感染9(12.8%)例,肾功能衰竭需要透析17(24.2%)例,氧合器血浆渗漏20(28.5%)例及肢体缺血3(4.2%)例。结论:ECMO是治疗瓣膜手术后急性心脏功能衰竭的一种有效的机械辅助方法,及时安装并积极防治并发症可降低死亡率。     

The association between cardiac resynchronization therapy response and sexual activity in patients with heart failure

BackgroundSexual activity is an important indicator of quality of life and is significantly impaired in patients with heart failure (HF). Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has positive effects on cardiac dysfunction and endothelial dysfunction that lead to erectile dysfunction (ED). We aimed to evaluate whether CRT may improve sexual activity in patients with HF.MethodsIn total, 136 patients (mean age 61.8 ± 12.8 years) were evaluated for the study. All patients filled the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) questionnaire for evaluation of their erectile functions before CRT device implantation. One hundred eighty days after CRT device implantation, the patients were re-evaluated with SHIM questionnaire.ResultsIn the whole study population, SHIM test scores were significantly increased after CRT (12.99 ± 3.22 vs. 18.03 ± 5.00; p<0.001). The patients were divided into two groups according to the CRT response. The increase in SHIM test scores was significantly more in the response (+) group than in the response (−) group [response (+) group: 6.94 ± 3.36; p<0.001 vs. response (−) group: 0.81 ± 1.77; p = 0.465]. A positive CRT response was found to be an independent predictor of SHIM score (p<0.001).ConclusionOur study showed that CRT had positive effects on ED of patients with HF.     

贫血对维持性血液透析患者心脏结构及功能的影响

目的　探讨维持性血液透析 (MHD)患者贫血与心脏结构及功能损害的关系。方法　收集本院 47例 MDH伴贫血患者的年龄、血压、血常规、超声心动图资料 ,治疗后 ,按照 Hb水平是否达到 90 g/L分为两组 ,进行治疗前后自身对照及两组之间比较 ,观察贫血的改善与否对血透患者心脏结构和功能的影响。结果　逐步回归分析显示贫血和高血压是引起心肌肥厚的独立危险因素。直线相关分析表明左室心肌重量指数 (LVMI)、左房内径 (LA)、左室舒张末期内径 (LVEDD)均与血红蛋白浓度 (Hb)和红细胞压积 (Hct)呈明显负相关 (P<0 .0 5)。治疗后 ,36例患者 Hb>90 g/L,1 1例 Hb<90 g/L。两组之间比较 ,>90 g/L组的心脏结构及功能明显改善 ,>90 g/L组自身前后比较 ,心脏结构及功能也明显改善 ;<90 g/L组心脏结构及功能有进一步恶化趋势。结论　贫血可以导致 MHD患者心脏肥大 ,心腔扩大 ,静息状态下心脏舒张功能受损而收缩功能代偿尚好。贫血改善有助于心脏结构及功能的恢复。     

A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: The Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease.

AIMS: To identify the characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of contemporary patients with valvular heart disease (VHD) in Europe, and to examine adherence to guidelines. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Euro Heart Survey on VHD was conducted from April to July 2001 in 92 centres from 25 countries; it included prospectively 5001 adults with moderate to severe native VHD, infective endocarditis, or previous valve intervention. VHD was native in 71.9% of patients and 28.1% had had a previous intervention. Mean age was 64+/-14 years. Degenerative aetiologies were the most frequent in aortic VHD and mitral regurgitation while most cases of mitral stenosis were of rheumatic origin.Coronary angiography was used in 85.2% of patients before intervention. Of the 1269 patients who underwent intervention, prosthetic replacement was performed in 99.0% of aortic VHD, percutaneous dilatation in 33.9% of mitral stenosis, and valve repair in 46.5% of mitral regurgitation; 31.7% of patients had > or =1 associated procedure. Of patients with severe, symptomatic, single VHD, 31.8% did not undergo intervention, most frequently because of comorbidities. In asymptomatic patients, accordance with guidelines ranged between 66.0 and 78.5%. Operative mortality was <5% for single VHD. CONCLUSIONS: This survey provides unique contemporary data on characteristics and management of patients with VHD. Adherence to guidelines is globally satisfying as regards investigations and interventions.     

