椎体淋巴瘤MRI及PET临床应用价值

目的探讨椎体淋巴瘤MRI及正电子发射体层成像(PET)的影像特征及临床应用价值。资料与方法回顾性分析经病理证实的15例椎体淋巴瘤患者的MRI和PET表现,原发性骨淋巴瘤6例,继发性9例。结果MRI:原发性6例均为单一椎体压缩性骨折伴局部硬膜外和/或椎体旁软组织肿块,软组织范围超过病变椎体;继发性9例均为多椎体压缩性改变,7例伴硬膜外和/或椎体旁软组织肿块。椎体病变T1WI呈等或混杂信号,T2WI呈稍高信号。软组织肿块T1WI呈等/低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,明显均匀强化5例,轻度均匀强化8例。PET:原发性6例均为术后PET检查,1例术后2个月显示局部复发,5例无异常;继发性9例(术前6例、术后3例)PET显示多椎体、淋巴结及脾葡萄糖代谢异常增高。结论椎体原发性淋巴瘤多为单椎体病变;继发性常为多椎体受累,两者均可伴硬膜外和/或椎体旁软组织肿块。椎体淋巴瘤MRI、PET表现无特异性,MRI能清晰显示椎管内病灶与脊髓的关系,PET对鉴别原发性与继发性淋巴瘤有重要价值。     

脊柱转移瘤的MR诊断（附56例分析）

目的 :探讨脊柱转移瘤的MRI表现特点和鉴别诊断。材料和方法 :回顾性分析 5 6例经临床或病理证实的脊柱转移瘤MRI表现。结果 :5 6例中 ,共累及 185节椎体。 5 4例 ( 96.4% )多椎体受累。 14 1节 ( 76.2 % )椎体和附件同时受累。164节 ( 88.6% )椎体前 /后缘隆突。 65节脊椎压缩骨折中 ,47节 ( 72 .3 % )脊椎呈盘状压缩骨折。 14 2节附件破坏中 10 3节( 72 .5 % )附件外形粗大。 5 6例中 ,3 2例 ( 5 7.1% )可见跳跃征。结论 :脊椎转移瘤有其特征性MR表现 ,故其有助于早期诊断和鉴别诊断。     

脊椎转移瘤的MR征象分析（附32例报告）

目的分析脊椎转移瘤的MRI表现,探讨其影像学特征性改变。方法分析32例经病理和临床证实的脊椎转移瘤的MR表现,分别观察其形态改变,椎体骨髓信号特点、类型,骨皮质破坏与椎旁软组织肿块及跳跃征。结果32例脊椎转移瘤共82个椎体受累,19个椎体病理性骨折,16个椎体后缘骨皮质弧形膨隆。MR信号改变椎体局灶型44个,弥漫型36个,斑片型2个,椎旁肿块17例,椎弓破坏13例,跳跃征15例。结论局灶性与弥漫型信号改变是脊椎转移瘤椎体常见信号异常,跳跃征、椎体后缘骨破坏与肿块是其特征性表现,多征象综合分析是正确诊断本病的关键。     

脊椎骨髓炎的MRI诊断

目的确定MRI对脊椎骨髓炎的诊断价值.方法对26例经临床或手术病理证实的脊椎骨髓炎的MR影像表现进行回顾性分析.MR检查方法为矢状位和轴位常规SE序列T1WI及T2WI,Gd-DTPA T1WI.结果26例患者中,单纯脊椎骨髓炎3例,相邻椎体及椎间盘受累9例,相邻椎体,椎间盘及椎旁软组织受累12例,合并硬膜外脓肿2例.病变椎体和椎间盘MRI表现为长T1、长T2信号,椎旁软组织呈等T1、长T2信号.病变椎体、椎间盘和椎旁软组织影可见不同程度的异常强化.结论MRI对脊椎骨髓炎的早期诊断和指导治疗具有重要意义.     

