乳腺癌组织中CD44v6和MMP-2的表达及其与淋巴结转移的关系

目的:检测CD44v6、MMP-2在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达情况,探讨它们与淋巴结转移的关系。方法:采用免疫组化SP法检测100例乳腺浸润性导管癌中CD44v6、MMP-2的表达情况。结果:CD44v6蛋白在正常乳腺组织及乳腺浸润性导管癌中的阳性表达率分别为12.5%(5/40)、87%(87/100),CD44v6在淋巴结转移组中的阳性表达率(56/60)明显高于无淋巴结转移组(P<0.05)。MMP-2蛋白在正常乳腺组织及乳腺浸润性导管癌中的阳性表达率分别为0(0/40)、94%(94/100),MMP-2在淋巴结转移组中的阳性表达率(59/60)明显高于无淋巴结转移组(P<0.05)。结论:CD44v6、MMP-2蛋白在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织高表达,且均与淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),联合检测CD44v6与MMP-2有助于综合判断乳腺浸润性导管癌的恶性程度和转移潜能。     

Ezrin在乳腺癌发生发展中的表达及意义

目的:探讨Ezrin在乳腺癌发生、发展中的作用,研究其在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义.方法:应用免疫组化SP法测定Ezrin的表达,所有实验数据录入计算机,用SPSS13.0进行统计学分析.结果:Ezrin异常阳性表达率在乳腺普通导管增生、不典型导管增生、导管内癌、浸润性导管癌中分别为21.4%、25.0%、44.4%、70.3%,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01).比较普通导管增生组(21.4%)与不典型增生组(25.0%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).而导管内癌组(44.4%)与浸润性导管癌组(70.3%)间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).乳腺增生组(23.1%)与乳腺癌组(64.6%)比较,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01).在浸润性导管癌中,Ezrin高表达与患者年龄无关(P>0.05),与原发肿瘤大小、组织学分级、临床TNM分期、腋淋巴结转移均有关(P＜0.05),同时随着淋巴结转移数目增多,Ezrin异常阳性表达率增高(P＜0.05).结论:Ezrin高表达参与乳腺癌的发生、发展,与原发肿瘤大小、组织学分级、临床TNM分期、腋淋巴结转移等预后指标有关,提示检测Ezrin可作为判定乳腺癌发生、发展及预后的可靠指标.     

MMP-2、VEGF和PTEN在乳腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-2)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和抑癌基因PTEN在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与乳腺癌浸润和转移的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学方法,对50例乳腺癌(有腋淋巴结转移者22例,无腋淋巴结转移者28例)的MMP-2、VEGF和PTEN的表达情况进行检测分析,并用多因素COX比例风险模型分析患者的预后。结果MMP-2、VEGF、PTEN在腋淋巴结转移组和无转移组的表达均具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。MMP-2和VEGF与乳腺癌腋淋巴结转移呈正相关,而PTEN与乳腺癌腋淋巴结转移呈负相关。结论在乳腺癌组织中,MMP-2与VEGF的过表达和PTEN的缺失可能提示腋淋巴结转移,可以作为乳腺癌的预后指标。     

乳腺癌组织中eIF4E蛋白表达及其意义

目的 探讨eIF4E蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其意义.方法 采用免疫组化S-P法检测30例乳腺纤维腺瘤组织、54例乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中的eIF4E蛋白表达情况,并分析其与淋巴结转移的关系.结果 乳腺纤维腺瘤组织及浸润性导管癌组织中eIF4E蛋白的阳性表达率分别为46.67%(14/30)和88.89%(48/54),比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).乳腺浸润性导管癌中,有淋巴结转移者eIF4E蛋白的阳性表达率为100.00%(33/33),无淋巴结转移者其阳性表达率为71.43%(15/21),比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 eIF4E蛋白的异常表达与乳腺浸润性导管癌的发生、发展及转移有关.     