Malignant link between chronic heart failure and acute cardiac decompensation in patients with persistently increased serum concentrations of cardiac troponin

During the progression of heart failure (HF), phases of chronic compensation and acute decompensation alternate and the clinical status worsens during the acute phase. At the present time, few studies have focused their attention on the cycles of compensated and decompensated phases from the perspective of myocyte injury. We hypothesize that persistently increased serum cTn concentrations during chronic compensated HF identify patients likely to need multiple admissions to the hospital for management of acute cardiac decompensation, worsening their long-term prognosis by causing further myocyte injury during the acute phase. In patients with acute cardiac decompensation, myocyte injury observed within hours or days has a long-term predictive value, and the acute surge of myocyte injury occurring in the acutely decompensated phase might be an important therapeutic target from the perspective of myocyte preservation. Clinical trials that limit myocyte injury during acutely decompensated as well as during chronic compensated HF are warranted.     

瓣膜性心脏病患者血浆基质金属蛋白酶-2,9明胶酶谱与心力衰竭的相关性

目的:探测147例瓣膜性心脏病患者血浆基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrix metalloproteinase-2;MMP-2),基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9;MMP-9)活性水平与其对应不同心脏功能分级之间可能的关系。方法:利用明胶酶谱方法测定了147例不同心功能等级的,行瓣膜置换术患者血浆的MMP-2,MMP-9的活性水平,比较不同心功能等级的明胶酶活性水平,并对血浆MMP-2,MMP-9活性水平与瓣膜性心脏病患者,不同心脏功能分级之间进行相关性分析。结果:严重心脏功能不全的瓣膜性心脏病患者(NYHAⅢ、Ⅳ级)的血浆MMP-2与MMP-9活性水平均较对照组显著升高(P<0.05),瓣膜性心脏病患者的血浆MMP-2与MMP-9活性水平,与心功能等级密切相关RMMP-2=0.443(P<0.05),RMMP-9=0.533,(P<0.05)。结论:MMP-2,MMP-9可能在瓣膜性心脏病心力衰竭(心衰)的诊断和治疗上有着重要作用,有可能作为推测心衰进展及预后的有用分子标记物。     

心脏再同步治疗的心力衰竭患者冠状静脉解剖形态分析

目的了解冠状静脉解剖形态,为心脏再同步治疗中成功植入左室电极提供依据。方法住院患者113例,男93例,女20例,平均年龄63.5±10.6岁。所有患者均行冠状静脉造影。结果113例中有1支以上血管异常者为97例（85.84%）;静脉缺如25例（22.13%）,静脉细小36例（31.86%）,静脉扭曲19例（16.81%）,静脉狭窄5例（4.42%）,冠状静脉窦肌桥9例（7.96%）。2例心侧静脉近段发出二级分支,5例心后侧静脉近段发出二级分支。冠状静脉变异与性别无明显关系。非缺血性心肌病心侧静脉和心后侧静脉异常总数明显多于缺血性心肌病（91.25%比72.72%,P〈0.05）。冠状静脉窦肌桥均发生在非缺血性心肌病,占11.25%。结论心力衰竭患者冠状静脉解剖具有很大变异性。冠状静脉一级和二级分支的位置、大小等解剖差异与性别、冠状动脉病变或心肌梗死区域无关,非缺血性心肌病的血管变异比例更高。     

心外科患者中心脏肿瘤的流行病学研究

目的:总结心脏肿瘤的流行病学特征,提高对心脏肿瘤的认识。方法:回顾性分析了自1996年10月～2005年3月我院行心脏手术治疗的242例心脏肿瘤患者的年龄分布、性别特征、肿瘤性质、生长部位和特点等。结果:在行心脏外科治疗的患者中,心脏肿瘤发生率为0.75%。良性肿瘤构成比为88.0%,以黏液瘤为主,高于恶性肿瘤(11.2%)(P<0.01)。不同年龄发生率也不同,40～49岁年龄段发生率最高,达30%,其次为50～59岁年龄段(26.8%)。黏液瘤女性发生率高于男性(P<0.01),这一现象在非黏液瘤患者中不明显。左心系统恶性肿瘤比例为5.3%,右心系统恶性肿瘤比例为28.6%,8例继发性心脏肿瘤均发生于右心系统,侵犯多房室的肿瘤恶性比例为75%。结论:经外科治疗的心脏肿瘤发生率占心脏外科患者的0.75%,多数为原发良性肿瘤。     

