医用诊断X线机防护性能的测试方法

医用诊断X线机的管头组装体漏射线,有用线束进入被检者皮肤处的空气照射率和立卧位透视防护区测试平面上空气照射率是X线机防护性能的三项主要指标。本文根据《医用诊断X线卫生防护规定》要求的原则,整理出X线机三项主要防护性能的实用测试方法,并报道实测例子,同时提出了对漏射线指标区分x线机出厂防护捡验和使累单位防护监测的看法。     

医用诊断X射线的衰减与防护研究

目的 计算和测量医用诊断X射线与物质相互作用的能量及强度变化规律,研究其防护措施.方法 根据X射线变化规律,计算直射线、散射线与透射线的能谱分布,分析并实验测量不同物质对X射线的屏蔽效果.结果X射线经物质衰减后,强度变低,平均能量提高,能谱变窄;散射线能量和强度都小于直射线.不同物质对X射线屏蔽效果不同.结论 铅是防护医用诊断X射线的理想材料.     

我区X线诊断工作人员外照射个人剂量监测

根据国家对《放射工作人员个人剂量监测规定》,在完成全区医用诊断X线机防护改造的基础上,我们自1991年开始对全区X线诊断工作人员进行了全面外照射个人剂量监测,对提高我区放射卫生管理水平,为放射工作人员的健康和防护评价提     

防护剂量监测质量控制的初步工作

为了加强防护剂量监测中的质量控制工作,我们建立了一个用于此目的的剂量学实验室.在X线防护监划、医用诊断X线工作人员剂量与效应研究及医疗照射研究等项工作中,已用这个实验室的条件开展了X线防护仪器的统一刻度,以及个人剂量监测方法比对等项实验工作.本文主要介绍这个实验室的基本条件以及第～次X线防护仪器统一刻度和个人剂量监测方法比对的主要结果.     

医用诊断X线机机房防护设施检测与分析

齐齐哈尔市疾病预防控制中心对辖区内的普通医用诊断X线机机房防护设施进行了放射防护检测与评价,对其放射工作人员个人剂量监测、个人防护用品进行了调查,现将结果报道如下.     

我国医用诊断X线工作场所的辐射水平

我们在全国14个省市,对500多台医用诊断X线机工作场所的辐射水平进行了测量,并测定了一些防护设备的屏蔽效果.测量结果表明,大容量一段防护X线机工作场所中,医用诊断X线工作者胸部表面位置处的平均照射量率为3.03mR/h;防护差的X线机场所相应位置的平均照射量率最大,约为80.1mR/h,本文也报道其它类型工作场所的辐射水平,同类工作场所的测量值也有差异,但都服从有限对数正态分析.有铅椅比没有铅椅时腹部照射量率低17.6倍,没有铅围裙比有铅同裙高5.88倍.     

医用诊断X线机防护改造效果评价

根据卫生部颁发的《医用诊断X线卫生防护标准》,为保证放射性工作人员和受检者的健康与安全,我们根据不同型号X线机防护上存在的问题,采用“限、集、屏”方法,对不符合国家标准的X线机进行防护改造,收到较好的效果,现报告如下.1 改机方法与材料     

我国医用诊断X线工作者受照剂量的估算方法

为解决缺乏个人剂量监测数据情况下的剂量估算问题,我们提出了一种估算医用诊断X线工作者受照剂量的方法.它是在考虑到防护条件修正后用归一化工作量进行剂量估算的,称之为归一化工作量剂量估算方法.本文重点介绍了这种方法的数学模式以及有关参数的确定方法.同时还探讨了医用诊断X线工作者主要器官剂量的估算问题.     

41家医疗单位放射防护情况调查

随着X射线技术的发展,其在医学上的用途越来越受到重视,各种医用X射线机成为各大医院的必备医疗设施,其中,医用诊断X射线机在部分地区的乡镇医院几近普及.为保障放射工作人员及公众的健康与安全,促进医用诊断X射线机的健康应用和发展,于2007年对浙江杭州市余杭区41家医疗单位的医用诊断x射线机房的屏蔽防护情况进行了调查.现将调查结果分析报道如下.     

