Very Long-term Outcomes and Predictors of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Drug-eluting Stents Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for Patients with Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Disease

Background:

There are limited data on longer-term outcomes (>5 years) for patients with unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) disease who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the drug-eluting stents (DES) era. This study aimed at comparing the long-term (>5 years) outcomes of patients with ULMCA disease underwent PCI with DES and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and the predictors of adverse events.

Methods:

All consecutive patients with ULMCA disease treated with DES implantation versus CABG in our center, between January 2003 and July 2009, were screened for analyzing. A propensity score analysis was carried out to adjust for potential confounding between the two groups.

Results:

Nine hundred and twenty-two patients with ULMCA disease were enrolled for the analyses (DES = 465 vs. CABG = 457). During the median follow-up of 7.1 years (interquartile range 5.3–8.2 years), no difference was found between PCI and CABG in the occurrence of death (P = 0.282) and the composite endpoint of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke (P = 0.294). Rates of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events were significantly higher in the PCI group (P = 0.014) in large part because of the significantly higher rate of repeat revascularization (P < 0.001). PCI was correlated with the lower occurrence of stroke (P = 0.004). Multivariate analysis showed ejection fraction (EF) (P = 0.012), creatinine (P = 0.016), and prior stroke (P = 0.031) were independent predictors of the composite endpoint of cardiac death, MI, and stroke in the DES group, while age (P = 0.026) and EF (P = 0.002) were independent predictors in the CABG group.

Conclusions:

During a median follow-up of 7.1 years, there was no difference in the rate of death between PCI with DES implantation and CABG in ULMCA lesions in the patient cohort. CABG group was observed to have significantly lower rates of repeat revascularization but higher stroke rates compared with PCI. EF, creatinine, and prior stroke were independent predictors of the composite endpoint of cardiac death, MI, and stroke in the DES group, while age and EF were independent predictors in the CABG group.     

Nine-month Angiographic and Two-year Clinical Follow-up of Novel Biodegradable-polymer Arsenic Trioxide-eluting Stent Versus Durable-polymer Sirolimus-eluting Stent For Coronary Artery Disease

Background:

Despite great reduction of in-stent restenosis, first-generation drug-eluting stents (DESs) have increased the risk of late stent thrombosis due to delayed endothelialization. Arsenic trioxide, a natural substance that could inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis, seems to be a promising surrogate of sirolimus to improve DES performance. This randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel arsenic trioxide-eluting stent (AES), compared with traditional sirolimus-eluting stent (SES).

Methods:

Patients with symptoms of angina pectoris were enrolled and randomized to AES or SES group. The primary endpoint was target vessel failure (TVF), and the second endpoint includes rates of all-cause death, cardiac death or myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization (TLR) by telephone visit and late luminal loss (LLL) at 9-month by angiographic follow-up.

Results:

From July 2007 to 2009, 212 patients were enrolled and randomized 1:1 to receive either AES or SES. At 2 years of follow-up, TVF rate was similar between AES and SES group (6.67% vs. 5.83%, P = 0.980). Frequency of all-cause death was significantly lower in AES group (0 vs. 4.85%, P = 0.028). There was no significant difference between AES and SES in frequency of TLR and in-stent restenosis, but greater in-stent LLL was observed for AES group (0.29 ± 0.52 mm vs. 0.10 ± 0.25 mm, P = 0.008).

Conclusions:

After 2 years of follow-up, AES demonstrated comparable efficacy and safety to SES for the treatment of de novo coronary artery lesions.     

Predictive Ability of the SYNergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXus and Cardiac Surgery Score II for Long-term Mortality in Patients with Three-vessel Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Treated with Second-generation Drug-eluting Stents

Background:

The SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery Score II (SS-II) can well predict 4-year mortality in patients with complex coronary artery disease (CAD), and guide decision-making between coronary artery bypass graft surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, there is lack of data regarding the utility of the SS-II in patients with three-vessel CAD undergoing PCI treated with second-generation drug-eluting stents (DES). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the ability of the SS-II to predict long-term mortality in patients with three-vessel CAD undergoing PCI with second-generation DES.