脊椎骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像学表现(附10例分析)

目的　为了提高对脊椎骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的认识。方法　回顾分析 10例手术病理证实的脊椎嗜酸性肉芽肿的X线、CT及MRI的表现。结果　椎体呈溶骨性破坏 7例 ,囊性破坏 3例 ,椎间隙不同程度变窄或消失 ,部分椎弓及椎旁软组织受累。结论　椎体破坏与椎弓受累、椎间隙改变及椎旁软组织肿块不成比例 ,破坏区内可残存小骨碎片而无死骨存在等 ,可作为脊椎骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的主要特征表现     

布氏杆菌脊柱炎与脊柱结核的MRI鉴别诊断

目的 :比较布氏杆菌脊柱炎与脊柱结核的MRI表现差异,提高对这2种疾病的诊断及鉴别诊断水平。方法 :收集经MRI检查并被手术病理或临床随访证实的布氏杆菌脊柱炎患者15例、脊柱结核患者20例,对这2种疾病的MRI表现进行回顾性比较分析。结果:MRI显示,15例布氏杆菌脊柱炎患者中,12例椎间盘有异常信号,表现为条形T2WI高信号;11例椎间隙无狭窄;36个受累椎体,形态接近正常24个;无椎旁软组织内脓肿;12例椎管内硬膜外软组织肿胀,其内脓肿范围小,硬脊膜受累,范围广超过病变椎体水平。20例脊柱结核患者中,6例椎间盘正常结构消失;10例椎间隙有狭窄,其中6例椎间隙明显变窄,4例椎间隙消失;43个受累椎体,形态异常37个,形态正常6个;15例表现为椎旁脓肿形成,5例未见脓肿形成;3例椎管内硬膜外脓肿,范围未超过病变椎体水平。结论:根据病变椎间盘内异常信号、椎间隙有无狭窄、椎体形态、椎旁有无脓肿及硬膜外脓肿侵犯范围的MRI表现,可提高对布氏杆菌脊柱炎和脊柱结核的诊断及鉴别诊断水平,减少误诊率。     

股骨骨旁骨肉瘤的影像学表现及误诊分析(附6例报告)

骨旁骨肉瘤又称皮质旁骨肉瘤,约占恶性骨肿瘤的1%,可能来自具有生骨能力的骨膜结缔组织,是一种低度恶性原发骨肿瘤。发生在股骨的骨旁骨肉瘤形态各异,有时与骨化性肌炎及骨软骨瘤恶变难以鉴别,笔者通过回顾性分析6例股骨骨旁骨肉瘤的影像学表现,以期提高其诊断符合率。1资料和方法收集我院1980~2005年经病理证实的股骨骨旁骨肉瘤6例,发生于骨干、股骨下端及腘窝各2例。其中男2例,女4例,年龄25~48岁,平均36·5岁。临床大部以无痛或疼痛轻微、缓慢生长的局部肿块就诊,肿瘤位于股骨远端后侧或腘窝者可有轻度膝关节屈曲功能障碍。全部病人行X线…     

脊椎结核的MRI诊断价值与脊椎转移瘤对照研究

目的探讨MRI对脊椎结核的诊断价值。材料与方法对13例脊椎结核行矢状位T1WI、T2WI、DWI、FAST准T2WI及轴位T1WI成像;7例行Gd-DTPA增强。随机抽取30例脊椎转移瘤作对照组。观察两组病变椎体、终板、椎间盘和周围软组织的信号变化和增强后改变。结果(1)MRI对鉴别椎体骨炎和转移瘤性椎体骨浸润价值较大;(2)骨内与椎旁冷脓肿形成及椎间盘改变是脊柱结核的典型删表现;(3)Gd-DTPA增强可清楚显示冷脓肿周围纤维肉芽组织及椎管内侵犯;(4)终板破坏常见于脊椎结核。结论MRI对脊椎结核与脊椎转移瘤有较大鉴别诊断价值,对早期和不典型脊椎结核的诊断亦有较大价值。     