41家医疗单位放射防护情况调查

随着X射线技术的发展,其在医学上的用途越来越受到重视,各种医用X射线机成为各大医院的必备医疗设施,其中,医用诊断X射线机在部分地区的乡镇医院几近普及.为保障放射工作人员及公众的健康与安全,促进医用诊断X射线机的健康应用和发展,于2007年对浙江杭州市余杭区41家医疗单位的医用诊断x射线机房的屏蔽防护情况进行了调查.现将调查结果分析报道如下.     

Reversal of flow during carotid artery stenting: use of the Parodi antiembolism system

Introduction To evaluate the flow reversal efficacy of the Parodi antiembolism system (PAES) in the prevention of distal emboli during carotid stenting. Methods A total of 90 patients were treated for internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis with a stent device. A PAES device was used in 31 symptomatic and 5 asymptomatic patients (total 36 patients) with ICA stenosis, and 54 patients were stented without any protection device. Diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging was performed before and after stenting. Results In the group without PAES protection, 23 out of 54 patients showed new lesions on DW images after stenting. Of the lesions seen, 147 (2.72 lesions/patient) were in the vessel-dependent area. In the group with protection, 19 out of 36 patients had new lesions, and only 34 (0.94 lesions/patient) were noted in the vessel-dependent area. The number of new lesions in the nondependent vessel area did not differ if a protection system was used (P = 0.671). The use of PAES led to a significant reduction (P = 0.024) in the incidence of the most frequently seen lesions (size <2 mm). The stroke death rate was 3.3% overall, 3.7% in the group without protection device, and 2.7% in the PAES group. There were no permanent neurological deficits after 3 months. Conclusion The PAES is a safe and effective tool to reduce the incidence of embolic complications during carotid stenting. Older patients and patients with higher grade stenosis seem to profit more.     

具有过滤净化超压和负压防护功能的车用生物防护系统研究

目的:研制一种既具有过滤净化超压防护功能又具有过滤净化负压防护功能的车用生物污染防护系统.方法:通过综合集成设计过滤净化超压防护装置、过滤净化负压防护装置、防护控制装置和监测报警装置,实现对生物污染的有效防护,并实时监测过滤器的工作状态,及时发出失效报警.结果:试验表明,该系统既能使车辆内部实现不低于300 Pa的超压,同时对生物气溶胶的平均过滤效率不低于99.95%;又能使车辆内部实现不高于-70Pa的负压,同时对生物气溶胶的平均过滤效率不低于99.93%.结论:该系统既能使车辆安全通过生物污染区运送伤病员,也能使车辆在运送生物污染伤病员或传染病员时保护沿途环境不受污染.     

过载防护研究现状与展望

重点介绍了＋Gz防护研究的国内外主要进展情况，并结合我国的实际情况就今后十GZ防护研究的方向、重点提出了作者的意见，指出应制定适合我军特点的离心抗荷训练方案，加强囊式抗荷、代偿装备及开展防护装备一体化的研究，同时围绕G－LOC的监测广泛开展一系列应用基础研究：①在检测分析战斗机飞行中加速度谱的基础上研制限G告警和限G方案；②开展G－LOC有效监测指标或指标组合的研究；③研究提出G－LOC发生后自动转入安全飞行状态。     

镁离子对放射性脑损伤的脑保护作用

放射性腩损伤是脑部肿瘤放射治疗的严重并发症之一,近几年对Mg2+的研究证明了其在脑损伤中的保护作用,是目前综合性评价前景较好的神经保护剂.该文综述了放射性脑损伤后脑组织中的Mg2+变化情况及产生原因,并从减轻炎性反应、减轻脑水肿,抑制脂质过氧化、抗细胞凋亡,改善神经功能等方面分析了M2g+对放射性脑损伤的保护机制.     

