Weekly iron as a safe alternative to daily supplementation for nonanemic pregnant women

BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to compare the effectiveness and safety of antenatal daily and weekly supplementation with iron, folic acid, and vitamin B(12) in healthy, pregnant women who were not anemic at gestational week 20. METHODS: Women with singleton pregnancies and blood hemoglobin (Hb) >115 g/L at gestational week 20 (equivalent to 105 g/L at sea level) were randomly assigned to two groups, one consuming one tablet containing 60 mg iron, 200 mug folic acid and 1 mug vitamin B(12) daily (DS, n = 56); the other consuming two tablets once weekly (WS, n = 60). Blood Hb and serum ferritin concentrations were measured every 4 weeks from weeks 20 to 36, and pregnancy outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Mild anemia and hypoferritinemia throughout pregnancy occurred less frequently in DS than WS. None of the 116 women had Hb concentrations <103 g/L at any evaluation point. In contrast, hemoconcentration (Hb >145 g/L) from gestational week 28 onwards occurred in 11% in DS and 2% in WS. We observed ex post facto that hemoconcentration at gestational week 28 was associated with a significantly higher relative risk of low birth weight (RR 6.23, 95% CI 1.46-26.57) and premature delivery (RR 7.78, 95% CI 1.45-24.74). CONCLUSIONS: In women who were nonanemic at gestational week 20, both schemes (DS and WS) prevented the occurrence of Hb levels <100 g/L. DS women had a higher incidence of hemoconcentration. Hemoconcentration was associated with increased risk of low birth weight and premature delivery.     

Gestational diabetes in Victoria in 1996: incidence,risk factors and outcomes

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Victoria. STUDY DESIGN: Population study of all women having singleton births in Victoria in 1996. METHODS: Probabilistic record linkage of routinely collected data and capture-recapture techniques to provide an estimate of the incidence of GDM. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk factors for and the adverse outcomes associated with GDM compared with the non-diabetic population by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The estimated incidence of GDM was 3.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.60%-3.64%). GDM is associated with women who are older, Aboriginal, non-Australian born, or who give birth in a larger hospital. The adverse outcomes associated with GDM pregnancies were hypertension/pre-eclampsia (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4-1.9), hyaline membrane disease (1.6; 1.2-2.2), neonatal jaundice (1.4; 1.2-1.7) and macrosomia (2.0; 1.8-2.3). Interventions during childbirth were also associated with GDM - for example, induction of labour (3.0; 2.7-3.4) and caesarean section (1.7; 1.6-1.9). CONCLUSION: Women with GDM had increased rates of hypertension, pre-eclampsia, induced labour, and interventional delivery. Their offspring had a higher risk of macrosomia, neonatal jaundice and hyaline membrane disease.     

妊娠早中期空腹血糖对妊娠结局影响的研究进展

妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压、巨大儿、低出生体质量儿、早产等直接影响母婴近、远期健康。妊娠期检测空腹血糖方便、快捷，国内外多项研究发现，妊娠早中期空腹血糖与妊娠期糖尿病、大于胎龄儿的发生及新生儿出生体质量等存在相关性，但其对妊娠期高血压、剖宫产等的影响尚存在一定争议。同时，妊娠早中期空腹血糖对特定特征的孕妇及其子代儿童期、成年期相关疾病的远期影响还需进一步探讨。本文主要总结、分析了妊娠早中期空腹血糖对妊娠结局的影响，以期为今后深入研究妊娠期血糖对母婴近、远期健康的影响提供参考。     

The contribution of mild and moderate preterm birth to infant mortality. Fetal and Infant Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System