布氏杆菌性脊柱炎的CT及MRI表现

目的 :探讨布氏杆菌性脊柱炎的CT、MRI表现及鉴别诊断,从而提高对该病的认识及诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析8例经临床或病理证实的布氏杆菌性脊柱炎患者的CT及MRI表现,并复习文献。结果:8例中,1例单椎体受累,7例为2个相邻椎体受累,以L4椎体感染机会最多见。CT表现:椎体骨质破坏多从边缘开始,表现为小类圆形或斑片状低密度灶,2例骨破坏早期病灶周围无骨质增生硬化,6例慢性期病灶周围骨质广泛性增生硬化,5例出现典型的"花边椎",2例可见椎小关节破坏及棘突骨膜增生。MRI表现:6例椎体破坏区T1WI呈低、等信号,T2WI呈等、高信号;2例椎体骨质破坏区T1WI为低信号、T2WI呈混杂信号改变;椎间盘破坏呈低信号,椎间隙变窄;6例椎旁脓肿T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号,边界清晰,脓肿较局限,无钙化及流注趋势,其中3例并发椎管内硬膜外脓肿,脓肿壁厚薄不均,增强扫描骨质破坏区及脓肿壁中度至明显强化。结论:布氏杆菌性脊柱炎的CT及MRI表现具有一定的特征性,结合流行病学特点及实验室检查基本能明确诊断。     

布鲁氏菌性脊柱炎的CT、MRI表现

目的 :探讨布鲁氏菌性脊柱炎的CT及MRI表现,以提高对该病的影像学诊断水平。方法 :收集15例经临床、实验室检查或病理证实的布鲁氏菌性脊柱炎,分析其CT及MRI表现。结果:15例共31个椎体受累,2个椎体病变11例,单个椎体受累2例,多个椎体受累2例,L4椎体受累最多见;CT示病变椎体骨质破坏,主要发生在椎体边缘,表现为小类圆形或斑片状低密度区,慢性期骨破坏区周围可见骨质增生硬化,7例增生的骨质出现部分"虫蚀样"破坏,椎体边缘呈"花边状";11例伴相邻椎间盘破坏,椎间隙变窄;9例出现椎旁脓肿。MRI示椎体破坏区T1WI呈低信号,T2WI及T2WI压脂呈高信号,骨质破坏区由于肉芽组织增生增强扫描呈轻中度强化;周围骨质硬化区T1WI、T2WI均呈低信号。结论 :布鲁氏菌性脊柱炎的CT及MRI表现具有一定特征性,结合流行病学特点及实验室检查能明确诊断。     

Isolated solitary vertebral body tuberculosis--study of seven cases

AIM: To describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in isolated solitary vertebral body tuberculosis. Also to emphasize tuberculosis as an important entity, besides neoplasms, in the differential diagnosis of pathologies involving a single vertebral body. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical and imaging features of seven patients (four men and three women; age range 18-60 years), with proved solitary vertebral body tuberculosis were retrospectively studied. RESULTS: Isolated solitary vertebral body tuberculosis is seen in only 1.69% of the total proven cases of spine tuberculosis seen in our institute between 1993 and 2002. All patients presented with constitutional symptoms and localized pain and tenderness. MRI showed decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted images and increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Cortical break was seen in three patients of whom epidural and pre-vertebral extensions were seen in one each. CONCLUSIONS: Although tuberculosis affecting a solitary vertebral body is rare it should be considered as an important differential diagnosis, besides neoplasms. In these cases MRI serves as the best imaging technique available for diagnosis. However, confirmation can only be made on histopathology or culture of the specimen.     

