区域化网络协同救治优化急性ST段抬高心肌梗死早期再灌注治疗

目的探讨首诊于基层医院的急性sT段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）患者早期再灌注的最佳方案,如何避免再灌注延迟、缩短STEMI再灌注时间、改善患者近远期预后。方法东营市部分二甲医院、社区卫生服务站与东营市人民医院形成“三位一体”立体式急救网络,对网络内医师实施长期、持续技术业务指导,结合实际情况制定STEMI救治流程,优化早期再灌注治疗,早期启动导管室,绕行急诊,无缝隙对接及优化介入治疗围术期药物治疗。2010年3月至2012年4月东营市人民医院救治的急性STEMI患者192例,根据是否“区域化网络救治”,分为非区域化救治组68例和区域化救治组124例,两组间比较发病一首次医疗接触时间（FMC）、FMC—N（溶栓时间）、FMC-B（首次球囊扩张时间）、住院时间、费用、随访1个月及6个月再发心肌梗死、心源性死亡、心功能、卒中、心肌标志物氨基末端B型脑钠肽前体（NT—proBNP）及术后患者服药依从性情况等。结果两组FMC[42（20,60）min比70（30,90）min,P=0．029]、FMC—N溶栓时间[35（12,50）min比67（39,95）min,P=0．020]、FMC—B时间[90（45,130）min比120（68,188）min,P=0．026]、知情同意沟通到导管室时间[30（15,50）min比70（30,104）min,P=0．010]及FMC后治疗药物（氯吡格雷、阿司匹林及替罗非班）应用、住院时间[（6．0±2．5）d比（10．2±3．5）d,P〈0．05]及住院费用[（47688±1542）元比（55392±1377）元,P〈0．05]比较,差异有统计学意义。1个月随访显示,两组之间差异无统计学意义;6个月随访显示,区域化救治组氯吡格雷（87．1％比51．5％,P〈0．05）、他汀类药物（82．3％比44．1％,P〈0．05）服用率明显高于与非区域化救治组。两组阿司匹林使用率差异无统计学意义。区域化救治组LVEF〈40％发生率（7．3％比29．4％,P〈0．05）、再次心肌梗死发生率（4．8％比25．O％,P〈0．05）及心源性猝死发生率（2．4％比11．8％,P〈0．05）明显低于非区域化救治组。结论区域化网络救治模式提高了基层医院STEMI早期就诊率,能够让大医院的优势资源持久、随时为基层医院所利用,从而有效地提高基层医院的医疗水平及救治水平。本模式对STEMI的救治可明显缩短再灌注时间、优化再灌注治疗、改善预后,是当今国情下一种全新的救治模式,解决了当前在STEMI救治方面困扰医学界的延迟问题。     

实施区域化协同救治是未来中国急性冠状动脉综合征救治的必由之路

急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）救治延迟是患者得不到有效治疗的主要原因,解决这一问题刻不容缓,尽管我国在2011年7月就启动了“急性冠状动脉综合征临床路径研究”（CPACS）,但是ACS临床路径的使用并不乐观,多数ACS患者首次就诊于基层医疗机构,而绝大多数基层医院目前的诊疗很不规范,指南和抢救流程难以实施,很难适应ACS救治中尽早实施再灌注治疗。因此,新型区域化协同救治模式（即ACS患者发病后能在最短时间内转运至合适的医疗机构接受指南所推荐的最佳治疗模式）可能是救治ACS的有效手段。     

急性缺血性脑卒中病人处理指南

美国心脏学会(AHA)根据心肺复苏准则,制定了缺血性卒中病人急诊处理准则,就急性脑卒中病人的早期识别、紧急支持治疗和急性并发症的处理、抗血栓或抗血小板药物的早期治疗、溶栓治疗、血液稀释疗法、细胞保护治疗和外科治疗等提出了原则性意见,供广大临床工作者参考。     

老年人首次急性缺血性脑卒中的预后

目的 探讨老年人首次急性缺血性脑卒中的预后.方法 选择老年人首次发作急性缺血性脑卒中患者652例,男345例,女307例,根据高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、高血脂等分为不同组,在老年人发生首次急性缺血性脑卒中出院后随访6个月,统计各组患者的病死率及NIHSS、BI量表评分.结果 老年人首次急性缺血性脑卒中伴有高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、高血脂的患者3个月的病死率较高,而NIHSS、BI评分较低.结论 老年人首次急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后与血压、血糖、血脂、血胆固醇、血管粥样硬化等密切相关.     