CONTEXT: The World Health Organization defines preterm birth as birth at less than 37 completed gestational weeks, but most studies have focused on very preterm infants (birth at <32 weeks) because of their high risk of mortality and serious morbidity. However, infants born at 32 through 36 weeks are more common and their public health impact has not been well studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess the quantitative contribution of mild (birth at 34-36 gestational weeks) and moderate (birth at 32-33 gestational weeks) preterm birth to infant mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Population-based cohort study using linked singleton live birth-infant death cohort files for US birth cohorts for 1985 and 1995 and Canadian birth cohorts (excluding Ontario) for 1985-1987 and 1992-1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risks (RRs) and etiologic fractions (EFs) for overall and cause-specific early neonatal (age 0-6 days), late neonatal (age 7-27 days), postneonatal (age 28-364 days), and total infant death among mild and moderate preterm births vs term births (at >/=37 gestational weeks). RESULTS: Relative risks for infant death from all causes among singletons born at 32 through 33 gestational weeks were 6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1-7.0) in the United States in 1995 and 15.2 (95% CI, 13.2-17.5) in Canada in 1992-1994; among singletons born at 34 through 36 gestational weeks, the RRs were 2.9 (95% CI, 2.8-3.0) and 4.5 (95% CI, 4.0-5.0), respectively. Corresponding EFs were 3.2% and 4.8%, respectively, at 32 through 33 gestational weeks and 6.3% and 8.0%, respectively, at 34 through 36 gestational weeks; the sum of the EFs for births at 32 through 33 and 34 through 36 gestational weeks exceeded those for births at 28 through 31 gestational weeks. Substantial RRs were observed overall for the neonatal (eg, for early neonatal deaths, 14.6 and 33.0 for US and Canadian infants, respectively, born at 32-33 gestational weeks; EFs, 3.6% and and 6. 2% for US and Canadian infants, respectively) and postneonatal (RRs, 2.1-3.8 and 3.0-7.0 for US and Canadian infants, respectively, born at 32-36 gestational weeks; EFs, 2.7%-5.8% and 3.0%-7.0% for the same groups, respectively) periods and for death due to asphyxia, infection, sudden infant death syndrome, and external causes. Except for a reduction in the RR and EF for neonatal mortality due to infection, the patterns have changed little since 1985 in either country. CONCLUSIONS: Mild- and moderate-preterm birth infants are at high RR for death during infancy and are responsible for an important fraction of infant deaths. JAMA. 2000;284:843-849     

Birth defects in the infants of aboriginal and non-aboriginal mothers with diabetes in Western Australia.

OBJECTIVE: Because of the high prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes in Australian Aborigines, and a suggestion that the prevalence of birth defects was high in the infants of Aboriginal mothers with gestational diabetes, this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of birth defects in infants of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal mothers with insulin-dependent, non-insulin-dependent, and gestational diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of all births to diabetic and non-diabetic mothers in Western Australia, 1980-1984. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Birth defects diagnosed at any time up to the age of six years. RESULTS: Compared with infants of non-diabetic, non-Aboriginal mothers, the prevalence ratio for birth defects in infants of non-Aboriginal insulin-dependent mothers was 2.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.7), and for infants of mothers with non-insulin-dependent diabetes the ratio was 3.64 (95% CI, 1.5-8.6). The corresponding ratios for infants of Aboriginal mothers were 4.85 (95% CI, 0.8-28.2) and 3.64 (95% CI, 1.3-10.4). For birth defects in infants of gestational diabetic mothers, the prevalence ratio was 1.07 (95% CI, 0.6-1.9) for the non-Aboriginal group and 3.65 (95% CI, 2.3-6.0) for the Aboriginal group. Diabetes could have accounted for 0.14% of birth defects in infants of non-Aboriginal mothers and for 4.62% in infants of Aboriginal mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The excess of birth defects in infants of Aboriginal women with gestational diabetes may be due to non-insulin-dependent diabetes that predates the pregnancy but is only diagnosed during pregnancy. For Aboriginal infants, maternal diabetes may be the single most common known cause of birth defects that is amenable to change.     

2014—2018年郑州市某医院妊娠期糖尿病巨大儿发生影响因素和妊娠结局分析

  目的  对妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)巨大儿影响因素和妊娠结局进行分析,探讨降低GDM巨大儿的有效方法。  方法  将2014年1月—2018年12月郑州市某医院住院分娩的单胎GDM孕妇1 135例作为研究对象,分巨大儿组(体重≥4 000 g,175例)和非巨大儿组(体重 < 4 000 g,960例),进行回顾性分析。  结果  本研究中发生GDM巨大儿发生率为15.42%,与孕妇糖尿病家族史、孕前BMI、增长体重、空腹血糖存在关联(均P < 0.05)。GDM巨大儿组并发孕妇妊娠高血压,出现手术产、早产、新生儿低血糖、胎儿窘迫以及产后出血不良妊娠结局显著高于非GDM巨大儿组(均P < 0.05)。研究发现,GDM巨大儿出现新生儿低血糖的危险系数是非巨大儿的1.599倍(95% CI:0.938~2.726),发生妊娠高血压的危险系数是非巨大儿的1.756倍(95% CI:1.132~2.723),出现产后大出血的危险系数是非巨大儿的2.489倍(95% CI:1.385~4.471)。  结论  GDM巨大儿可增加手术产、早产、胎儿窘迫、妊娠高血压和产程中大出血等不良妊娠结局。因此对于有上述危险因素孕妇应尽早筛查口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT),改变传统饮食结构及不良生活方式,科学控制孕期体重增长及血糖水平,做好GDM孕妇孕期、产时及产褥期的全程护理干预,从而有效降低本地区GDM巨大儿发生率,减少不良妊娠结局风险。      