Methods:

Totally, 573 consecutive patients with de novo three-vessel CAD who underwent PCI with second-generation DES were retrospectively studied. According to the tertiles of the SS-II, the patients were divided into three groups: The lowest SS-II tertile (SS-II ≤20), intermediate SS-II tertile (SS-II of 21–31), and the highest SS-II tertile (SS-II ≥32). The survival curves of the different groups were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between the SS-II and 5-year mortality. The performance of the SS-II with respect to predicting the rate of mortality was studied by calculating the area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. The predictive ability of the SS-II for 5-year mortality was evaluated and compared with the SS alone.

Results:

The overall SS-II was 27.6 ± 9.0. Among patients in the lowest, intermediate and the highest SS-II tertiles, the 5-year rates of mortality were 1.6%, 3.2%, and 8.6%, respectively (P = 0.003); the cardiac mortality rates were 0.5%, 1.9%, and 5.2%, respectively (P = 0.014). By multivariable analysis, adjusting for the potential confounders, the SS-II was an independent predictor of 5-year mortality (hazard ratio: 2.45, 95% confidence interval: 1.38–4.36; P = 0.002). The SS-II demonstrated a higher predictive accuracy for 5-year mortality compared with the SS alone (the area under the ROC curve was 0.705 and 0.598, respectively).

Conclusion:

The SS-II is an independent predictor of 5-year mortality in patients with three-vessel CAD undergoing PCI treated with second-generation DES, and demonstrates a superior predictive ability over the SS alone.     

药物洗脱支架治疗左主干病变

冠状动脉搭桥术曾被认为是左主干病变治疗的首选,近年来随着药物洗脱支架的应用和操作技巧、器械的进步,越来越多的临床试验证实药物洗脱支架治疗左主干病变具有完全可行的疗效。现在左主干病变不再是介入治疗的禁忌证。本文从介入治疗左主干病变的适应证,药物洗脱支架及冠状动脉搭桥术治疗左主干病变的疗效对比加以阐述。     

心电图aVR和V_1导联在左主干慢性病变中的诊断价值

目的探讨体表心电图aVR和V1导联特征性变化对左主干慢性病变的诊断价值。方法选取172例确诊心绞痛患者,其中左主干(LM)病变组64例,前降支(LAD)6#段病变组108例,对其心电图和冠状动脉造影资料进行对比分析。结果①LM组aVR导联ST段抬高幅度显著大于LAD组(0.068mV±0.075mV∶0.026mV±0.045mV)(P<0.01),抬高的比率显著大于LAD组(62.50%∶27.78%,P<0.01);aVR导联ST段抬高幅度与V1导联ST段抬高幅度差值(ST aVR↑～ST V1↑)>0的比率在两组间差异有显著性意义(50.00%∶13.89%,P<0.01);②aVR导联ST段抬高对左主干病变诊断的特异性72.22%,ST aVR↑～ST V1↑>0的诊断特异性86.11%。结论体表心电图中aVR导联ST段抬高、ST aVR↑～ST V1↑>0,可作为预测慢性左主干病变的指标。     

药物洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉疾病疗效优势的研究进展

药物洗脱支架(DES)取代裸金属支架(BMS)应用于临床是心脏病介入治疗领域的突破性进展。DES的介入治疗可与冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)媲美,后者是目前临床上治疗冠状动脉疾病的标准方法。DES可较好控制再狭窄率的效果。此外,复杂程度较低的冠心病患者用DES进行经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)的疗效好。但是CABG依然是左前降支或左主干冠状动脉病以及复杂的多血管病变患者优先选择的治疗方案。     

