自身免疫性肝炎的标准治疗和潜在治疗靶点

自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)是一种由自身免疫反应介导的肝脏炎症性疾病,未经积极治疗可发展为肝衰竭、肝硬化。AIH的治疗目标为获得生化缓解和组织学缓解。目前标准治疗方案为免疫抑制剂疗法,即泼尼松(龙)联合硫唑嘌呤或泼尼松(龙)单药治疗。患者对标准治疗方案不耐受或应答不佳时,可考虑启动包括吗替麦考酚酯在内的二线治疗方案。近年来研究表明,免疫功能、肠道菌群、维生素D、心理状态等多种因素参与AIH的发生发展,可作为AIH的潜在治疗靶点。综述了近年来AIH治疗方案的相关研究及潜在治疗靶点。     

JAK inhibition alleviates the cellular senescence-associated secretory phenotype and frailty in old age

Chronic, low grade, sterile inflammation frequently accompanies aging and age-related diseases. Cellular senescence is associated with the production of proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling proteases, which comprise the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We found a higher burden of senescent cells in adipose tissue with aging. Senescent human primary preadipocytes as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) developed a SASP that could be suppressed by targeting the JAK pathway using RNAi or JAK inhibitors. Conditioned medium (CM) from senescent human preadipocytes induced macrophage migration in vitro and inflammation in healthy adipose tissue and preadipocytes. When the senescent cells from which CM was derived had been treated with JAK inhibitors, the resulting CM was much less proinflammatory. The administration of JAK inhibitor to aged mice for 10 wk alleviated both adipose tissue and systemic inflammation and enhanced physical function. Our findings are consistent with a possible contribution of senescent cells and the SASP to age-related inflammation and frailty. We speculate that SASP inhibition by JAK inhibitors may contribute to alleviating frailty. Targeting the JAK pathway holds promise for treating age-related dysfunction.A hallmark of aging is chronic, low-grade, “sterile” inflammation (1–3). Elevated proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are closely associated with mortality (4, 5) and with a variety of age-related diseases, including atherosclerosis (6), depression (7), cancers (8), diabetes (9), and neurodegenerative diseases (10, 11). Inflammation also is associated with frailty, a geriatric syndrome characterized by decreased strength and incapacity to respond to stress (2).The underlying mechanisms of age-related chronic inflammation, tissue dysfunction, and frailty remain elusive. Cellular senescence, stable arrest of cell growth in replication-competent cells, is a plausible contributor. Senescence can be induced by a number of stimuli and stresses, including telomere dysfunction, genomic instability, oncogenic and metabolic insults, and epigenetic changes (12). Senescent cells accumulate with aging in the skin (13, 14), liver (15, 16), kidney (17), the cardiovascular system (18), and other tissues in various species (16). The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), largely comprised of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (19, 20), links senescent cells to age-related inflammation and diseases. We found that elimination of senescent cells delayed the onset of age-related phenotypes and enhanced healthspan (21, 22). Therefore, senescent cells and the SASP could play a role in age-related pathologies, particularly those that involve systemic inflammation.The JAK/STAT pathway plays an important role in regulating cytokine production (23, 24). We hypothesized that it may directly affect the SASP. The JAK family has four members: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2). JAK1 and 2 are involved in inflammatory signaling and in the action of growth hormone and other endocrine and paracrine signals (25). JAK3 is expressed primarily in blood cells and mediates erythropoietin signaling and immune cell generation (26–29). TYK2 plays an important role in white blood cell function and host defenses (30, 31). A number of inhibitors that target different JAKs have been approved or are in phase I–III studies for treating myelofibrosis (23, 32–34), acute myeloid leukemia (23), lymphoma (23), and rheumatoid arthritis (23, 35, 36). JAK inhibitors recently have been found to reprogram the SASP in senescent tumor cells, contributing to improved antitumor response (37). Therefore, we investigated the role of the JAK pathway in age-related inflammation and dysfunction.We demonstrate here that senescent preadipocytes, fat cell progenitors, accumulate in adipose tissue with aging and can contribute to adipose tissue inflammation. We found that JAK inhibitors decrease the SASP in preadipocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). They also decrease age-related adipose tissue and systemic inflammation as well as frailty. Our findings provide insights into the possible contribution of senescent cells to age-related inflammation and, in turn, to age-related pathologies, as well as potential therapeutic targets to alleviate age-related dysfunction.     