Primary vertebral osteosarcoma: imaging findings

PURPOSE: To evaluate patient age and sex and location and imaging appearances of primary vertebral osteosarcoma (PVOS) compared with histologic subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review (1915-2001) of imaging findings in patients with histologically proved primary osteosarcoma of vertebral column was performed. Two radiologists in consensus reviewed findings for location, origin site, matrix pattern, and spinal canal invasion and compared them with histologic subtypes. Radiation-induced, Paget, metastatic, and multifocal osteosarcoma were excluded. RESULTS: Of 4,887 osteosarcoma cases, 198 (4%) were PVOS arising from vertebral column. There were 103 female and 95 male patients (age range, 8-80 years; median age, 34.5 years). Involvement included cervical (27 patients), thoracic (66 patients), lumbar (64 patients), and sacral (41 patients) spine. Adequate imaging findings were available in 69 patients, and involvement of two levels was seen in 12 (17%). In nonsacral spine, most tumors (44 cases) arose from posterior elements, with partial involvement of vertebral body. Lesions confined to vertebral body were less frequent (12 cases). Sacral tumors involved body and sacral ala. The most common histologic subtypes were osteoblastic (47 patients), chondroblastic (12 patients), telangiectatic (four patients), fibroblastic (four patients), small cell (one patient), and epithelioid (one patient). The majority (55 cases) demonstrated osteoid matrix mineralization; 17 showed marked mineralization. Five cases with marked mineralization were confined to vertebral body, with "ivory vertebra" appearance. Purely lytic pattern was seen in 14 (20%) cases. Lytic pattern was seen in four (100%) telangiectatic, three (75%) fibroblastic, three (25%) chondroblastic, three (6%) conventional osteoblastic, and one (100%) small-cell subtypes. Invasion of spinal canal was common (84% of cases). Appearance simulating osteoblastoma without soft-tissue mass was present (seven cases). Pathologic compression fractures were identified (seven patients). CONCLUSION: This study provides age and sex distribution and location and imaging features in a large series of PVOS.     

化脓性脊椎炎与结核性脊椎炎的MRI鉴别

目的:提高化脓性脊椎炎(PS)与结核性脊椎炎(TBS)的MRI鉴别诊断水平。方法:收集经手术/局部病灶穿刺活检病理证实或临床随访证实的20例化脓性脊椎炎和30例结核性脊椎炎,比较其MRI表现,用χ2检验进行统计学分析。结果:以下MRI表现PS与TBS之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05):胸椎受累(PS为14.3%,TBS为56.9%);腰椎受累(68.6%,33.8%);病变椎体破坏变形(0,56.7%);椎旁软组织受累(30%,70%);椎旁脓肿形成(0,70%);韧带下蔓延(20%,63.3%);T2WI高信号(35%,70%)。结论:MRI检查能够为PS与TBS的鉴别提供可靠信息。     

Different radiological findings with the same pathologic diagnosis due to different age in primary osteosarcoma

PURPOSE: To examine the imaging characteristics of osteoblastic osteosarcoma in older patients, we compared them with those in adolescents because the radiological features of osteosarcoma can be atypical in elderly patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 29 cases of adolescent patients and 12 patients older than 40 years of age were reviewed. All cases were pathologically confirmed as osteoblastic osteosarcoma. The comparative factors were tumor location, plain radiological features including periosteal reactions, and the degree of soft tissue mass with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. RESULTS: Older patients demonstrated frequent osteolytic findings (83.3%), and none of the tumors showed a significant major periosteal reaction. Seven (58.3%) of the 12 tumors had no soft tissue mass (grade 0) and only three (25%) had a grade 3 mass. The differences in the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: In older patients, primary osteosarcoma should be considered when making a differential diagnosis of osteolytic lesions without any periosteal reactions and small soft-tissue extensions. In cases with atypical findings, the morphology of specimens (aspiration, core, or surgical biopsy) from the lesion should be recommended when making an accurate diagnosis.     

Discrimination of metastatic from acute osteoporotic compression spinal fractures with MR imaging.