老年女性乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中分化抑制因子1的表达及意义

目的探讨老年女性乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中分化抑制因子1(Id~(-1))的表达及意义。方法选择45例老年女性乳腺浸润性导管癌标本(研究组)和30例乳腺良性病变标本(对照组),应用免疫组织化学方法检测Id~(-1)的表达,并进行半定量评分,分析Id~(-1)表达与老年女性乳腺浸润性导管癌淋巴结转移、组织学分级及雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)之间的关系。结果研究组患者中Id~(-1)阳性表达率为80.0%,显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌组织中Id~(-1)阳性表达率显著高于无淋巴结转移者,组织学分级Ⅲ级患者的Id~(-1)阳性表达率显著高于Ⅰ~Ⅱ级者,ER、PR阳性患者的Id~(-1)阳性表达率明显低于阴性者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 Id~(-1)过表达可能与老年乳腺浸润性导管癌的发生、发展及恶性生物学行为密切相关,检测Id~(-1)表达对老年乳腺浸润性导管癌的诊治及预后判断有重要价值。     

ATF-3在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨激活转录因子-3(ATF-3)在乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义.方法:采用免疫组化法检测ATF-3在乳腺浸润性导管癌、导管原位癌和癌旁乳腺组织中的表达情况及其与乳腺癌临床病理特征间的关系.结果:ATF-3在乳腺浸润性导管癌、导管原位癌及癌旁乳腺组织中的阳性表达率分别为80.95%(85/105)、48.98%(24/49)和11.43%(12/105),乳腺浸润性导管癌组ATF-3的阳性表达率显著高于导管原位癌组和癌旁乳腺组织,导管原位癌组ATF-3的阳性表达率显著高于癌旁乳腺组织,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.0167).ATF-3的表达与乳腺癌的组织学分级、淋巴结转移及临床分期相关,而与患者年龄及肿瘤大小无关.结论:ATF-3与乳腺癌的发生、发展、侵袭和转移有关,可能作为预测乳腺癌恶性程度和评估乳腺癌患者预后的重要指标.     

ASAP3在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:研究乳腺浸润性导管癌中ASAP3的表达,分析其与乳腺浸润性导管癌临床病理学特征的关系。方法:采用免疫组化方法检测139例乳腺浸润性导管癌及配对50例癌旁乳腺组织中ASAP3的表达情况,并分析ASAP3表达与乳腺癌患者临床病理因素及弹性评分的相关性。结果:ASAP3在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的阳性表达率为59.0%（82/139）,在配对的癌旁组织中的阳性表达率为4.0%（2/50）,ASAP3在乳腺癌中的表达明显高于癌旁乳腺组织(P<0.01)。ASAP3表达与乳腺浸润性导管癌的淋巴结转移、原发灶组织学分级及TNM分期相关（P<0.05）,与肿瘤大小、患者年龄、月经状态无明显相关性（P>0.05）。ASAP3与乳腺癌原发灶弹性评分相关（P<0.05）。结论:ASAP3是乳腺浸润性导管癌发生及进展的重要分子,且与肿瘤硬度有相关性。     

Robo1蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达及其与乳腺癌脑转移的关系

目的 检测Robo1蛋白在不同乳腺肿瘤组织中的表达情况,并探讨Robo1蛋白的表达与乳腺癌脑转移的关系.方法 采用链霉素抗生物素蛋白-生物素(LSAB)法,对24例发生脑转移的乳腺浸润性导管癌、71例未发生脑转移的乳腺浸润性导管癌、22例乳腺导管内癌和23例乳腺纤维腺瘤组织中Robo1蛋白的表达情况进行检测.结果 Robo1蛋白在导管内癌和浸润性导管癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为59.1%和45.3%,均明显低于其在纤维腺瘤组织中的阳性表达率(87.0%,P＜0.05).Robo1蛋白在有脑转移的浸润性导管癌组织中的阳性表达率为12.5%,明显低于其在无脑转移的浸润性导管癌中的阳性表达率(56.3%,P＜0.05).Robo1蛋白在＞50岁乳腺浸润性导管癌患者中的阳性表达率为57.8%,明显高于其在≤50岁乳腺浸润性导管癌患者中的阳性表达率(34.0%,P＜0.05).Robo1蛋白阴性表达患者的5年生存率为57.7%,明显低于阳性表达的患者(83.7%,P<0.05).Robo1蛋白在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达与肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移状态、病理学分期、组织学分级以及临床分期均无关(均P＞0.05).结论 Robo1蛋白在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达与脑转移呈负相关,与患者的发病年龄及预后呈正相关,可成为判断乳腺癌预后和脑转移的分子标志物.

