广州市家栖鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂抗药性研究

目的探讨家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性变化。方法按全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法,进行无选择性摄毒试验。结果经对广州市所辖9区内捕获的130只褐家鼠、31只黄胸鼠、18只小家鼠进行抗药性监测,其抗性率分别为8.5%、45.2%和27.8%,总平均摄药剂量分别为17.72、278.46和1164.24mg/kg,按家栖鼠抗药性检验标准,黄胸鼠和小家鼠对第一代抗凝血剂杀鼠灵已形成抗药性种群,褐家鼠有抗药性个体产生。结论以黄胸鼠和小家鼠为优势种的场所,要考虑使用第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂;以褐家鼠为主的场所,则可继续使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂,但应加强对灭鼠药物的敏感性监测,科学、合理用药。     

清远市家栖鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂抗药性研究

目的探讨家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性变化。方法按全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法，进行无选择性摄毒试验。结果经对清远市城区及所辖3个县城区内所捕获的155只褐家鼠、13只黄胸鼠、28只小家鼠进行抗药性监测，其抗性率分别为0．65％、0和50．00％，总平均摄药剂量分别为9．82、84．92和453．70mg／kg，按家栖鼠抗药性检验标准，小家鼠对第一代抗凝血剂杀鼠灵已形成抗药性种群，褐家鼠有抗药性个体产生。结论以小家鼠为优势种的场所，要考虑使用第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂；而以褐家鼠、黄胸鼠为主的场所，则可继续使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂，但应加强对灭鼠药物的敏感性监测，科学、合理用药。     

广东省家栖鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂抗药性研究

目的 探讨广东省家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性变化.方法 按全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法,进行无选择性摄毒试验.结果 经对广东省5市所捕捉的769只褐家鼠、303只黄胸鼠进行抗药性监测,其抗性率分别为1.69%和12.21%,总平均摄药剂量分别为10.36和131.96 mg/kg,按家栖鼠抗药性检验标准,黄胸鼠和褐家鼠均对第一代抗凝血剂杀鼠灵产生抗药性个体.结论 以黄胸鼠为优势种的场所,要考虑使用第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂;而以褐家鼠为主的场所,则可继续使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂,同时应加强对灭鼠药物的敏感性监测,科学、合理用药.     

广东省家柄鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂抗药性研究

目的 探讨广东省家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性变化。方法 按全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法，进行无选择性摄毒试验。结果 经对广东省5市所捕捉的769只褐家鼠、303只黄胸鼠进行抗药性监测，其抗性率分别为1．69％和12．21％，总平均摄药剂量分别为10．36和131．96mg／kg，按家栖鼠抗药性检验标准，黄胸鼠和褐家鼠均对第一代抗凝血剂杀鼠灵产生抗药性个体。结论 以黄胸鼠为优势种的场所，要考虑使用第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂；而以褐家鼠为主的场所，则可继续使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂。同时应加强对灭鼠药物的敏感性监测。科学、合理用药。     

佛山市城区两种家栖鼠对杀鼠灵的抗药性调查

目的 调查佛山市城区家栖鼠对第一代抗凝血剂杀鼠灵的抗药性。方法 按全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法，进行无选择性摄食试验。结果 经对佛山市城区内捕获的30只褐家鼠、38只黄胸鼠进行抗药性监测，其抗性率分别为0和34．21％，总平均摄药剂量分别为15．27和395．52mg／kg，按家栖鼠抗药性检验标准，黄胸鼠对杀鼠灵已形成抗药性种群。结论 以黄胸鼠为优势种的场所，要考虑使用第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂；而以褐家鼠为主的场所，则可继续使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂，同时应加强对灭鼠药物的敏感性监测，科学、合理用药。     

雷州半岛两种家栖鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂抗药性研究

目的　探讨家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性变化。方法　按全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法,进行无选择性摄毒试验。结果　经对雷州半岛内湛江市区的赤坎区和霞山区、徐闻县城区、廉江市安铺镇区捕捉的257只褐家鼠、165只黄胸鼠,进行抗药性监测,褐家鼠暂未发现抗药性个体;黄胸鼠的抗性率为7 .88%,其存活摄药剂量在145. 90mg/kg以上,按家栖鼠抗药性检验标准,黄胸鼠产生抗药性个体。结论　雷州半岛的鼠类控制工作仍可继续使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂,但应加强对灭鼠药物的敏感性监测,科学、合理用药。     

家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂抗药性研究与应用前景分析

目的探讨湛江地区应用抗凝血灭鼠剂以来,家栖鼠抗药性发生情况以及演变规律,为灭鼠用药提供科学依据.方法于不同时期、不同地区捕捉黄胸鼠和褐家鼠,按全国鼠类抗药性协作组统一方法进行抗药性试验.结果使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂10年,黄胸鼠由敏感种群逐步产生抗药性个体,当使用到17年,湛江市区黄胸鼠便形成抗药性种群,但改用第二代抗凝血剂溴敌隆能缓解前者的抗药性;同一时期各地区使用抗凝血灭鼠剂频度及使用方法对黄胸鼠抗药性有所影响;褐家鼠抗药性一直维持在较低水平;黄胸鼠和褐家鼠之间抗药性发生率差异有统计学意义（χ^2=41.676,P＜0.01）.结论使用抗凝血灭鼠剂要遵循鼠类抗药性的产生和发展规律,开展定期抗药性监测,科学选用第一代或第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂,才能确保灭鼠效果及延长抗凝血灭鼠剂的应用时间.     

长春市褐家鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂抗药性调查

目的掌握褐家鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性情况,为家栖鼠的控制提供依据。方法按全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法,进行无选择性摄毒试验。结果对长春市内捕获的29只褐家鼠进行抗药性监测,其抗性率为3.45%,总平均摄药剂量为19.86mg/kg,按家栖鼠抗药性检验标准,褐家鼠未形成抗药性种群,只有抗药性个体产生。结论长春市城镇灭鼠可继续使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂,但应加强对灭鼠药物的敏感性监测,科学、合理用药。     

湖北省蕲春县褐家鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性研究

目的探讨蕲春县应用抗凝血灭鼠剂以来，褐家鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性变化。方法按全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法进行抗药性试验。结果在湖北省蕲春县分别于1990年、1995年、2000年、2002年、2005年和2007年进行6次褐家鼠抗药性监测，共208只测试鼠，仅有3次各有1只存活，且后4次监测的试鼠无论雌雄、最低和最高平均致死剂量，都明显低于1995年以前的水平，但平均致死天数较1990年首次监测时有所延长。结论蕲春县在使用抗凝血灭鼠剂灭鼠23年后，褐家鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂仍高度敏感，对抗凝血药物的耐受能力均低于黄胸鼠和小家鼠，可以继续使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂杀灭褐家鼠。     

广州市斯氏屋顶鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂抗药性初步研究

目的探讨斯氏屋顶鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性变化。方法参照全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法,进行无选择性摄毒试验。结果经对广州市所辖9个区内所捕获的53只斯氏屋顶鼠进行抗药性监测,存活率为3．8％,其总平均摄药剂量为30．31mg／kg,存活平均摄药剂量为58．29mg／kg。经与同期同地家栖鼠抗药性比较,该鼠种对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂敏感性介于黄胸鼠与褐家鼠之间。结论控制斯氏屋顶鼠可使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂,但应加强对灭鼠药物的敏感性监测,科学、合理用药。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.