孕前体质指数与早产的关系

目的：探讨孕前体质指数（body mass index, BMI）与早产的关系。方法： 以在北京市海淀区妇幼保健院住院分娩的174例早产儿为病例,382例足月儿为对照,收集孕妇身高、孕前体重、分娩前最后一次体重、孕周、家族史、疾病史以及孕期并发症等信息,运用多因素Logistic回归模型调整混杂因素,分析孕前BMI等因素与早产的关系,并估计调整后的比值比（odds ratio,OR）和95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）。结果： 通过对早产相关因素的Logistic回归分析,发现孕前肥胖是早产的危险因素,调整后的OR值为2.461（95% CI：1.174~5.159, P=0.017）,未发现孕前超重或孕前偏瘦与早产的关联;妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压和早产儿家族史是早产的危险因素,调整后的OR值分别为1.781（95% CI：1.025~3.095, P=0.040）、3.831（95% CI：2.044~7.180, P<0.001）和3.675（95% CI：1.358~9.942, P=0.010）。结论： 孕前肥胖是早产的危险因素,为了降低早产的发病率,孕妇需要加强孕前保健,在备孕期应控制孕前BMI在正常范围内。     

Neonatal outcome of children born to women with tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: As the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has increased worldwide, it is expected that pregnant women will acquire this infection more frequently. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection during pregnancy may represent a risk for maternal and neonatal complications. METHODS: We studied the perinatal events of 35 consecutive pregnancies complicated by TB from March 1990 to June 1998; 105 apparently healthy pregnant women were included as controls, matched in age, gestational age upon arrival at the Institute, and socioeconomic status. Frequency and type of neonatal complications were recorded. Relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. To control potentially confounding variables, a stratified analysis was performed. RESULTS: Seventeen (48.5%) tuberculous mothers had a pulmonary infection and 18 (51.5%), an extrapulmonar localization of the TB. The neonatal morbidity rate in children born to women with TB was 23% against 3.8% of the children of the control cohort (p <0.05). Average weight of newborn infants of tuberculous mothers was 2,859 +/- 78.5 g, while average weight at birth of control neonates was 3,099 +/- 484 g (p = 0.03). Newborns of women with TB had a higher risk of prematurity (RR 2.1; 95% CI 1-4.3), perinatal death (RR 3.1; 95% CI 1.6-6), and weight at birth less than 2,500 g (RR 2.2; 95% CI 1.1-4.9). Pulmonary localization of the TB and late start of the treatment in the mothers increase the risk of perinatal death and neonatal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Children born to women with TB have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period.     

妊娠合并糖尿病对母婴影响的临床观察

目的:观察妊娠合并糖尿病对母婴的影响。方法:选取住院分娩的妊娠合并糖尿病患者30例做为观察组,随机抽取同期分娩的非妊娠合并糖尿病的孕妇30例作为对照组,比较两组孕妇妊娠高血压病、羊水过多、剖宫产等并发症发生情况,以及围生儿巨大儿、早产、新生儿窒息的发生率等并发症发生情况。结果:观察组并发妊娠高血压病、羊水过多、剖宫产均高于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),巨大儿、早产儿、新生儿窒息、低血糖等均高于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:妊娠期糖尿对母婴健康均有很大危害,病要引起重视,及早诊断与处理,减少母婴并发症的发生。     