“十”字封闭型介入防护装置的研制

目的 为介入放射学提供辐射安全保障,方法根据介入手术之特点、Ｘ射线辐射场的剂量２以及辐 护最优化的原则,按照射区与手术区屏蔽隔离的原理,设计制造通用组合式介入防护装置。结果 研制出三台防护装置,经三家医院三种没类型线机匹配使用一,证明其适用性,通用性与防护效果良好。结论 设计思路科学、可行,具有推广应用价值,可民甸的介入防护问题。     

联合作战全程卫生防疫防护体制设计

紧紧围绕未来信息化条件下联合作战要求,系统分析全程卫生防疫防护在疾病诱因与监控、防疫措施落实、精神卫生及军事作业卫生防护等方面的基本特点,研究明确全程卫生防疫防护应坚持的基本原则,论证提出全程卫生防疫防护体制基本构想,为实施联合作战卫勤保障提供参考借鉴。     

On the justification of justification in radiation protection - legal and sociological considerations

ObjectivesThe objectives of the review were to investigate the legal and sociological basis of justification in society in order to fully assess its relevance to radiation protection. The difference between the justification of practices as distinct from the justification of reasons for the justification of individual activities within a practice and the relevance of cost–benefit analysis to this process are key elements.Key findingsJustification of practices as a principle of radiation protection is automatically enshrined within the appropriate legislation once it has been enacted. However, the justification of reasons for justification of activities within a practice are subject to many sociological factors, which are often conflicting and indeterminate and can be subject to political, economic and environmental factors that may change over time. This applies especially to new developments where the primary reason for justification is based upon potential but possibly ill-defined future benefits.ConclusionThe primary mechanism whereby society develops a collective consensus on the justification of practices lies within a legal framework. This represents the mechanism by which society defines the accepted standards that must be applied for acceptance of a practice. The justification of reasons for justifying activities that form part of a practice has largely been ignored within the framework of radiation protection.Implications for practiceThe employment of justification of practices as a fundamental principle of radiation protection should be eliminated since it is already enshrined within the legal framework applicable to applications of ionising radiation. Justification of reasons for pursuing new or modified practices is based upon their perceived benefits to society, which underpins most developments in society.     

一种新型个人呼吸防护装置

FHZ-1型呼吸装置是一种新型隔绝式个人防护装备,它与全套防护服、呼吸面罩配套,可为高浓度有害气体或缺氧环境作业人员提供可靠的呼吸与体表防护。它具有结构紧凑,体积小、重量轻,便于携带等特点。本文就FHZ-1型呼吸装置的原理、结构、技术性能与特点进行了简要的分析与评价。     

Retrieval of the Protection Filter with a Soft Coaxial Catheter After Carotid Stenting

The purpose of this study was to shorten and simplify the procedure of filter retrieval after carotid stenting with cerebral protecting devices. We propose a retrieval method with a soft-tip guiding catheter, which eliminates the step of balloon exchange and introduction of a retriever catheter for the protection filter. The technique was successfully used in our last 60 consecutive patients. One transient deficit occurred. In conclusion, retrieval of the filter with a soft coaxial catheter after carotid stenting is a feasible and safe method and may simplify cerebrovascular protection during stenting.     

In Vitro Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Distal Protection in the Prevention of Cerebral Thromboembolism During Carotid Stent Placement

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and quantify the benefit of the balloon protection device, to identify the most effective sequence of irrigation or flushing, and to determine the most effective catheter position to remove the maximum number of emboli or debris beneath the flow-arrest balloon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Silicone models of the neurovasculature were attached to a systodiastolic pump. Stents were placed in carotid stenoses by using the distal flow protection technique. Embolic material was released within the stent. The effectiveness of different irrigation techniques was evaluated. RESULTS: Aspiration under the balloon through the guiding catheter with a 60-mL syringe followed by one power injection at 40 mL injected at 2 mL/sec will result in removal of about 98% of potential emboli from the internal carotid artery [corrected]. CONCLUSION: In vitro evaluation of the distal flow protection technique indicates that it should reduce stroke risk during carotid stent placement.