川崎病合并左主干冠状动脉瘤和室壁瘤的手术疗效

目的:总结川崎病合并左主干冠状动脉窦瘤和室壁瘤的手术疗效及治疗经验。方法:回顾性分析2002年1月至2012年1月期间,经手术治疗的川崎病合并左主干冠状动脉瘤和室壁瘤5例患者的临床资料。手术方法为室壁瘤切除并冠状动脉旁路移植术,并随访6至12个月。结果:术后5例患者均存活,手术成功率100%。左室射血分数术前从平均33%改善至术后近期50%,随访期间为57%(P<0.01);左室舒张末内径从术前平均58mm改善至术后近期49mm,随访平均内径为48mm(P<0.01);心功能分级(NYHA)从术前2.8级改善至术后2.2级,随访期间为1.6级(P<0.05)。随访复查冠状动脉CTA提示冠状动脉瘤瘤径无扩大,桥血管通畅。结论:对于川崎病合并左主干冠状动脉瘤和室壁瘤的患者,瘤径小于10mm时,术中可旷置。     

介入治疗冠状动脉左主干病变临床研究

目的研究经皮冠脉介入术（PCI）和冠脉旁路移植术（CABG）对冠状动脉左主干病变的疗效和安全性.方法回顾性收集2005年5月至2008年10月在昆明医学院附一院及云南省内部分医院心内科住院治疗的30例左冠状动脉主干病变行PCI治疗的患者为PCI组,另收集2007年3月至2008年10月在昆明医学院附一院心外科住院治疗的16例冠状动脉搭桥治疗左主干病变患者为CABG组.观察PCI组及CABG组患者的临床特征.并对上述两组患者进行随访,观察死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建术、脑血管事件等终点事件的发生情况及心绞痛复发情况.结果两组的临床特征基本相近.PCI组有5例（16.7%）左主干末端分叉病变达到Ⅲ级病变,而CABG组8例（50.0%）左主干末端分叉病变达到Ⅲ级病变,P=0.045,差异有统计学差异.PCI组中药物洗脱支架（DES）应用占绝对优势（97.0%）,左主干病变支架置入成功率为100%.两组在心绞痛复发率、再次心肌梗死、血运重建率、主要不良心脏事件（MACE）发生率、主要不良心脑事件（MACCE）发生率均无统计学意义.PCI组中急性冠脉综合症（ACS）与非ACS远期疗效比较在心绞痛复发率（29.4%VS0.0%,P〈0.05）及MACE发生率（41.2%VS7.6%,P〈0.05）差异有统计学意义.结论 （1）经选择无保护左主干病变PCI治疗的疗效与CABG治疗左主干病变比较PCI是可行和安全的,并取得较好的近远期疗效.（2）急性冠脉综合征可能是影响心绞痛复发率及MACE的因素之一.     

二维斑点追踪成像技术评价冠心病患者左室长轴应变

目的:运用二维斑点追踪成像(STI)技术评价静息状态下冠心病患者左室长轴应变,探讨该参数在评判冠心病不同危险程度中的价值.方法:疑诊冠心病患者51例,根据冠状动脉造影结果将患者分为冠心病高危组、冠心病低危组及对照组,获得清晰的心尖四腔、三腔、两腔图像后存盘供脱机分析.测量参数:左室18节段平均长轴应变(MLS),基底水...     

Early Results of Coronary Endarterectomy Combined with Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients with Diffused Coronary Artery Disease

Background:

It is still a challenge for the cardiac surgeons to achieve adequate revascularization for diffused coronary artery disease (CAD). Coronary endarterectomy (CE) offers an alternative choice of coronary artery reconstruction and revascularization. In this study, short-term result of CE combined with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) was discussed in the treatment for the diffused CAD.