A study was performed to determine which magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings are useful in discrimination between metastatic compression fractures and acute osteoporotic compression fractures of the spine. The MR imaging findings in 27 patients with metastatic compression fractures and 55 patients with acute osteoporotic compression fractures were compared by using the chi(2) test. MR imaging findings suggestive of metastatic compression fractures were as follows: a convex posterior border of the vertebral body, abnormal signal intensity of the pedicle or posterior element, an epidural mass, an encasing epidural mass, a focal paraspinal mass, and other spinal metastases. MR imaging findings suggestive of acute osteoporotic compression fractures were as follows: a low-signal-intensity band on T1- and T2-weighted images, spared normal bone marrow signal intensity of the vertebral body, retropulsion of a posterior bone fragment, and multiple compression fractures. The signal intensity on fast spin-echo T2-weighted images obtained without fat suppression played little role in distinguishing between metastatic compression fractures and acute osteoporotic compression fractures. Copyright RSNA, 2003.     

Bildgebung extraduraler Raumforderungen

There is a wide variety of spinal extradural tumors. In addition to real neoplasms, degenerative diseases, congenital abnormalities and inflammatory disorders can be causes of extradural masses. Due to the bony boundary of the spinal canal, both benign as well as malignant masses can cause progressive neurological deficits including paraplegia. Most of the spinal tumors are benign (hemangioma of the vertebral body, degenerative diseases). In younger patients congenital abnormalities and primary tumors of the spine have to be considered, whereas in adults the list of differential diagnoses should include secondary malignancies such as metastases and lymphomas as well as metabolic disorders such as osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture and Paget's disease. Cross-sectional imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) of the spine often help to make a specific diagnosis of extradural spinal lesions and represent important tools for tumor staging and preoperative evaluation.     

Imaging features of spinal osteoid osteoma with emphasis on MRI findings

A retrospective evaluation of the imaging of 13 patients with a diagnosis of osteoid osteoma (OO) of the spine was undertaken. Available imaging included radiographs (n=10), computed tomography (CT) (n=13), bone scintigraphy (n=5) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n=13). MRI features evaluated were pattern of neural arch and vertebral body oedema and the presence of an identifiable nidus. MRI features were correlated with other available imaging. There were seven males and six females with an age range of 8–59 years. On radiographs, scoliosis was present in ten and a sclerotic pedicle in nine patients. Focal increased uptake on bone scintigraphy consistent with OO was seen in all five patients where scintigraphy was available. On CT, a nidus was identified in all patients and reactive sclerosis was seen in 12. MRI demonstrated the nidus in eight patients and unilateral neural arch oedema with anterior extension to involve the ipsilateral posterolateral vertebral body in 11. When MRI is performed in the evaluation of back pain, the presence of unilateral neural arch oedema extending to involve the posterolateral vertebral body raises the possibility of spinal OO and should prompt CT to confirm the presence of a nidus.     

Can imaging findings help differentiate spinal neuropathic arthropathy from disk space infection? Initial experience

PURPOSE: To determine if radiographic, computed tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings can help differentiate spinal neuropathic arthropathy from disk space infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Imaging studies in 33 patients were evaluated, including 14 patients with spinal neuropathic arthropathy (12 radiographic, seven CT, and six MR studies) and 19 with disk space infection (13 radiographic, nine CT, and 12 MR studies). Potential imaging discriminators, including endplate sclerosis or erosions, osteophytes, spondylolisthesis, facet involvement (narrowing or erosions), vacuum disk, paraspinal soft-tissue mass, joint disorganization, and osseous joint debris, were recorded, as were MR imaging signal intensity and gadolinium-enhancement characteristics. RESULTS: The most helpful findings for diagnosis of spinal neuropathic arthropathy were vacuum disk on radiographs and CT images, debris on radiographs and CT and MR images, disorganization on radiographs and CT and MR images, facet involvement on radiographs and CT and MR images, spondylolisthesis on CT and MR images, diffuse signal intensity patterns in vertebral bodies on MR images, and rim enhancement of disks on gadolinium-enhanced MR images. Findings that were not helpful included endplate sclerosis and erosions, osteophytes, paraspinal soft-tissue mass, and decreased disk height. CONCLUSION: Vacuum disk, facet involvement, vertebral body spondylolisthesis, joint disorganization and debris, and gadolinium-enhancement patterns of vertebral bodies and disks may help differentiate spinal neuropathic arthropathy from infection.     