骨髓增生异常综合征患者JAK2和STAT5基因表达的变化

目的:比较骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS-RA)型与MDS-RAEB型患者外周血JAK2、STAT5基因表达水平,探索JAK2和STAT5信号转导在MDS发病中的作用。方法:建立JAK2、STAT5基因表达的荧光定量FQ-PCR检测方法,检测10例正常人、15例MDS-RA患者和10例MDS-RAEB患者外周血JAK2、STAT5基因表达水平及其自细胞介素(IL)-2、IL-3、γ干扰素(γ-INF)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)细胞因子水平。结果:正常人IL-2、IL-3、γ-INF、TNF-α分别为50．28±14．19、29．15±5．47、26．17±5．36、31．12±8．73;MDS-RA患者分别为51．16±13．44、67．72±10．19、43．39±13．08、62．36±12．78;MDS-RAEB患者为19．55±21．86、28．74±15．52、64．34±27．35、82．13±17．79。正常人JAK2、STAT5基因不表达或低表达,拷贝数分别为480．07±609．17、116．05±173．87,MDS-RA患者分别为4 725．63±3 931．59、1 265．36±1 087．80,显著高于正常人(均P<0．01); MDS-RAEB患者分别为23006．11±11 311．10、13 144．55±8 493．36,显著高于MDS-RA患者(均P<0．01)。结论:细胞因子及其相关的JAK2和STAT5基因参与了MDS的发病及其恶性转变,JAK和STAT可能是MDS细胞由低危MDS-RA型向高危MDS-RAEB型恶性转化的信号通路之一。     

Leptin regulates chondrogenic differentiation in ATDC5 cell-line through JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways

Leptin, the satiety hormone, has been found to affect growth-plate cartilage development. In the present study, some of the signal transduction pathways that mediate leptin signaling in the ATDC5 chondrogenic cell-line, a model for endochondral ossification, were analyzed. For this purpose, real-time PCR, Western blots and immunofluorescence techniques were used. It was found that leptin increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and STAT3 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Specific inhibition of STAT3 or ERK1/2, but not of P38, blocked the stimulatory effect of leptin on type X collagen mRNA levels. Moreover, leptin induced the translocation of ERK1/2 into the nucleus, as well as c-fos expression, indicating full activation of this cascade. Leptin-induced JNK phosphorylation was not observed, although leptin significantly and rapidly increased JNK protein levels and c-jun mRNA levels. In addition, ERK5 was identified in these cells, but there was no apparent effect of leptin on either its phosphorylation or protein level. The study indicates that the effects of leptin on growth-plate chondrocytes are specifically mediated through ERK1/2 and STAT3, while P38 is not essential for leptin-induced type X collagen expression. This is the first demonstration that these pathways are involved in leptin-induced growth.     

尼古丁通过抑制JAK/STAT通路对HUVECs增殖和凋亡的影响研究

目的探究尼古丁通过抑制JAK/STAT通路促进人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVECs)增殖和凋亡的作用机制。方法将HUVECs分为4组,即对照组、尼古丁1组、尼古丁2组、尼古丁3组,分别在培养基中加入终浓度为0、10-8、10-7、10-6 mol/L的尼古丁培养24 h。显微镜观察细胞形态。CCK-8和流式细胞术分别用于检测细胞活力和凋亡。Western blot和PCR分别用于检测蛋白和mRNA的表达水平。结果显微镜观察尼古丁会使HUVECs呈现萎缩状态。尼古丁可剂量依赖性的抑制HUVECs活力,并且剂量依赖性的促进HUVECs凋亡。尼古丁可显著的抑制p-JAK/t-JAK和p-STAT/t-STAT的水平。尼古丁可显著的提高Caspase-3和Bax mRNA的水平,抑制Bcl-2 mRNA的水平。结论尼古丁可能通过下调JAK/STAT通路调节凋亡相关蛋白的表达,抑制HUVECs活力并促进其凋亡。     

