Injuries of exercise

This article presents a brief overview of a few of the conditions that may affect the exercising individual. An accurate diagnosis and a positive attitude toward exercise on the part of the physician is stressed.     

Self-reported exercise behavior and interpretations of exercise in older adults

Prior exercise experiences may influence interpretations of exercise, ultimately affecting exercise behavior. This study examines differences in interpretations of exercise in older adults based on prior exercise behavior. Older adults who report more exercise behavior were hypothesized to score more positively on measures of interpretations of exercise than older adults reporting less exercise behavior. Two hundred fifteen older adults reported prior-year exercise behavior, and within a 2-week exercise training program reported their episode-specific and general interpretations of exercise. High exercisers reported higher perceptions of energy (p = .021), life enhancement (p = .023), and overall psychological outlook (p = .003) than low exercisers. Several gender differences were also noted. These results support earlier findings that older adults' beliefs and interpretations of exercise activity influence exercise behavior.     

运动与运动方式对骨密度的影响

不同的运动形式对骨密度的影响各异，高冲击性的训练优于低强度的耐力训练。振动训练作为新兴的运动形式，备受科学界的关注，而且对其与骨密度的研究也日益深入。但是由于运动强度、时间、频率等因素的不同研究结果存在一定的差异，尤其是对老年人的抗阻训练研究国内鲜有报道，急需在这方面多做研究。振动训练可以提高肌肉的力量从而对骨骼产生积极的影响，因此振动训练在预防骨质疏松方面可能会发挥重要作用。随着分子生物学技术的进步，有关骨代谢调控基因的研究日益增多，但是与运动结合进行研究的较少，有待深入探索。     

Registered nurses' beliefs of the benefits of exercise, their exercise behaviour and their patient teaching regarding exercise

Recommendations by experts have been in place for > 10 years encouraging every adult to participate in ≥ 30 min of daily moderate-intensity physical activity. Despite extensive research supporting the value of physical activity, only about one-third of all adults meet physical activity recommendations. Using Pender's Health Promotion Theory as the framework, this study was focused on the relationships between nurses' beliefs regarding the benefits of exercise, their exercise behaviour and their recommendation of exercise for health promotion or as part of a treatment plan. Results showed positive correlations between exercise benefits, physical activity and recommendation of exercise to patients. Nurses who believe in health promotion and embrace healthy behaviours are more likely to be positive role models and teach healthy behaviours to their patients. Recommendations for practice and future research are included.     

等张运动和抗阻运动对心血管反应及相关激素的影响

目的 :比较等张运动和抗阻运动对心血管反应及儿茶酚胺激素的影响 ,探讨采用心率作为以等长运动形式为主的抗阻运动的强度指标的可能性。方法 :采用相同靶心率和相同运动时间对 8例健康男性分别进行等张运动和交替式抗阻运动 ,观察运动前后的心率、血压及儿茶酚胺的应激反应。结果 :两种运动后收缩压和两项乘积均显著增高 ,等张运动时脉压差明显增大 ,抗阻运动则表现为平均动脉压的升高 ,肌肉收缩力与心率呈直线性相关。去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺在两种运动后均显著增高 ,抗阻运动时升高尤为明显。运动前后血浆肾上腺素均无显著改变。结论 :心率作为运动强度的指标也适用于交替式抗阻运动 ,不同运动种类和强度影响儿茶酚胺的分泌程度     

骨质疏松症患者运动处方及运动疗效

目的探讨运动疗法对骨质疏松症(OP)的疗效及治疗OP的运动处方。方法将26例原发性骨质疏松症(OP)患者按病情平分成A、B两组,B组的运动负荷约为A组的75%,治疗18个月后对比两组患者治疗前后腰椎的骨密度值以及两组的疗效。结果骨密度值都明显增大(P<0.01或P<0.05),并且A组的增幅大于B组;经疗效评定,A组治愈率为69.2%,好转率为23.1%,B组治愈率为38.5%,好转率为53.8%,A组的疗效优于B组(P<0.01)。结论不同运动对原发性OP患者的治疗作用及疗效有所不同;运动负荷强度影响着治疗效果。     

A comparison of community-based resistance exercise and flexibility exercise for seniors

Progressive resistance training has positive effects on the health of elderly people, however exercise programs for seniors frequently focus on other forms of exercise. This study is a randomised trial with a blinded assessor comparing a community based progressive resistance training program (n = 20) with a flexibility program (n = 20), both one hour twice weekly for 10 weeks. Outcomes were strength, gait, balance and quality of life. Progressive resistance training had a greater effect than flexibility training on right sided quadriceps strength (mean difference between groups = 7.7%; 95% CI 3.6-11.8%, p < 0.003 MANOVA), left sided quadriceps strength (mean difference = 9.9%; 95% CI 5.6-14.2%, p < 0.003 MANOVA), left sided biceps strength (mean difference = 15.2%; 95% CI 11.7-19.2%, p < 0.003 MANOVA), functional reach (mean difference = 11.7%; 95% CI 7.1-16.3%, p < 0.003 MANOVA) and step test (mean difference = 8.6%; 95% CI 3.8-13.4%, p < 0.003 MANOVA). Neither group had improvements in SF36 quality of life measures. Results suggest progressive resistance training produces greater strength, gait and balance improvements in elderly people than a flexibility exercise program.     

Antithrombotic effects of exercise

Regular exercise appears to have antithrombotic effects on the blood. Athlete's anemia, a dilutional pseudoanemia, enhances performance and decreases blood viscosity; it may also decrease platelet adhesion to damaged arteries. Physical conditioning may decrease platelet aggregability. Exercise activates fibrinolysis, and physical fitness seems to enhance the rate of fibrinolysis. The hematologic changes of exercise may help prevent coronary heart disease.     

Graded exercise testing

The graded exercise test can be used for both diagnosis and functional assessment. Indications for diagnostic testing include pain, palpitation, elevated systemic blood pressure and potential problem. Functional testing is performed to determine prognosis, progression of cardiac disease, post-therapy status and physical fitness. For the diagnostic study, medications other than sublingual nitroglycerin should be avoided. For the functional study, the patient's medication should usually be continued.     

Nutrition and exercise

The nutritional aspects of exercise are topics of popular interest, misconception, and active research. In this article, the authors review basic concepts of muscle metabolism; information concerning the role of exercise in weight loss; dietary supplements for athletes, including nutrition for competition; and eating disorders among those performing vigorous exercise.     

Diabetes and exercise

The abnormal metabolic responses to exercise in insulin-dependent diabetes are in great part related to abnormal circulating plasma insulin concentrations. Exercising during relative insulin deprivation results in an increase in glycemia and ketosis. Exercise during insulin excess results in inhibition of hepatic glucose production and accelerated muscle glucose utilization and results in hypoglycemia. These responses can be significantly improved when insulin is administered more appropriately, as is the case with insulin infusion pumps. Self blood glucose monitoring before, during, and after exercise can provide important information that can be used to optimize the metabolic response to exercise in individual patients. A better understanding of the metabolic response to exercise in patients with diabetes will serve as the basis for developing specific recommendations to enable these individuals to have the freedom to take part in all forms of exercise with minimal restriction. However, the demonstration that exercise will have a long-term beneficial effect on the metabolic control of diabetes or prevent the development of the complications of diabetes remains to be established.