孕前体质指数、孕期增重与子代出生体重的关系

目的 探讨孕前体质指数、孕期增重与子代出生体重的关系.方法 选取在妇幼保健机构体检的婴儿母亲,采用问卷调查的方式收集母亲的一般情况、孕期增重及子代出生体重、身长等情况.采用方差分析、x2检验和多因素Logistic回归模型等方法进行数据统计分析.结果 母亲孕前超重/肥胖的检出率为12.3%(199例),孕期增重过高的检出率为52.1%(842例).超重/肥胖组其子代出生体重、巨大儿和大于胎龄儿的发生率均较高(P<0.05),而子代的出生体重、巨大儿发生率、低体重儿发生率、小于胎龄儿发生率以及大于胎龄儿发生率均在孕期增重过高组,增重适宜组和增重不足组间存在差异(P<0.05).在控制了母亲年龄等因素后,孕前超重/肥胖增加了巨大儿(OR=1.7, 95% CI:1.2~2.6)、大于胎龄儿(OR=1.7,95% CI:1.1~2.5)的发生风险,孕期增重过高则增加了巨大儿(OR=1.7,95% CI:1.2~2.5)、大于胎龄儿(OR=1.7,95% CI:1.1~2.4)的发生风险.而孕期增重不足能增加低体重儿(OR=2.2,95% CI:1.1~4.4)、小于胎龄儿(OR=2.0,95% CI:1.2~3.4)的发生风险.结论 母亲孕前体质量指数及孕期增重均与巨大儿和大于胎龄儿的发生密切相关,且孕期增重不足与低体重儿和小于胎龄儿的发生也密切相关.孕期保健应该加强对孕妇体重的监测,防止其对新生儿出生结局产生不良影响.     

孕中期超声宫颈管长度联合血清白蛋白检测对双胎妊娠早产的预测价值

目的 探讨孕中期超声宫颈管长度（CL）联合血清白蛋白（ALB）检测对双胎妊娠早产的预测价值。方法 回顾性分析2019年3月—2022年6月在安徽医科大学附属宿州医院定期产检的113例双胎妊娠孕妇的临床资料,依据是否发生早产分为早产组和非早产组,分别有31和82例。对比两组孕妇的临床资料、超声CL、血清ALB水平。多因素逐步Logistic回归模型分析双胎妊娠早产的相关因素。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,评价超声CL、血清ALB及两者联合预测双胎妊娠早产的价值。结果 两组孕妇年龄、孕前BMI、检查孕周、孕产史、受孕方式、合并妊娠期糖尿病、合并妊娠期高血压、Hb、WBC、PLT、TC、TG、Scr及BUN比较,差异均无统计学意义（P >0.05）。早产组胎膜厚度大于非早产组（P <0.05）,单绒毛膜双羊膜囊占比高于非早产组（P <0.05）。早产组超声CL短于非早产组（P <0.05）,血清ALB水平低于非早产组（P <0.05）。多因素逐步Logistic回归分析,结果显示：胎膜厚度厚［O^R=2.901（95% CI：1.047,8.039）］、超声CL短［O^R=0.299（95% CI：0.108,0.828）］、血清ALB水平低［O^R=0.309（95% CI：0.112,0.857）］是影响双胎妊娠孕妇早产发生的危险因素（P <0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示,超声CL、血清ALB及两者联合对双胎妊娠早产预测的敏感性分别为83.87%（95% CI：0.655,0.939）、87.10%（95% CI：0.692,0.958）、80.65%（95% CI：0.619,0.919）,特异性分别为87.80%（95% CI：0.783,0.937）、71.95%（95% CI：0.608,0.810）、98.78%（95% CI：0.925,0.999）,曲线下面积分别为0.896（95% CI：0.825,0.946）、0.811（95% CI：0.726,0.878）、0.910（95% CI：0.841,0.955）。结论 孕中期超声CL、血清ALB联合检测对双胎妊娠早产的预测效能较高。     