抑制JAK/STAT信号通路对心力衰竭大鼠心功能的 影响抑制JAK/STAT信号通路对心力衰竭大鼠心功能的 影响

目的：通过使用AG490抑制JAK/STAT信号通路探讨抑制该通路对心力衰竭大鼠血流动力学及BNP的影响。方法：实验大鼠随机分为3组，对照组(n=15)；心力衰竭组(n=15)，缩窄腹主动脉直径至0.45mm；AG490药物干预组(n=15)，腹主动脉缩窄术后每周经腹腔注射AG490。术后观察大鼠生存情况，分别在4周和8周后应用超声心动图检测IVSd 、LVPWd 、LVEDd、LVEDs和LVEF，并于第8周测量BNP的变化。结果：4周时心衰组大鼠IVSd、LVPWd、LVEDs、LVEDd、LVEF与对照组和AG490干预组均有差异(P<0.05)，IVSd、LVEDd、LVEF干预组和对照组差异无统计意义(P>0.05)。8周时3组大鼠各项超声检测指标均有明显差异(P<0.05)，心衰组变化更明显(P<0.05)。心衰组大鼠血清BNP明显高于其余两组(P<0.01)，AG490干预组BNP高于对照 组，低于心衰组，差异具有统计学意义 (P<0.05)。结论： JAK/STAT信号通路参与慢性心力衰竭进程，干预JAK/STAT信号通路可减轻腹主动脉缩窄大鼠心力衰竭的严重程度。     

JAK/STAT信号通路及其负调控因子SOCS与动脉粥样硬化

动脉粥样硬化是多因素疾病,也是心脑血管疾病的重要病理基础.JAK/STAT信号通路与动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展以及防治密切相关,本文就该通路及其负调控因子SOCS与动脉粥样硬化的关系作一概述.     

肝复康对肝纤维化大鼠肝组织JAK2和STAT3表达的影响

目的观察中药肝复康对肝纤维化大鼠肝组织Janus激酶2（JAK2）及信号转导子和转录激活子3（STAT3）表达的影响,并对其在JAK2/STAT3信号通路上治疗肝纤维化的作用机制进行初步探讨。方法采用10%四氯化碳皮下注射制备肝纤维化模型,于造模第9周给予肝复康治疗12周。通过测定血清中ALT、AST活性及白蛋白和总蛋白的含量来反映肝脏功能,HE染色法观察肝组织病理学变化,RT-PCR观察JAK2和STAT3 mR-NA的表达。结果经肝复康治疗后,中剂量治疗组与模型组相比较,肝脏的组织学和血清学指标均明显改善,肝组织JAK2、STAT3 mRNA的表达显著减少（P〈0.01）。结论 （1）JAK2/STAT3信号通路在肝纤维化的形成过程中起重要作用;（2）肝复康对肝纤维化有疗效,其作用机制可能与降低肝组织JAK2和STAT3的表达,阻断JAK2/STAT3信号通路有关。     

JAK/STAT信号通路在大鼠类风湿关节炎模型发病过程中的表达

目的探讨JAK／STAT信号通路在大鼠类风湿关节炎（RA）发病过程中的表达及意义。方法48只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为6组，对照组8只，其余均建立胶原诱导的关节炎（CIA）模型，分别在致敏后2、3、4、5、6周分批处死，应用苏木素-伊红（HE）染色、免疫组织化学及免疫印迹法检测发病不同时期滑膜组织的病理变化及P—STAT1、P—STAT3的表达。结果致敏后2周大鼠出现关节炎表现，HE染色可见滑膜组织增生及炎性细胞浸润；第4周关节肿胀达到高峰，病理显示典型血管翳形成；第6周部分软骨及骨组织受到破坏。在CIA发病过程中STAT1、STAT3均处于激活状态．与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。但二者表达存在时间上的差异．STAT3处于持续激活状态，而STAT1的激活只局限在疾病的中晚期。结论JAK／STAT信号通路参与了CIA的病理过程，针对性阻断JAK／STAT通路可能达到改善RA病理过程的目的。     

Array comparative genomic hybridization identifies novel potential therapeutic targets in cholangiocarcinoma

Background

Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a rare tumour with a dismal prognosis. As conventional medical management offers minimal survival benefit, surgery currently represents the only chance of cure. We evaluated DNA copy number (CN) alterations in CC to identify novel therapeutic targets.