Hemoglobin optimization and transfusion strategies in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Although red blood cells (RBCs) transfusion is sometimes associated with adverse reactions, anemia could also lead to increased morbidity and mortality in high-risk patients. For these reasons, the definition of perioperative strategies that aims to detect and treat preoperative anemia, prevent excessive blood loss, and define “optimal” transfusion algorithms is crucial. Although the treatment with preoperative iron and erythropoietin has been recommended in some specific conditions, several controversies exist regarding the benefit-to-risk balance associated with these treatments. Further studies are needed to better define the indications, dosage, and route of administration for preoperative iron with or without erythropoietin supplementation. Although restrictive transfusion strategies in patients undergoing cardiac surgery have been shown to effectively reduce the incidence and the amount of RBCs transfusion without increase in side effects, some high-risk patients (e.g., symptomatic acute coronary syndrome) could benefit from higher hemoglobin concentrations. Despite all efforts made last decade, a significant amount of work remains to be done to improve hemoglobin optimization and transfusion strategies in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.     

A propensity-matched study of the association of low serum potassium levels and mortality in chronic heart failure.

AIMS: Potassium homeostasis is essential for normal myocardial function, and low serum potassium may cause fatal arrhythmias. However, the association of low potassium and long-term mortality and morbidity in heart failure (HF) is largely unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 6845 HF patients in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial with serum potassium levels < or =5.5 mEq/L. Of these, 1189 had low potassium (<4 mEq/L). Propensity scores for low potassium were calculated for each patient and were used to match 1187 low-potassium patients with 1187 normal-potassium (4-5.5 mEq/L) patients. Effects of low potassium on outcomes were assessed using matched Cox regression analyses. All-cause mortality occurred in 379 (rate, 1103/10 000 person-years) normal-potassium and 441 (rate, 1330/10 000 person-years) low-potassium patients, respectively, during 3437 and 3315 years of follow-up [hazard ratio (HR), 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.46; P = 0.006]. Cardiovascular mortality occurred in 297 (864/10 000 person-years) normal-potassium and 356 (1074/10 000 person-years) low-potassium patients (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.06-1.51; P = 0.009). Cardiovascular hospitalization occurred in 610 (rate, 2553/10 000 person-years) normal-potassium and 637 (rate, 2855/10 000 person-years) low-potassium patients (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.99-1.29; P = 0.082). CONCLUSION: In a cohort of ambulatory chronic systolic and diastolic HF patients who were balanced in all measured baseline covariates, serum potassium <4 mEq/L was associated with increased mortality, with a trend towards increased hospitalization.     

慢性心力衰竭患者血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ与心肌重构的相关性研究

目的研究慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnI）与心肌重构的相关性.方法入选失代偿性CHF患者120例,根据血清cTnI浓度水平分为：cTnI正常组（n=80）和cTnI升高组（n=40）.以左心房直径（LAd）、左心室直径（LVd）、室间隔厚度（IVS）、左室后壁厚度（LVPW）作为心脏结构改变指标,左室射血分数（LVEF）、E峰和A峰比值（E/A值）作为心脏功能指标,对上述指标进行组间比较.结果与cTnI正常组相比,cTnI升高组的LAd、LVd显著增高（P〈0.05）;而IVS、LVPW、LVEF、E/A值显著降低（P〈0.05）.相关分析显示：血清cTnI含量与LAd、LVd呈正相关（P〈0.05）,与IVS、LVPW、LVEF、E/A呈负相关（P〈0.05）,经性别、心衰病史、心功能分级与药物治疗校正后,上述相关性仍然存在,并具有统计学意义.进一步行多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示：LAd、LVd和心衰病史与cTnI升高呈正相关;而血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）治疗与cTnI升高呈负相关.结论血清cTnI浓度与心衰患者心肌重构及心功能具有显著相关性,此相关性可不依赖于年龄、性别、心衰病史、NYHA心功能分级和药物治疗而独立存在.监测心力衰竭患者血清cTnI浓度并采取相应的措施降低血清cTnI水平,对临床治疗和预防心力衰竭进展具有重要意义.     