Chance-type flexion-distraction injuries in the thoracolumbar spine: MR imaging characteristics

PURPOSE: To evaluate retrospectively the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of Chance-type flexion-distraction injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors' institutional review board does not require its approval or patient informed consent for retrospective studies. Imaging data were reviewed retrospectively for 24 patients (15 male, nine female; mean age, 28 years; range, 9-71 years) who had sustained radiographically typical Chance-type flexion-distraction injuries. The posterior vertebral body height remained unchanged or was increased in these patients. Two radiologists recorded a variety of bone and soft-tissue abnormalities seen with MR imaging. Based on consensus, the documented findings were sequentially analyzed to determine their frequencies. RESULTS: Combined bone and soft-tissue injuries occurred in 23 (96%) of 24 patients, were more common than soft-tissue damage alone (one [4%] of 24 patients), and occurred primarily at the thoracolumbar junction. Contiguous vertebral injury was seen in 20 (83%) of 24 patients, usually in the form of anterosuperior vertebral endplate edema, while noncontiguous injury occurred in eight (33%) of 24 patients. Extensive subcutaneous and paraspinal muscle edema was seen in all patients and extended over several segments. Posterior osteoligamentous complex disruption also occurred in all patients. Horizontally oriented fractures of the posterior neural arches produced an MR imaging pattern that the authors call the sandwich sign, which consists of linear hemorrhage framed by marrow edema. This sign was seen in 12 (50%) of 24 patients. In seven (29%) of 24 patients, a fracture line extending from a damaged pedicle was seen to exit through the contralateral posterosuperior aspect of the vertebral body, with extension of the fracture fragments into the spinal canal. CONCLUSION: A spectrum of features is discernible with MR imaging in Chance-type injuries.     

MR imaging findings in spinal infections: rules or myths?

PURPOSE: To systematically evaluate magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings described as being indicative of spinal infection in patients with proven spinal infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Contrast material-enhanced spinal MR images obtained in 46 consecutive patients (22 women, 24 men; mean age, 58.2 years) with culture or histologic examination results positive for spinal infection were systematically evaluated by two observers. Tuberculous and postoperative infections were excluded. Disk signal intensity and disk height, presence of the nuclear cleft, vertebral signal intensity alterations, endplate erosions on T1-weighted MR images, and presence of paraspinal or epidural inflammation were evaluated. Patient charts and surgical reports were reviewed. RESULTS: In the 44 patients with disk infection, MR imaging criteria with good to excellent sensitivity included presence of paraspinal or epidural inflammation (n = 43, 97.7% sensitivity), disk enhancement (n = 42, 95.4% sensitivity), hyperintensity or fluid-equivalent disk signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images (n = 41, 93.2% sensitivity), and erosion or destruction of at least one vertebral endplate (n = 37, 84.1% sensitivity). Effacement of the nuclear cleft was only applicable in 18 patients (n = 15, 83.3% sensitivity). Criteria with low sensitivity included decreased height of the intervertebral space (n = 23, 52.3% sensitivity) and disk hypointensity on T1-weighted MR images (n = 13, 29.5% sensitivity). Involvement of several spinal levels occurred in seven (16%) patients. Other spinal infections included isolated vertebral osteomyelitis (n = 1) and primary epidural abscess (n = 1). CONCLUSION: Most MR imaging criteria commonly used to diagnose disk infections offer good to excellent sensitivity. In atypical manifestations of proven spinal infections, however, some of the classically described MR imaging criteria may not be observed.