Sex differences in evaluation and outcome of unstable angina

CONTEXT: The existence of sex bias in the delivery of cardiac care is controversial, and little is known about the association between sex and delivery of care and outcomes at an early point in the diagnostic sequence, such as when patients present for the evaluation of chest pain. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that female sex is negatively associated with care delivered to and outcomes of persons diagnosed as having unstable angina. DESIGN: Inception population-based cohort study with an average of 6 years of follow-up. SETTING: Emergency departments (EDs) in Olmsted County, Minnesota. PATIENTS: A total of 2271 Olmsted County residents (1306 men and 965 women) who presented to the ED for the first time with symptoms meeting criteria for unstable angina between 1985 and 1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Use of cardiac procedures within 90 days of ED visit, overall mortality, and cardiac events (cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal cardiac arrest, and congestive heart failure), compared by sex and Agency for Health Care Policy and Research cardiovascular risk category (low, intermediate, or high). RESULTS: Women were older (P<.001), more likely to have a history of hypertension (P = .001), and less likely to present with typical angina (P = .004) than men. Men were more likely than women to undergo noninvasive cardiac tests (relative risk [RR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.40) as well as invasive cardiac procedures (RR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.51-1.97). After adjustment, male sex was associated with a 24% increase in the use of cardiac procedures. Survival of both men and women in the high and intermediate risk categories was significantly lower than expected per the general population (P<.001). Women had a worse outcome than men, but after multivariate adjustment, male sex was associated with a trend toward an increase in the risk of death (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.99-1.54) and significantly associated with increased risk of cardiac events (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03-1.42). CONCLUSIONS: Our population-based data indicate that after an ED visit for symptoms of unstable angina, the use of cardiac procedures was lower in women, but after taking into account baseline characteristics, men experienced worse outcomes.     

Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant

CONTEXT: Neonatal herpes most commonly results from fetal exposure to infected maternal genital secretions at the time of delivery. The risk of transmission from mother to infant as it relates to maternal herpes simplex virus (HSV) serologic status and exposure to HSV in the maternal genital tract at the time of labor has not been quantified. Furthermore, no data exist on whether cesarean delivery, the standard of care for women with genital herpes lesions at the time of delivery, reduces HSV transmission. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of viral shedding, maternal HSV serologic status, and delivery route on the risk of transmission of HSV from mother to infant. DESIGN: Prospective cohort of pregnant women enrolled between January 1982 and December 1999. SETTINGS: A university medical center, a US Army medical center, and 5 community hospitals in Washington State. PATIENTS: A total of 58 362 pregnant women, of whom 40 023 had HSV cultures obtained from the cervix and external genitalia and 31 663 had serum samples tested for HSV. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Rates of neonatal HSV infection. RESULTS: Among the 202 women from whom HSV was isolated at the time of labor, 10 (5%) had neonates with HSV infection (odds ratio [OR], 346; 95% confidence interval [CI], 125-956 for neonatal herpes when HSV was isolated vs not isolated). Cesarean delivery significantly reduced the HSV transmission rate among women from whom HSV was isolated (1 [1.2%] of 85 cesarean vs 9 [7.7%] of 117 vaginal; OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.02-1.08; P =.047). Other risk factors for neonatal HSV included first-episode infection (OR, 33.1; 95% CI, 6.5-168), HSV isolation from the cervix (OR, 32.6; 95% CI, 4.1-260), HSV-1 vs HSV-2 isolation at the time of labor (OR, 16.5; 95% CI, 4.1-65), invasive monitoring (OR, 6.8; 95% CI, 1.4-32), delivery before 38 weeks (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.2-16), and maternal age less than 21 years (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.1-15). Neonatal HSV infection rates per 100 000 live births were 54 (95% CI, 19.8-118) among HSV-seronegative women, 26 (95% CI, 9.3-56) among women who were HSV-1-seropositive only, and 22 (95% CI, 4.4-64) among all HSV-2-seropositive women. CONCLUSION: Neonatal HSV infection rates can be reduced by preventing maternal acquisition of genital HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection near term. It can also be reduced by cesarean delivery and limiting the use of invasive monitors among women shedding HSV at the time of labor.     

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among James Bay Cree women in northern Quebec

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus has been reported to vary widely in aboriginal populations. Most of the data have come from the United States. To help determine the extent of gestational diabetes in Canada's aboriginal population, the authors assessed the prevalence in a population of Cree women in northern Quebec. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria. Information was obtained from patient charts on pregnancies between January 1995 and December 1996 among women residing in 9 Cree communities in the eastern James Bay region of northern Quebec. Women who were not Cree, had pre-existing diabetes, had spontaneous abortion or were receiving glucocorticoid treatment were excluded. RESULTS: Data on 654 pregnancies that met the inclusion criteria were available. Results of the screening oral glucose challenge test were available for 579 of the pregnancies; the remaining 75 were excluded. The mean gestational age at screening was 28.3 (standard deviation 2.6) weeks. The prevalence of gestational diabetes was 12.8% (74/579) (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.1%-15.5%). The prevalence in the inland communities was twice as high as that in the coastal communities (18.0% v. 9.3%, p = 0.002). Women with gestational diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance tended to be older, have had more pregnancies, weigh more before pregnancy and have heavier babies than those with a normal glycemic status. INTERPRETATION: The prevalence of gestational diabetes among James Bay Cree women in northern Quebec is twice as high as that among women in the general North American population and the second highest reported in an aboriginal group worldwide.     