Abstract：

Objective To detect the expression of Robo1 in different breast tumors and its association with the breast cancer brain metastasis. Methods Labelled streptavidin-biotin (LSAB) staining was used to examine the Robo1 expression in specimens from 24 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC)with brain metastasis, 71 cases of IDC without brain metastasis, 22 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 23 cases of fibroadenoma. Results The expression pattern of Robo1 in DCIS (59.1%) and IDC (45.3%) was significantly lower than that in adenofibroma (87.0%, P<0.05). The expression of Robo1 in IDC with brain metastasis (12.5%) was significantly lower than that in IDC without brain metastasis (56.3%, P<0.05). The expression of Robo1 was much higher in more than 50 year-old-group (57.8%) than that in less than 50 year-old-group (34.0%) of IDC patients. The overall survival time in patients with the Robo1 negative expression was significantly shorter than those with positive expression (P<0.05). No correlation was found between the Robo1 expression and the tumor size, lymph node metastasis, pathologic stage, histological grade and clinical stage (P>0.05). Conclusions The Robo1 expression correlates negatively with IDC brain metastasis, and correlates positively with the age and prognosis of IDC patients. Robo1 may be applied as a marker in evaluation of the IDC prognosis and brain metastasis.     

乳腺癌组织中Tuberin和磷酸化Girdin蛋白的表达及临床意义

目的探讨乳腺癌组织中Tuberin和磷酸化Girdin(p-Girdin)蛋白的表达及其与乳腺癌临床病理特征和分子分型的关系。方法应用免疫组化Envision法检测102例乳腺非特殊型浸润性导管癌、52例乳腺导管原位癌、31例乳腺纤维腺瘤组织中Tuberin及p-Girdin蛋白的表达情况。结果 Tuberin在乳腺非特殊型浸润性导管癌、乳腺导管原位癌、乳腺纤维腺瘤组织中的阳性表达率分别为33.3%、59.6%和77.4%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Tuberin与乳腺非特殊型浸润性导管癌患者年龄、病理学分期、组织学分级、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、人表皮生长因子受体(HER-2)无关(P>0.05)。Tuberin在管腔A型、管腔B型、HER-2(+)型和三阴性乳腺非特殊浸润性导管癌中的阳性表达率分别为34.0%、40.0%、31.3%和21.4%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。p-Girdin在乳腺非特殊型浸润性导管癌、乳腺导管原位癌和乳腺纤维腺瘤组织中的阳性表达率分别为64.7%、38.4%和22.6%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。p-Girdin与乳腺非特殊型浸润性导管癌的病理学分期、淋巴结转移数及HER-2状态呈正相关(P<0.05),与患者年龄、组织学分级、肿瘤大小、ER、PR无相关性(P>0.05)。p-Girdin在乳腺非特殊浸润性导管癌的四种分子分型中的阳性表达率分别为57.4%、92.0%、62.5%和42.9%,差异有统计学意义(P>0.05)。Tuberin与p-Girdin在乳腺非特殊浸润性导管癌中的表达无关(P>0.05)。结论乳腺癌组织中Tuberin的表达明显降低,可能具有抑制乳腺癌增殖、侵袭、转移的作用,而p-Girdin的表达可能与乳腺癌的恶性进展密切相关。     