Methods:

From January 2012 to April 2014, 221 cases of CABG were performed by the same surgeon in our unit. Among these cases, 38 cases of CE + CABG were performed, which was about 17.2% (38/221) of the cohort. All these patients were divided into two groups: CE + CABG group (Group A) and CABG alone group (Group B). All clinical data were compared between the two groups, and postoperative complications and in-hospital mortality were analyzed. The categorical and continuous variables were analyzed by Chi-square test and Student''s t-test respectively.

Results:

Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral vascular disease were more common in group A. In this cohort, a total of 50 vessels were endarterectomized. Among them, CE was performed on left anterior descending artery in 11 cases, on right coronary artery in 29 cases, on diagonal artery in 3 cases, on intermediate artery in 2 cases, on obtuse marginal artery in 5 cases. There was no hospital mortality in both groups. The intro-aortic balloon pump was required in 3 cases in Group A (3/38), which was more often than that in Group B (3/183). At the time of follow-up, coronary computed tomography angiogram showed all the grafts with CE were patent (50/50). There is no cardio-related mortality in both groups. All these patients were free from coronary re-intervention.

Conclusions:

Coronary endarterectomy + CABG can offer satisfactory result for patients with diffused CAD in a short-term after the operation.     

冠心病合并糖尿病患者应用雷帕霉素洗脱支架和紫杉醇涂层支架的疗效观察

目的:评价雷帕霉索洗脱支架(Cypher~(TM))和紫杉醇涂层支架(Taxus~(TM))治疗冠心病(CAD)合并2型糖尿病(DM)患者短期疗效和安全性。方法:从2002年12月至2006年3月共116例合并CAD和DM的患者入选本研究,共植入药物涂层支架186个(雷帕霉素洗脱支架97个,紫杉醇涂层支架89个)。观察6个月的主要心血管不良事件(MACE)。结果:接受两种支架植入的患者基本临床特征相似。支架植入成功率100%,95%的患者完成了6个月的随访。雷帕霉素洗脱支架组总的MACE事件发生率约为6．78%(4/59),紫杉醇涂层支架组总的MACE事件发生率约为7．02%(4/57),两组相比无统计学差异。结论:雷帕霉素洗脱支架和紫杉醇涂层支架治疗CAD合并2型DM的患者有相似的疗效。     

冠心病患者颈动脉超声检测的比较分析

目的：通过对冠心病患者进行颈动脉超声检查,探索冠心病与颈动脉IMT、斑块之间的关系。方法选取2006年1月-2010年12月来我院就诊的147例冠心病患者作为病例组,同时选取同期来院就诊的119例非冠心病患者为对照组,并用高频探头测量两组人群的LCCA-IMT、RCCA-IMT,观察是否有斑块形成。结果病例组和对照组之间年龄、性别、吸烟史差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。病例组LCCA-IMT和RCCA-IMT增厚、斑块形成发生率均高于对照组,差异都有统计学意义（P〈0.00001）。结论颈动脉超声检查可为冠心病的早期诊断提供依据。     

Effect of Transcatheter Embolization by Autologous Fat Particles in the Treatment of Coronary Artery Perforation During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background:

Coronary artery perforation (CAP) is a rare but severe complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect and safety of transcatheter embolization by autologous fat particles in the treatment of CAP.

Methods:

Once the CAP was confirmed, a little autologous subcutaneous fatty tissue was obtained from the groin of the patient and then was made into 1 mm × 1 mm fat particles. The perforated vessel was embolized by fat particles via a micro-catheter. There were eight patients undergoing transcatheter embolization by autologous fat particles in the treatment of CAP during PCI in Peking University Third Hospital from February 2009 to June 2014, and the clinical data of these patients were collected and analyzed retrospectively.