足月新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征高危因素分析

<正>新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(neonatal respiratory distress syndrome,RDS)为肺表面活性物质(PS)缺乏所致,是引起新生儿呼吸衰竭和死亡的常见原因,多见于早产儿,胎龄越小发病率越高,生后数小时出现进行性呼吸困难、青紫、呼吸衰竭等症[1]。因此,探讨足月儿RDS发生的危险因素,对其预防、早期诊断和早期治疗具有重要意义。现将我院新生儿科2009年1月—2014年7月收治的足月儿RDS的资料进行     

鲜胚移植与冻胚移植单胎妊娠孕妇妊娠结局和妊娠并发症比较

目的:对鲜胚移植与冻胚移植后单胎妊娠孕妇的妊娠结局及妊娠并发症进行比较,探讨不同胚胎移植方式的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾性队列研究分析2015年10月至2021年5月在中山大学附属第三医院生殖医学中心首次接受体外受精-胚胎移植且单胎妊娠的3161名孕妇的资料,其中鲜胚移植1009名（鲜胚移植组）、冻胚移植2152名（冻胚移植组）。比较两组的基线特征,并采用logistic回归分析两种移植方案对妊娠结局及妊娠并发症的影响。结果:与鲜胚移植组比较,冻胚移植组分娩孕周增加（P<0.01）,新生儿出生体重增加（P<0.01）,剖宫产率（65.1%与50.7%,AOR=1.791,95%CI:1.421～2.256,P<0.01）、大于胎龄儿（12.7%与9.4%,AOR=1.487,95%CI:1.072～2.064,P<0.05）和巨大儿（5.4%与3.2%,AOR=2.126,95%CI:1.262～3.582,P<0.01）的风险也有所增加。在妊娠并发症方面,冻胚移植组早期流产率（18.5%与16.2%,AOR=1.377,95%CI:1.099～1.725...     

Association of a woman's own birth weight with subsequent risk for gestational diabetes

CONTEXT: Several studies have reported links between reduced fetal growth and subsequent risk for type 2 diabetes among older adults, but the association between indices of fetal growth and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a major complication of pregnancy and a strong predictor of type 2 diabetes, remains little explored. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that a woman's own fetal growth is inversely related to her later risk for GDM. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case-control study of linked hospital discharge and vital record data from the New York State Department of Health. POPULATION: Healthy women who completed their first pregnancies in New York State between 1994 and 1998 and who were also born in New York State. Records from each woman's first pregnancy were linked to those from her own birth (1970-1985). Cases were 440 women with a record of GDM. Controls were 22 955 remaining women with no indication of GDM. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: A woman's own birth weight, alone and adjusted for gestational age. RESULTS: Birth weight showed a U-shaped relationship to a woman's risk of GDM in her first pregnancy, with the highest risks associated with low and high birth weights. Odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for gestational age were 2.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-4.50) for birth weight of less than 2000 g and 1.53 (95% CI, 1.03-2.27) for a birth weight of 4000 g or more. Adjustment for potential confounding factors, particularly prepregnancy body mass index and maternal diabetes, increased the OR for low birth weight to 4.23 (95% CI, 1.55-11.51), but reduced the OR for high birth weight to 0.92 (95% CI, 0.54-1.57), leaving a strong inverse dose-response relationship between birth weight and risk of GDM (adjusted P for trend <.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this large population-based study, a woman's own birth weight was strongly and inversely related to her risk of GDM, suggesting that early life factors may be important in the etiology of this disorder.     