ezrin与乳腺浸润性导管癌发生发展及预后的关系

目的 探讨ezrin蛋白在乳腺浸润性导管癌及导管内增生性病变中的表达及其临床病理意义.方法 采用免疫组织化学方法,检测临床病理及随访资料完整的88例乳腺浸润性导管癌和54例导管内增生性病变组织中ezrin的表达情况,分析其与CD44v6、E-cadherin表达的关系及其临床病理意义;采用Kaplan-Meier法和Cox回归模型分析ezrin表达与乳腺导管浸润癌患者预后的关系.结果免疫组化染色结果显示,在乳腺正常导管上皮、普通型导管增生、不典型导管增生和浸润性导管癌组织中,ezrin的强阳性表达率分别为9.1%、16.7%、43.3%和64.8%.ezrin在乳腺不典型导管增生和浸润性导管癌组织中的强阳性表达率明显高于乳腺普通型导管增生和正常导管上皮组织(P＜0.05),而在浸润性导管癌组织中的强阳性表达率亦明显高于不典型导管增生组织(P＜0.05).在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中,ezrin强阳性表达率与腋窝淋巴结转移状况、组织学分级、TNM分期及CD44v6的表达呈正相关,与E-cadherin的表达呈负相关(P＜0.05).ezrin强阳性表达组患者的术后生存时间明显短于阴性组(P＜0.05).结论 ezrin可能在乳腺浸润性导管癌的发生、发展中发挥重要作用,ezrin强阳性表达提示乳腺浸润性导管癌患者的预后较差.     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Increased apoptosis in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by ceramides in transferrin-modified liposomes

Lysosomes are a promising therapeutic target for induction apoptosis in cancer cells due to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) leading to leakage of hydrolytic enzymes, especially the cathepsins, into the cytoplasm. We hypothesized that with the modification of the ceramide-loaded liposomes with transferrin (Tf), we would achieve both tumor targeting and increased delivery of lysosome-destabilizing agents, such as ceramides to lysosomes, to initiate LMP-induced apoptosis. We prepared Tf-modified (TL) and plain (PL) liposomes and loaded with short (C6)- or long (C16) N-acyl chain ceramides. Uptake, intracellular localization of liposomes, stability of the lysosomal membrane and release of cathepsin D were investigated on Hela cells by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was evaluated by binding of fluorescently-labeled Annexin V. Antitumor and pro-apoptotic effects of C6Cer-loaded Tf-liposomes were demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. TL were internalized specifically via the TfR-dependent endocytic pathway and localized within the endosome-lysosomal compartment. Ceramide-loaded Tf-liposomes significantly increased apoptosis compared with ceramide-free and ceramide-loaded non-modified liposomes. The treatment of cancer cells with TL led to increased LMP and cytoplasmic relocation of the intralysosomal cathepsin D. A strong antitumor and pro-apoptotic effect of C6Cer-loaded TL was also demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. The lysosomal accumulation of ceramides delivered by Tf-liposomes initiates the permeabilization of the lysosomal membranes required for the release of lysosomal cathepsins into the cytoplasm and initiation of the cancer cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo.     

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Advances in cancer epidemiology in Japan

Epidemiologists in Japan have been performing calculations to estimate nationwide cancer incidence rates as well as 5‐year survival rates using population‐based cancer registry data. There have been remarkable changes in cancer incidence and/or mortality in cancers of the lung, liver and stomach, which were thought to be attributed to the changing impact of exposure to cigarette smoking, chronic hepatitis C virus infection and Helicobacter pylori infection, respectively. In systematic reviews providing evidence in risk/protective factors for cancer sites using case–control and cohort studies of the Japanese population, there were associations between cancer sites (esophagus, stomach, colo‐rectum, liver, pancreas, lung and breast) and various lifestyle factors. In the past 10 years, a hospital‐based case–control study at Aichi Cancer Center provided valuable evidence of gene‐environment interaction on the development of cancer [i.e., the effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on esophageal cancer, ALDH2 polymorphism and smoking on lung cancer, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on pancreatic cancer]. The database with stored DNA was also used and identified seven loci containing significant but low‐penetrance polymorphisms associated with the development of breast cancer. These findings together with established risk factors are likely to be useful to predict personalized breast cancer risk in East Asian women. In 2005, the Japan Multi‐Institution Collaborative Cohort (J‐MICC) study was launched to elucidate gene‐environment interactions as well as to confirm preclinical diagnostic biomarkers of cancer. J‐MICC, which has recruited 92,000 healthy individuals by the end of 2012, will follow the individuals until 2025.     

