Improving the quality of publications in and advancing the paradigms of clinical and social pharmacy practice research: The Granada Statements

Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as “the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care”. Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other health care areas (i.e., medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into six topics: the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics, and authors’ selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work.     

[Artículo traducido] Mejora de la calidad de las publicaciones y avance en los paradigmas de la investigación en Farmacia Práctica clínica y social: la Declaración de Granada

Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as “the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care”. Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other health care areas (i.e., medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into six topics: the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics, and authors’ selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work. © 2023 The Author(s) Published by Elsevier Inc, Springer Nature, Brazilian Society of Hospital Pharmacy and Health Services, Elsevier Inc, Royal Pharmaceutical Society, Biomedcentral, Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (S.E.F.H), Pharmaceutical Care España Foundation, European Association of Hospital Pharmacists, Faculty of Pharmacy     

Pharmacy practice research – A call to action

Pharmacists have a societal duty of care. How to best provide that type of care requires scientific study. Pharmacy practice is a scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy, and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care. Its scope has expanded globally to encompass clinical, behavioural, economic, and humanistic implications of the practice of pharmacy, as well as practice change and implementation in routine practice of innovations such as health interventions and patient-care services. The development, impact evaluation, implementation, and sustainability of health interventions and patient-care services represents a key research area for pharmacy practice. An approach for conducting these is provided. There is evidence that collaborative national and international research in this area is growing, showing an increased contribution to global health research. The role of universities and pharmacy professional associations in supporting the advancement of pharmacy through pharmacy practice research is also discussed. Finally, a call to action for pharmacy practice research, education, and practice is made.     

我国临床药学教育的现状

临床药学是一个医药学交叉融合的专业,目的是培养具有医药学专门知识的高级临床药师。我国有多所高校设立了临床药学专业,学制从四年到七年不等,课程设置和实习安排不一。怎样将临床医学和药学知识的学习融为一体,体现临床药学的专业特色,将高校办学与社会需要紧密结合,是临床药学教育中首要考虑的问题。该文提出该专业的教育体制、课程设置、临床毕业实习,师资队伍建设和教学质量提高、招生宣传和就业政策,以及办学过程中存在的困难和改革措施等问题,以期引起大家的思考与讨论。     

Pharmacy practice research priorities during the COVID-19 pandemic: Recommendations of a panel of experts convened by FIP Pharmacy Practice Research Special Interest Group

Across the globe, pharmacists on the frontline continue to fight COVID-19 and its continuously evolving physical, mental, and economic consequences armed by their knowledge, professionalism, and dedication. Their need for credible scientific evidence to inform their practice has never been more urgent. Despite the exponentially increasing number of publications since the start of the pandemic, questions remain unanswered, and more are created, than have been resolved by the increasing number of publications.A panel of leading journal editors was convened by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Pharmacy Practice Research Special Interest Group to discuss the current status of COVID-19 related research, provide their recommendations, and identify focal points for pharmacy practice, social pharmacy, and education research moving forward.Key priorities identified spanned a wide range of topics, reflecting the need for good quality research to inform practice and education. The panel insisted that a foundation in theory and use of rigorous methods should continue forming the basis of inquiry and its resultant papers, regardless of topic area. From assessing the clinical and cost effectiveness of COVID-19 therapies and vaccines to assessing different models of pharmaceutical services and education delivery, these priorities will ensure that our practice is informed by the best quality scientific evidence at this very challenging time.     

Unifying a profession and a health care system: Building the case for a “one pharmacy” global community

The rational use of medicines to achieve better patient outcomes is a global concern. This need has pressured the practice of pharmacy to move away from focusing only on dispensing of the drug product towards the patient's appropriate utilization of the medicine. PharmAlliance, a unique partnership among three leading schools of pharmacy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (United States), Monash University (Australia), and University College London (United Kingdom), convened a Global Summit of Pharmacy Practice Innovation in November 2017 to bring together the leaders of the professional associations of the three countries to dialogue about how to lead the identified changes. A framework of “One Pharmacy Community” resulted from the discussions and was conceptualized from the overarching theme of the Summit. Recognizing and articulating these similarities into a One Pharmacy Community framework enables the development of a consistent global nomenclature of pharmacy services. The four pillars that resulted from the conversation are education, research, practice, and collaboration. Each of these are essential and dependent on the other in order to enable pharmacy practice to meet the global requirements of patient-focused health care design and delivery. This article describes the framework and each of the pillars.     