妊娠糖尿病患者血清microRNA-873-5p、ZEB1与胰岛素抵抗、母婴结局的相关性研究

目的 探究妊娠糖尿病（GDM）患者血清microRNA-873-5p(miR-873-5p)、E盒结合锌指蛋白1(ZEB1)与胰岛素抵抗、母婴结局的相关性。方法 选取连云港市第一人民医院2021年1月—2022年6月收治的137例GDM患者为研究组,另选取同期该院体检且一般资料与研究组患者相匹配的137例健康孕妇为对照组。实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（q RT-PCR）检测两组研究对象血清miR-873-5p、ZEB1的表达;Pearson法分析GDM患者血清miR-873-5p、ZEB1与胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）的相关性;多因素一般Logistic回归分析影响GDM患者母婴结局的相关因素;绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析miR-873-5p、ZEB1对GDM患者母婴不良结局的预测效能。结果 研究组患者的空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）及HOMA-IR均高于对照组（P <0.05）;研究组患者血清miR-873-5p、ZEB1水平均高于对照组（P <0.05）;Pearson法分析结果显示,GDM患者血清miR-873-5p表达（r=0.754,P=0.0...     

A meta-analysis of low-dose aspirin for the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertensive disease

BACKGROUND.--Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), defined as either isolated hypertension after the 20th week of gestation or hypertension with proteinuria (preeclampsia), occurs in 5% to 15% of pregnancies and is associated with maternal and neonatal morbidity. Previous clinical trials with small numbers of patients have suggested that aspirin in doses of 60 to 150 mg/d during the second and third trimesters reduces the risk of PIH and improves maternal and neonatal outcomes. OBJECTIVE.--We performed a meta-analysis of the six published controlled trials to estimate more precisely (1) the magnitude of protection of aspirin from PIH; (2) the effect of aspirin on severe low-birth-weight infants, cesarean section, and perinatal mortality; and (3) the risk of adverse effects. METHODS.--We critically and independently evaluated study methods, assigned a quality score to each trial, and abstracted quantitative outcomes data. For each outcome, both relative risk (RR) and the number needed to be treated were calculated. RESULTS.--Among 394 subjects from six trials, the RR of PIH among women who took aspirin was 0.35 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22 to 0.55) and the number needed to be treated was 4.4, meaning that between four and five high-risk women would need to be treated with aspirin to prevent one case of PIH. Aspirin reduced the risk of severe low birth weight among newborns by 44% (RR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.88) and reduced the risk of cesarean section by 66% overall (RR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.48), although the specific indications for cesarean section were generally not described. There was no effect on fetal and neonatal death (RR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.32 to 2.46), and there were no maternal or neonatal adverse effects associated with taking aspirin. CONCLUSION.--This meta-analysis suggests that low-dose aspirin reduces the risks of PIH and severe low birth weight, with no observed risk of maternal or neonatal adverse effects.     

高龄妊娠糖尿病危险因素及其母婴结局分析

  目的  探究本地区高龄妊娠糖尿病(GDM)发生的相关危险因素及母婴结局。  方法  本研究共收集2017年9月—2020年12月在无锡市惠山区人民医院就诊的938例孕妇资料,依据口服葡萄糖耐量试验结果分为4组, A组: 高龄(≥35岁)GDM组64例;B组: 非高龄GDM组188例;C组: 高龄非GDM组112例;D组: 非高龄非GDM组574例。比较4组孕妇的基线资料;以是否发生GDM为因变量,进一步行logistic回归分析研究高龄妊娠糖尿病的独立危险因素并进行对比分析;采用χ2检验比较4组间母婴结局的差异。  结果  GDM中高龄占比25.40%(64/252)。高龄GDM组的BMI(27.89±8.74)、1胎次以上妊娠比例(87.50%)、巨大儿分娩史比例(25.00%)、有DM家族史的比例(12.50%)分别显著高于高龄非GDM组(25.59±2.56、53.57%、8.93%、3.57%)。高龄GDM组的25(OH)D₃[17.76(14.71,20.00)ng/mL]显著低于高龄非GDM组[21.34(15.10, 30.13)ng/mL],多因素分析结果显示,血清25(OH)D₃水平(OR=0.901, 95% CI: 0.815~0.996)和1胎次以上妊娠(OR=6.412, 95% CI: 1.559~26.380)是高龄产妇人群发生GDM的独立影响因素,其中低25(OH)D₃为危险因素。高龄GDM组的剖宫产率(15.63%)、羊水过多率(12.50%)、巨大儿分娩率(9.38%)分别显著高于高龄非GDM组的3.57%、3.57%、1.79%。  结论  孕晚期低25(OH)D₃和1胎次以上妊娠是高龄孕妇人群发生GDM的独立危险因素,高龄孕妇患GDM有较高的母婴不良妊娠结局风险,临床应多关注。