房间隔缺损介入治疗和外科手术的对比分析

目的:比较经导管封堵与外科手术治疗继发孔型房间缺损(ASD)的疗效、安全性和费用情况。方法:采用相同的入选标准,选择继发孔型ASD患者148人,其中介入治疗组82例,外科手术组66例。应用回顾性对比研究方法,比较两组的疗效、并症和费用情况。结果:介入治疗组和外科手术组的成功率分别为95.1%和100%(P=0.018),术后残分流率分别为3.5%和3.0%(P=0.833)。心律失常为最常见并发症,介入组低于外科组(14.6%∶31.8%,P<0.05);介入组中无1例患者需要输血,外科组中全部患者需要输血(P<0.001);介入组和外科组操作时间分别为(48±12.2)min和(158±16.4)min(P<0.001);介入组住院天数短于外科组[(6.0±2.0)d∶(13.0±3.0)d,P<0.01]。介入组和外科组治疗费用分别为(26729±1675)元和(22393±1739)元(P<0.05)。结论:外科手术较经导管封堵术成功率稍高、适应症广,但经导管封堵术却有手术时间短、并发症发生率低、创伤小、恢复快等优点。     

慢性心力衰竭患者血清肌钙蛋白I与心肌重构的相关性研究

目的研究慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者血清心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)与心肌重构的相关性。方法入选失代偿性CHF患者120例,根据血清cTnI浓度水平分为cTnI正常组(n=80)和cTnI升高组(n=40)。以左心房直径(LAd)、左心室直径(LVd)、室间隔厚度(IVS)、左室后壁厚度(LVPW)作为心脏结构改变指标,左室射血分数(LVEF)、E峰和A峰比值(E/A值)作为心脏功能指标,对上述指标进行组间比较。结果与cTnI正常组相比,cTnI升高组的LAd、LVd显著增高(P<0.05);而IVS、LVPW、LVEF、E/A值显著降低(P<0.05)。相关分析显示血清cTnI含量与LAd、LVd呈正相关(P<0.05),与IVS、LVPW、LVEF、E/A呈负相关(P<0.05),经性别、心衰病史、心功能分级与药物治疗校正后,上述相关性仍然存在,并具有统计学意义。进一步行多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示LAd、LVd和心衰病史与cTnI升高呈正相关;而血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)治疗与cTnI升高呈负相关。结论血清cTnI浓度与心衰患者心肌重构及心功能具有显著相关性,此相关性可不依赖于年龄、性别、心衰病史、NYHA心功能分级和药物治疗而独立存在。监测心力衰竭患者血清cTnI浓度并采取相应的措施降低血清cTnI水平,对临床治疗和预防心力衰竭进展具有重要意义。     

Prognostic value of heart rate variability footprint and standard deviation of average 5-minute intrinsic R-R intervals for mortality in cardiac resynchronization therapy patients

Background

Cardiac resynchronization therapy devices provide effective therapy for heart failure. Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in the device such as HRV footprint and SD of average 5-minute intrinsic R-R intervals (SDANN) are related to autonomic function and may be used to identify patients with a higher risk of mortality.

Methods

We examined the relationship between HRV and mortality in a prospective cohort study. The 842 patients (mean age, 67.7 ± 11.2; 23.5 % female; New York Heart Association class III, 88.6%; class IV, 11.4%) included in the analysis were implanted with a cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillation device and had baseline HRV measurements available.

Results

During a median of 11.6 months of follow-up, 7.8% (66/842) of patients died. Heart rate variability footprint and SDANN were significant predictors of mortality (all P < .05); patients with lower HRV values were at greater risk for death, compared with patients with higher HRV values. Heart rate variability changes over time tended to predict the risk of mortality in follow-up (P = nonsignificant); patients with low baseline HRV and small changes in HRV during the follow-up period were at the highest risk for death (7% mortality for SDANN and 8.9% for HRV footprint), and patients with high baseline HRV and large changes in HRV were at the lowest risk (1.5% mortality for SDANN and 2.4% for HRV footprint). Results were consistent when adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and diastolic blood pressure.