信息化促进医院药学服务转型与学科发展

目的：响应国家卫生健康委号召,利用信息化建设促进医院药学服务转型及医院药学学科发展。方法：介绍分析近年来我院医院药学信息化建设与实践过程,总结经验,为今后的工作提供借鉴参考。结果：我院建立了涵盖药品保障与药事管理、临床药学服务、科研与教学、科务管理以及科室文化建设各方面的医院药学信息体系HPIS,信息化促进药学服务转型及学科发展作用凸显。结论：应继续探索创新医院药学信息化建设,在促进临床合理用药、临床大数据研究以及临床药学专科医联体建设方面,充分发挥我院"国家队"作用。     

Trends in gender composition on editorial boards in leading medicine,nursing, and pharmacy journals

ObjectiveTo investigate the proportions and trends in gender ratios of journal editorial boards in medicine, nursing, and pharmacy from 1995 to 2016.DesignThis was a pooled cross-sectional evaluation of 21 high-impact medical, nursing, and pharmacy journals.Setting and participantsThe gender composition of editorial boards for each discipline was obtained. Gender expression was based on the person’s name or other information available on the Internet.Outcome measuresThe proportion of all editorial board member positions, including editorial leadership positions, occupied by the underrepresented gender, and trends over time were measured.ResultsA total of 5309 editorial board members and 312 editorial leadership positions were identified. From 1995 to 2016, women remained underrepresented across medicine and pharmacy journal editorial boards, whereas men remained underrepresented across nursing journal editorial boards. However, there were statistically significant increases in the representation of the underrepresented gender on editorial boards across all disciplines. Medicine was the only discipline to experience a statistically significant increase in the underrepresented gender of the editorial board being appointed to a leadership position; the proportion of women increased from 3% in 1995 to 35% in 2016.ConclusionThe gender gap in medicine and pharmacy journals appears to be narrowing. Although men continue to lag behind women in nursing journals, they are and have been overrepresented when considering the proportion of men practicing in the field. Overall, continued efforts are needed to resolve gender inequities in academic health sciences.     

Importance of direct patient care in advanced pharmacy practice experiences

The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education issued revised standards (Standards 2007) for professional programs leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy degree in July 2007. The new standards require colleges and schools of pharmacy to provide pharmacy practice experiences that include direct interaction with diverse patient populations. These experiences are to take place in multiple practice environments (e.g., community, ambulatory care, acute care medicine, specialized practice areas) and must include face-to-face interactions between students and patients, and students and health care providers. In 2009, the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) identified concerns among their members that training for some students during the fourth year of pharmacy curriculums are essentially observational experiences rather than encounters where students actively participate in direct patient care activities. These ACCP members also stated that there is a need to identify effective mechanisms for preceptors to balance patient care responsibilities with students' educational needs in order to fully prepare graduates for contemporary, patient-centered practice. The 2010 ACCP Educational Affairs Committee was charged to provide recommendations to more effectively foster the integration of pharmacy students into direct patient care activities during advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). In this commentary, the benefits to key stakeholders (pharmacy students, APPE preceptors, clerkship sites, health care institutions, academic pharmacy programs) of this approach are reviewed. Recommendations for implementation of direct patient care experiences are also provided, together with discussion of the practical issues associated with delivery of effective APPE. Examples of ambulatory care and acute care APPE models that successfully integrate pharmacy students into the delivery of direct patient care are described. Enabling students to engage in high-quality patient care experiences and to assume responsibility for drug therapy outcomes is achievable in a variety of practice settings. In our opinion, such an approach is mandatory if contemporary pharmacy education is to be successful in producing a skilled workforce capable of affecting drug therapy outcomes.     

社会药房开展药学服务的回顾性分析

目的：探讨社会药房开展药学服务的方式和方法。方法：以2003年7月至2006年3月上海第一医药股份有限公司所属药房的药学服务咨询记录和药历为资料,运用统计学方法作回顾性分析。结果：用药咨询记录月均72份,90％的咨询者为中老年人,涉及疾病、选药、用法用量、不良反应、药价等5大方面。结论：人民群众对社会药房有强烈的药学服务需求,社会药房必须积极推行《优良药房工作规范》,切实发挥执业药师的关键作用,充分满足社会对健康日益增长的需要。     

Impact of the Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative on Clinical Pharmacy Specialist Practice

This paper describes the goals of the American Society of Health‐System Pharmacists' Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative (PPMI) and its recommendations for health‐system pharmacy practice transformation to meet future patient care needs and elevate the role of pharmacists as patient care providers. PPMI envisions a future in which pharmacists have greater responsibility for medication‐related outcomes and technicians assume greater responsibility for product‐related activities. Although the PPMI recommendations have elevated the level of practice in many settings, they also potentially affect existing clinical pharmacists, in general, and clinical pharmacy specialists, in particular. Moreover, although more consistent patient care can be achieved with an expanded team of pharmacist providers, the role of clinical pharmacy specialists must not be diminished, especially in the care of complex patients and populations. Specialist practitioners with advanced training and credentials must be available to model and train pharmacists in generalist positions, residents, and students. Indeed, specialist practitioners are often the innovators and practice leaders. Negotiation between hospitals and pharmacy schools is needed to ensure a continuing role for academic clinical pharmacists and their contributions as educators and researchers. Lessons can be applied from disciplines such as nursing and medicine, which have developed new models of care involving effective collaboration between generalists and specialists. Several different pharmacy practice models have been described to meet the PPMI goals, based on available personnel and local goals. Studies measuring the impact of these new practice models are needed.     