Socioeconomic factors in cancer in Sweden

It is well known that certain cancers have shown clustering in socioeconomic groups, but limited data are available on recent results and time trends in such clustering. We determined standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for cancer, adjusted for age, period, region, parity and age at first childbirth among men and women in 6 socioeconomic groups based on the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Persons had to be identified with the same socioeconomic status in the census of years 1960 and 1970, or of years 1960, 1970 and 1980; the comparison group was all people according to the same censuses. Cancers were followed from years 1970 to 1998 or from 1980 to 1998. Both increased and decreased SIRs were found, and a consistent pattern emerged, although the overall SIRs for cancer did not differ much, the lowest being for farmers (0.85) and the highest for professional men (1.07) and women (1.11). At individual sites, manual workers were at risk of tobacco-, alcohol- and occupation- and human papilloma virus-related cancers and at a decreased risk at most other cancers. Manual workers and farmers showed an excess of stomach cancer; professionals had an excess of melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer. Male and female SIRs correlated highly for manual and blue-collar workers and for professionals. The overall population-attributable fraction for selected sites was 16.7% for men and 10.9% for women and it was highest, over 50%, for lung cancer in both genders.     

Survey of changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China and to determine the need for encouraging the adherence to a sensible diet among such patients.Methods A total of 468 cancer patients were interviewed using a self-designed questionnaire focusing on changes in the intake of specific foods. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results Most patients completely avoided roosters and carp(73.1%), condiments(51.9%), and meat of aquatic species(40.4%). All other types of the specific foods were completely avoided by different subpopulations of the patients.Conclusion In addition to focusing on disease treatment, medical professionals need to help cancer patients overcome barriers associated with the customs of avoiding specific foods encompassed by the term ”fawu” and provide them with dietary guidance in order to prevent negative nutritional effects.     

整合素在急性白血病中的研究进展

急性白血病是一种早期造血干/祖细咆的恶性克隆性疾病.微小残留病和耐药被认为是其复发和难治的根源.近来,越来越多的证据显示白血病细胞通过与骨髓微环境中的基质细胞或细胞外基质相互作用促进其存活,并增强其对常规化疗药物的耐药.整合素是介导细胞与细胞外基质（细胞与非细胞成分）粘连的最主要黏附分子,在细胞增殖、存活等生物学过程中发挥关键作用,但作用机制尚不完全清楚.现就目前揭示的整合素及肿瘤微环境在急性白血病发生、发展中的作用进行综述.     

Foreign bodies in ENT in a teaching hospital in Eastern India

Objective

To evaluate the nature, common sites, modes of presentation of various foreign bodies (FB) in Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT).

Materials and methods

Observational retrospective study carried out at Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan. The study period was between Jan 2006 to Jan 2007. The information obtained from the hospital record books.

Results

Four hundred and eighty-two patients presented in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, in the study period with FB in their ENT. Out of 482 pts, the commonest location of FB was to be in throat with 302 pts (62%) followed by ear with 119 pts (25%) and nose 61 pts (13%). Amongst the FB in throat the commonest was fish bone and the commonest site being tonsils. Artificial denture accounted for a significant number of 13 (4.3%). External auditory canal was the commonest site of FB lodgment in ear found in 118 patients (99.16%). Nasal FB were found in 61 patients; more common in pediatric age group (98.36%).

Conclusion

From this study we have found that FB lodgement is a very common complaint with which patients come to otolaryngologist. The commonest site of FB lodgement is in the throat. Most of the FB could be removed in emergency room (ER) with or without Local Anesthesia.