Conclusions

Continuously measured device HRV parameters provide prognostic information about patient mortality that may be helpful for risk stratification.     

Repolarization changes in patients with heart failure receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy-signs of cardiac memory

Background and Purpose

Cardiac memory is known as T-wave inversions and other repolarization changes after a period of altered ventricular activation, previously mainly studied in structurally normal hearts. We investigated repolarization changes in failing hearts undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).

Methods

Electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram were recorded before and 1 day and 2 weeks after initiation of CRT in 23 patients with heart failure and left bundle-branch block.

Results

After 1 day of CRT, the T vector during intrinsic conduction (left bundle-branch block) had rotated toward the direction of the paced QRS vector; T-vector size had increased with further increase after 2 weeks (T-vector amplitude, 889 ± 277 vs 651 ± 225 μV; T area, 169 ± 70 vs 102 ± 39 μVs; P < .01) accompanied by prolonged repolarization (T peak-to-end, 174 ± 34 vs 127 ± 16; QT interval corrected for heart rate, 541 ± 59 vs 493 ± 33 milliseconds; P < .01).

Conclusions

Repolarization changes are present in patients with heart failure, although less pronounced compared with after right ventricular pacing in structurally normal hearts.     

心率对急性心肌梗死患者住院期间病死率的影响

目的 观察急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者入院时心率水平与住院期间死亡率的关系.方法 入选2003-2004年北京安贞医院住院的ST段抬高AMI患者904例,根据入院时心率水平分为<80 次/min组、80～90 次/min组及>90次/min组,分别记录左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左室射血分数(LVEF)及死亡例数.结果 三组患者年龄、性别、吸烟史、高血压、糖尿病史、冠状动脉造影例数、冠状动脉病变支数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).心率>90次/min组及80～90次/min组患者前、侧壁心肌梗死发生率高于心率<800次/min组(P<0.05).心率>90次/min组患者LVEDD为(51.9±7.5)mm,80～90 次/min组为(51.6±5.8)mm,高于<80次/min组[(50.3±5.3)mm];>90次/min组的LVESD[(39.5±8.7)mm]也明显高于80～90次/min组[(37.1±7.1)mm]及<80次/min组[(34.8±6.2)mm];而>90次/min组LVEF(46.0%±10.6%)明显低于80～90 次/min组(49.5%±11.3%)及<80次/min组(54.6%±10.8%).904例患者住院期间死亡65例(7.2%),>90次/min组患者的病死率[18.2%(27/148)]明显高于80～90次/min组[8.5%(16/189),P<0.01]和<80次/min组[3.9%(22/567),P<0.01],后两组之间差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05).随心率增快,住院期间病死率明显增加.对住院期间病死率的多因素分析结果显示入院时心率增快是住院期间病死率的独立危险因素(OR=1.025,95%CI:1.008～1.043,P=0.005).结论 过快的心率是AMI心室重塑与死亡的强预测因子,对AMI患者应密切关注和控制心率,改善心功能,降低病死率.     

碎裂QRS波与心衰患者心脏再同步化治疗反应之间的关系

心脏再同步化治疗（CRT）是射血分数降低的心力衰竭（HFrEF）合并心室不同步患者的有效治疗措施。CRT可显著降低心衰的发病率和病死率,改善患者的生活质量。但还有约30%患者不能从CRT置入中受益。2016年,欧洲心脏病协会（ESC）指南把QRS波时限＜130 ms的患者归纳为Ⅲ类适应证,不建议植入CRT,但有相当比例的HFrEF伴窄QRS波的患者中存在左心室不同步,他们可能从CRT置入中获益。还有一部分QRS波时限在130～149ms的患者被归纳为Ⅱ类适应症,可以考虑植入CRT,重要的是如何识别那些能从CRT置入中获益的患者。因此,不管是Ⅱ类还是Ⅲ类适应证,我们应该关注的是寻求有效指标以筛选出能从CRT置入中真正获益的患者。有研究显示：心衰患者心室传导延迟可能与CRT置入后的反应相关。心电图碎裂QRS波提示心肌瘢痕导致的心室传导延迟,但心衰患者十二导联心电图基线碎裂QRS波能否预测CRT反应尚存在争议,本文就fQRS波与心衰患者CRT反应之间的关系进行综述。