Methods

DNA was extracted from 32 CC samples. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array comparative genomic hybridization was performed using microarray slides containing 3400 BAC clones covering the whole human genome at distances of 1 Mb. Data were analysed within the R statistical environment.

Results

DNA CN gains (89 regions) occurred more frequently than DNA CN losses (55 regions). Six regions of gain were identified in all cases on chromosomes 16, 17, 19 and 22. Twenty regions were frequently gained on chromosomes 1, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20 and 21. The BAC clones covering ERBB2, MEK2 and PDGFB genes were gained in all cases. Regions covering MTOR, VEGFR 3, PDGFA, RAF1, VEGFA and EGFR genes were frequently gained.

Conclusions

We identified CN gains in the region of 11 useful molecular targets. Findings of variable gains in some regions in this and other studies support the argument for molecular stratification before treatment for CC so that treatment can be tailored to the individual patient.     

Janus激酶2/信号转导和转录激活子3信号通路在心肌细胞缺氧损伤中的作用

目的探讨Janus激酶2/信号转导和转录激活子3(JAK2/STAT3)信号通路在心肌细胞缺氧损伤中的作用。方法体外培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞,构建缺氧模型,按随机数字表法分为正常对照组、缺氧组、JAK2抑制剂AG490处理组和STAT3抑制剂Statti c处理组。采用细胞计数试剂盒CCK-8检测心肌细胞活力,采用比色法检测细胞上清液中的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,并采用缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测各组细胞的凋亡率。采用蛋白质印迹(Western blot)检测JAK2及STAT3蛋白表达及磷酸化情况。结果与正常对照组相比,缺氧组心肌细胞成活率明显降低,为对照组的30.14%±6.23%(P<0.01),细胞上清液中LDH、MDA含量升高明显,分别为(50.11±2.58)U/L和(19.55±1.81)mol/L(均为P<0.01),SOD活力则显著降低,为(10.21±0.57)U/ml(P<0.01),缺氧组凋亡率明显升高,为24.24%±4.37%(P<0.01),JAK2、STAT3磷酸化水平上调。AG490及Stattic预处理后,JAK2及STAT3磷酸化水平降低,心肌细胞成活率明显升高(P<0.01),LDH、MDA含量显著低于缺氧组(均为P<0.01),SOD活力则高于缺氧组(P<0.01)。结论 JAK2/STAT3信号通路参与了缺氧所致心肌细胞损伤,抑制JAK/STAT通路有助于减轻缺氧所致心肌损伤。     

山药多糖对脓毒症大鼠心肌损伤及JAK2/STAT3信号通路的影响

[目的]探索山药多糖(RDPS-Ⅰ)对脓毒症大鼠心肌损伤及酪氨酸蛋白激酶2(JAK2)/信号转导和转录激活因子3(STAT3)信号通路的影响。[方法]将90只大鼠随机分为RDPS-Ⅰ低(1.0 g/kg)、中(2.0 g/kg)、高(3.0 g/kg)剂量组及模型组、阳性对照组、假手术组。通过取出盲肠进行结扎、穿孔的方法复制脓毒症大鼠,造模完成后,RDPS-Ⅰ低、中、高剂量组分别给予相应剂量RDPS-Ⅰ灌胃,阳性对照组予以200 mg/kg剂量皮下注射4 mL/kg的氨苄西林溶液,其余两组给予生理盐水,每12 h干预1次,连续干预6天。干预结束后,检测大鼠血流动力学指标平均动脉压(MAP)、左心室收缩压(LVSP)、心率(HR);苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察脓毒症大鼠心肌组织病理学变化;TUNEL染色检测脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞凋亡;酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定大鼠血清中炎症因子水平;Western blot检验大鼠心肌组织中JAK2/STAT3信号通路蛋白表达水平。[结果]相比于假手术组,模型组大鼠心肌组织排列紊乱,出现严重炎症细胞浸润现象,LVSP、HR、MAP降低56%、54%、5...     