Results:

The lesion morphology of the patients was classified based on the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force classification, there were one patient with Class B2 lesion and seven patients with Class C lesions (there were five patients with chronic total occlusion lesions). According to the Ellis classification of CAP, there were six patients with Class II perforations and two patients with Class III perforations. The causes of perforation included that seven patients induced by guide wire and one patient by balloon predilation. Three patients had pericardial effusion. All of the eight patients with CAP underwent transcatheter embolization by autologous fat particles. Coronary angiography confirmed that all of them were embolized successfully. There was no severe complication after the procedure. The coronary angiography of one patient at 1 week and another patient at 2 years after the embolization showed that the embolized arteries had recanalized. The median follow-up time was 20.3 months (8.8–50.2 months), the event-free survival rate was 100%.

Conclusions:

Transcatheter embolization by autologous fat particles was an effective, safe, cheap, and easy way to treat the perforation of small vessels during PCI.     

CT冠状动脉血管成像判定心肌桥-壁冠状动脉形态学特征及其与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变关系

目的探讨采用CT冠状动脉血管成像观察心肌桥-壁冠状动脉的形态学特征,并分析其与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变的关系。方法选取100例经128层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像技术证实的单纯深在型心肌桥-壁冠状动脉患者(深在型)、100例心肌桥近端冠状动脉合并粥样硬化患者(硬化组)的CT冠状动脉成像数据进行统计分析,比较两组患者的影像学指标差异,并采用Logistic回归分析心肌桥-壁冠状动脉的形态学特征与冠脉粥样硬化的关系。结果深在型组和硬化组的心肌桥厚度、壁冠状动脉近端成角率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两组间壁冠状动脉长度、壁冠状动脉两端平滑率、壁冠状动脉两端成角率、壁冠状动脉远端成角率差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);壁近段冠状动脉粥样硬化的危险因素为年龄(OR=1.872)、两组间壁冠状动脉长度(OR=2.031)、壁冠状动脉两端成角(OR=1.376)、壁冠状动脉远端成角(OR=1.448),壁冠状动脉两端平滑是保护因素(OR=0.471)。结论心肌桥-壁冠状动脉复合体的形成与冠脉近段粥样硬化形成密切相关。     

药物洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉无保护左主干病变远期临床效果分析

目的 探讨药物洗脱支架(drug-eluting stent,DES)治疗冠状动脉无保护左主干(unprotected left main artery,ULM)病变远期临床效果.方法 回顾性分析211例冠心病ULM病变患者临床特点,并观察置入DES后远期主要心脑血管事件(major adverse cardiac and cerebral events,MACCE)发生情况.结果 211例ULM病变患者中不稳定型心绞痛145例(68.7%),ULM病变在远段分叉部占75.4%,151例(71.6%)ULM患者存在多支病变.单支架治疗分叉病变119例(74.8%).平均随访(28.9±11.8)个月.38例(18.0%)发生MACCE,23例(10.9%)靶血管再次血运重建,10例(4.7%)心肌梗死,3例(1.4%)脑卒中,9例(4.3%)死亡.远段与非远段ULM病变DES治疗后远期MACCE发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(Log-rank P=0.62).单支架与双支架治疗左主干远段病变DES治疗后远期MACCE发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(Log-rank P=0.795).合并2型糖尿病ULM病变DES治疗后远期MACCE发生率明显高于单纯ULM患者,差异有统计学意义(Log-rank P=0.026).结论 对冠状动脉ULM病变选择性使用DES行介入治疗安全有效,远期疗效良好.2型糖尿病是ULM病变支架术后远期MACCE的独立预测因子.     