Unresolved issues in the future of pharmacy

The effect of the major forces shaping pharmacy's future--technology, economics, and social values--is discussed. Pharmacy can best respond to these forces by expanding the informational component of pharmacy practice and by returning to its fundamental relationship with society--that is, by accepting responsibility for drug-use control. To accomplish this, pharmacy must go through a process of occupational reconstruction and self-renewal. Technological forces shaping pharmacy practice include computers and robotics, communications, and therapeutics. Regarding economic changes, medical-care decisions are shifting away from individuals toward "third parties." This factor, combined with output-based payment systems, may lead to a consolidation of service providers. Marketing pharmaceutical services and organizing pharmacy's internal structure will become important. Some of the social forces affecting pharmacy's future include the aging population, the weakening of professional authority, and pharmacy's public image. Just as society goes through the "information revolution," pharmacy will need to undergo a "reprofessionalization." Pharmacy's societal function should involve "pharmaceutical care," a concept that includes both drug-product control and clinical pharmacy services. Pharmacy should return to its preindustrial origins in valued, complex, specific, and committed public service if it wishes a happy postindustrial future.     

Looking ahead--the report of the Study Commission on Pharmacy.

The findings and recommendations of the Study Commission on Pharmacy are presented. The Commission defined pharmacy as a knowledge system which produces a service. Practitioners in specific areas of pharmacy are considered to possess both common and differentiated knowledge and skills. While pharmacy as a system is viewed as effective and efficient with reference to drug products, it is far from satisfactory with reference to drug knowledge and information. Current forces of change in the health care system and forces of change internal to pharmacy are discussed in relation to their impact on pharmacists for the future. The Commission recommended that pharmacy should move to meet the health care system's unmet needs which involve drugs and drug information. Specific recommendations are summarized regarding educational objectives, the curriculum, the faculty and credentialling. These recommendations call for heavier emphasis in pharmacy education on the behavioral and social sciences, the establishment of a small body of "clinical scientists," and the creation of a National Board of Pharmacy Examiners.     

Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness in institutional pharmacy practice.

Patient care in health institutions has become more intensive, with greater use of drugs. Pharmacy departments have not been able to keep abreast of the demands placed on them by advances in clinical medicine. Medication errors occur too frequently and place the patient at risk. Use of the unit dose system would reduce these errors. Patient safety should be used as a measure of the effectiveness of pharmacy programs. Greater patient participation in the therapeutic process would improve the effectiveness of pharmacy services, as would therapeutic drug monitoring.     

Preparing pharmacists to manage gene therapies

This commentary provides a background on gene therapy and identifies a critical gap in pharmacy practice education. The history and handling of gene therapy is contextualized with current pharmacy practice. With the increasing numbers of gene and cell-based therapies approaching the market, the need for appropriate training is greater than ever. There are few gene therapy training resources for pharmacists, and gene therapies require complex handing and administration. Pharmacists play a vital role in bringing new therapies to health care institutions and training other health care providers. Pharmacy organizations and health systems should work to develop gene therapy training resources for health-system pharmacists.     

COVID-19 pandemic: Response plan by the Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare inpatient pharmacy department

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic having caused a major health care crises across the globe. Pharmacy professionals are considered vital in preparation for optimal response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, in response to the estimated potential impact of COVID-19 on Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare (joint venture between Saudi Aramco and Johns Hopkins Medicine International), several initiatives were taken by the hospital's inpatient pharmacy department with focus on infection control, staffing, meeting clinical operational challenges, ethics, increased utilization of automation, and maintenance of employee wellness to prepare for this challenge. The plan implemented by the inpatient pharmacy department was prepared while incorporating information and recommendations from leading pharmacy organizations, ministry of health, institute's experience in battling another similar coronavirus (the Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus) previously, and updated scientific research. The key focus areas include development of an institutionalized COVID-19 protocol, measures to improve infection control when handling and dispensing medications, modified staffing plan, system changes in peri-operative areas, keeping pharmacy professionals updated about new and scientific researches, increased utilization of automation, clinical interventions by pharmacist ensuring appropriate utilization of medications while monitoring for drug-drug interactions, adverse drug event prevention, and preparing for handling drug shortages. By implementing a robust plan, pharmacy professionals continue to show that they are an integral member of inter-professional health care teams.     

P10 Thinking of bilingual-teaching of Pharmacology in China

The Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy of 7-year program is an important and specific one of School of Pharmacy, Shandong University. The training aim is to achieve to master level of senior clinical pharmacist. Pharmacology is a subject that plays crucial role of two kinds of bridge between medicine and pharmacy, basic medicine and clinical medicine. It is the main basic professional course for clinical pharmacy students. Students learn basic content of pharmacology, at the same time they can use English as a language tool to study academic knowledge of pharmacology skillfully if we conduct pharmacology as bilingual-teaching lesson. By this event, students may improve their reading and comprehending talent of professional literature written in English. Teachers could lead students to the access to scientific researches.