茵陈蒿汤抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路调控肝癌细胞增殖与凋亡

目的 探索茵陈蒿汤的抗肝癌作用及其机制.方法 体外培养HepG2肝癌细胞,分为对照组和茵陈蒿汤低、中、高浓度(12.5、25、50μg/mL)组.通过CCK-8检测细胞活力、EdU染色观察茵陈蒿汤对HepG2肝癌细胞增殖的影响,钙黄绿素/PI细胞染色观察茵陈蒿汤对肝癌细胞存活能力的影响.通过Western blot检测...     

JAK/STAT3信号通路及其在胃肠道疾病中作用的研究进展

JAK/STAT3信号通路广泛存在于机体各个组织中,介导细胞增殖、分化、迁移、凋亡、免疫调节等多种生物学过程。近年研究发现该通路激活在胃肠道疾病中起重要作用,可促进胃癌、结直肠癌生长和肿瘤血管生成,并抑制肿瘤细胞凋亡,同时参与炎症性肠病的发生。针对JAK/STAT3信号通路的抑制剂在一些疾病模型中显示出良好的疗效。本文就相关研究进展作一综述。     

姜黄素后处理通过JAK2/STAT3信号通路拮抗心肌缺血/再灌注损伤

目的:观察姜黄素（curcumin,Cur）后处理对离体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(ischemia and reperfusion injury,I/RI)的拮抗作用及其可能的机制。方法: 40只SD大鼠随机分为5组(n=8),即空白对照(Ctl组)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)、I/R+姜黄素后处理组(I/R+Cur组)、I/R+姜黄素后处理+AG490组(I/R+Cur+AG组)及AG490组（AG组）,AG490为JAK2/STAT3信号通路特异性阻断剂。采用离体大鼠心脏Langendoff逆行灌注模型,缺血60 min,再灌注60 min。分别于缺血前及再灌注后15 min、30 min、45 min和60 min,测定血流动力学各项指标,包括:心率（HR）、左心室发展压（LVDP）、左心室内压力上升的最大速率(+dp/dtmax)、冠脉流量（CF）、计算出心率压力指数（DP,LVDP×HR/1000）。用氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色法测定各组心肌梗死(MI)的面积,用Western blot检测各组JAK2、磷酸化JAK2(p-JAK2)、STAT3以及磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)的表达。结果: 与Ctl组比较,I/R组各时间点的收缩及舒张功能均显著降低(P<0.01),MI面积显著增加(P<0.01),磷酸化JAK2和STAT3的表达明显升高(P<0.01)。与I/R组比较,I/R+Cur组各时间点的心肌收缩及舒张功能下降程度明显减轻(P<0.01),MI的面积明显减少(P<0.01),p-JAK2和STAT3的表达更高(P<0.01)。与I/R+Cur组相比,I/R+Cur+AG组各时间点的收缩及舒张功能显著降低(P<0.01),MI的面积显著增加(P<0.01),p-JAK2和STAT3的表达显著下降(P<0.01);和Ctl组相比,AG组血流动力学和MI的面积无统计学差异。结论: Cur后处理对I/R大鼠心肌具有保护作用,其作用机制与JAK2/STAT3信号通路的活化有关。     

RON in hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers: Pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets

The receptor protein tyrosine kinase RON belongs to the c-MET proto-oncogene family. Research has shown that RON has a role in cancer pathogenesis, which places RON on the frontline of the development of novel cancer therapeutic strategies. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HBP) cancers have a poor prognosis, being reported as having higher rates of cancer-related death. Therefore, to combat these malignant diseases, the mechanism underlying the aberrant expression and signaling of RON in HBP cancer pathogenesis, and the development of RON as a drug target for therapeutic intervention should be investigated. Abnormal RON expression and signaling have been identified in HBP cancers, and also act as tumorigenic determinants for HBP cancer malignant behaviors. In addition, RON is emerging as an important mediator of the clinical prognosis of HBP cancers. Thus, not only is RON significant in HBP cancers, but also RON-targeted therapeutics could be developed to treat these cancers, for example, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors. Among them, antibody-drug conjugates have become increasingly popular in current research and their potential as novel anti-cancer biotherapeutics will be determined in future clinical trials.