二维超声斑点追踪成像评价室壁运动正常冠心病多支病变患者左室收缩功能

目的:探讨二维超声斑点追踪成像技术(2D-STI)定量分析室壁运动正常冠心病多支病变(NWM-MVD)患者左室收缩功能的临床应用价值。方法:随机选取NWM-MVD患者45例、对照组36例。采集左室短轴观及心尖位长轴观动态灰阶图像,运用Q-analysis软件测量左室各节段收缩期峰值应变、左室整体长轴应变(GLS),并计算左室整体环向应变(GCS)、径向应变(GRS)及左室基底段、中间段、心尖段纵向应变(Bas-GLS、Mid-GLS、Ap-GLS)、环向应变(Bas-GCS、Mid-GCS、Ap-GCS)、径向应变(Bas-GRS、Mid-GRS、Ap-GRS)。结果:①冠脉阻塞或次全阻塞的NWM-MVD患者中85.71%有冠脉造影可显示的侧支形成;②NWM-MVD患者心率较对照组显著减慢[(61.78±6.76)次/min比(66.13±6.24)次/min,P<0.01),常规超声测量指标与对照组比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。③NWM-MVD组GLS、Bas-GLS、Mid-GLS、Bas-GCS、Mid-GCS、GRS、Bas-GRS较对照组显著减低(P<0.05)。结论:NWM-MVD患者纵向、环向、径向收缩功能均存在不同程度的受损,以基底段心肌及心肌纵向收缩功能受损明显。     

在急性冠脉综合征患者中比较药物洗脱支架和裸金属支架治疗无保护左冠状动脉主干病变

1文献来源 Tamburino C, Di Salvo ME, Capodanno D, et al. Comparison of drug-eluting stents and bare-metal stents for the treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery disease in acute coronary syndromes [J]. Am J Cardiol, 2009,103（2） ： 187-193.     

Short- and Long-term Outcomes in Patients with Connective Tissue Diseases Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background:

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Risk factors and clinical characteristics in these patients are not equivalent to those in traditional CAD patients. The objective of this study was to report short- and long-term clinical outcomes in a consecutive series of patients with CTD who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation.

Methods:

The study group comprised 106 consecutive patients with CTD who underwent PCI in Beijing Friendship Hospital between January 2009 and June 2012. Medical records were analyzed retrospectively including clinical basic material, coronary angiogram data, and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) during the short- and long-term (median 3 years) follow-up.

Results:

Ninety-two of the patients (86.8%) had one or more traditional CAD risk factors. Multivessel disease was present in more than 2/3 of patients (73.6%). The left anterior descending coronary artery was the most commonly affected vessel (65.1%). Five bare-metal stents and 202 drug-eluting stents were implanted. After a median follow-up period of 36 months, thirteen patients (12.3%) died from cardiac causes, the rate of stent thrombosis was 9.4%, and the rate of target vessel revascularization (TVR) was 14.2%. Multivariate analysis revealed that hypertension (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30–7.24, P = 0.041), anterior myocardial infarction (HR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.06–7.03, P = 0.04), longer duration of steroid treatment (HR = 3.60, 95% CI: 1.43–9.08, P = 0.032), and C-reactive protein level >10 mg/L (HR = 3.98, 95% CI: 1.19–12.56, P = 0.036) were independent predictors of MACEs.

Conclusions:

Patients with CTD and CAD may have severe coronary lesions. PCI in these patients tends to result in an increased rate of stent thrombosis and TVR during long-term follow-up, which may be influenced by traditional and nontraditional risk factors.     

药物洗脱支架治疗无保护左主干病变临床研究

目的 评价药物洗脱支架(DES)置入与冠脉旁路移植术(CABG)对冠脉无保护左主干病变患者的近远期疗效.方法 对2003年2月至2008年6月接受治疗的冠脉无保护左主干病变的病人进行评估,其中113例置入了药物洗脱支架(DES组),96例病人接受了冠脉旁路移植术(CABG组).记录患者围手术期,术后6月及3 a不良心脑血管事件(MACCES)发生率.结果 (1)两组患者一般临床特征比较无统计学意义;(2)DES组与CABG组术后12月的MACCES发生率分别为11%及10.6%,P＞0.05; (3)平均随访18个月,DES组与CABG组无MACCES生存率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05); (4)冠脉造影随访DES组再狭窄率高于CABG组(7.69%比 0%,P＜0.05).结论 冠脉无保护左主干病变DES治疗手术成功率高,有较理想的近远期疗效.