急性缺血性脑卒中血压管理策略

<正>最新流行病学研究显示,脑卒中已成为我国成年人致死和致残的主要原因。急性缺血性脑卒中(a-cute ischemic stroke,AIS)是最常见的脑卒中类型,约占全部脑卒中的60%～80%。高血压为脑卒中的独立危险因素,适当降低血压是一级和二级预防脑卒中的重要措施[2]。但在AIS发病最初数小时到数天内的     

急性缺血性脑卒中的静脉溶栓治疗

急性缺血性脑卒中发病3h以内重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（recombimnttissueplasminogenactiva-to，rt-PA）的静脉溶栓治疗仍然是至今惟一被美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）批准用于急性缺血性脑卒中的药物治疗方法。虽然急性缺血性脑卒中治疗的基础理论研究已取得了很大的进步，针对缺血性脑损伤的不同机制，许多药物在动物试验获得了良好的疗效，如：兴奋性氨基酸受体拮抗剂、钙通道拮抗剂、自由基清除剂、白细胞粘附抑制剂、低分子肝素抗凝治疗等；但所有这些治疗方法均没有被严格的临床试验证实有明显的疗效或其疗效十分有限。     

急性缺血性脑卒中的治疗进展

自1995年以来,静脉内给予重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)治疗急性缺血性脑卒中(MS)成为首选。但其作用不理想,同时由于其较短的治疗时间窗和禁忌证、并发症,使得接受治疗的患者的选择范围较窄。美国的许多地区,只有     

急性缺血性脑卒中病人的处理准则

急性缺血性脑卒中病人的处理准则美国心脏学会（ＡＨＡ）脑卒中委员会专家组ＧｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓｆｏｒＴｈｅＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＰａｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈＡｃｕｔｅＩｓｃｈｅｍｉｃＳｔｒｏｋｅＡＳｐｅｃｉａｌＷｒｉｔｉｎｇＧｒｏｕｐｏｆＳｔｒｏｋｅＣｏｕ...     

老年急性缺血性脑卒中患者溶栓治疗

<正>缺血性脑卒中如得不到及时有效的治疗,将引起严重的神经功能缺损,增加患者的死亡率和致残率~〔1〕。重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)溶栓治疗是急性缺血性脑卒中超早期最为有效的治疗方案~〔2〕,可以有效挽救患者缺血半暗带,最大限度恢复局部脑组织梗死区域的血液供应,避免不可逆性损伤现象的发生~〔3,4〕。本研究分析老年急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓治疗的有效性和安全性。1资料与方法1.1一般资料我院2012年1月至2014年3月接受rt-PA(爱     

Impact of an immune modulator fingolimod on acute ischemic stroke

Peripheral lymphocytes entering brain ischemic regions orchestrate inflammatory responses, catalyze tissue death, and worsen clinical outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in preclinical studies. However, it is not known whether modulating brain inflammation can impact the outcome of patients with AIS. In this open-label, evaluator-blinded, parallel-group clinical pilot trial, we recruited 22 patients matched for clinical and MRI characteristics, with anterior cerebral circulation occlusion and onset of stroke that had exceeded 4.5 h, who then received standard management alone (controls) or standard management plus fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya, Novartis), 0.5 mg per day orally for 3 consecutive days. Compared with the 11 control patients, the 11 fingolimod recipients had lower circulating lymphocyte counts, milder neurological deficits, and better recovery of neurological functions. This difference was most profound in the first week when reduction of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 4 vs. −1, respectively (P = 0.0001). Neurological rehabilitation was faster in the fingolimod-treated group. Enlargement of lesion size was more restrained between baseline and day 7 than in controls (9 vs. 27 mL, P = 0.0494). Furthermore, rT1%, an indicator of microvascular permeability, was lower in the fingolimod-treated group at 7 d (20.5 vs. 11.0; P = 0.005). No drug-related serious events occurred. We conclude that in patients with acute and anterior cerebral circulation occlusion stroke, oral fingolimod within 72 h of disease onset was safe, limited secondary tissue injury from baseline to 7 d, decreased microvascular permeability, attenuated neurological deficits, and promoted recovery.The devastating, often crippling aftermath of stroke makes it second only to cardiac ischemia as a cause of death worldwide. Therapy for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) centers first on rapid revascularization of arterial territories, with additional focus on the management of blood pressure and cerebral edema. Revascularization is currently achieved by the intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and intravascular therapy. However, the benefit of tPA is highly time-dependent, considering that pooled analysis has documented loss of benefit beyond 4.5 h from onset of symptoms (1, 2). This narrow time window renders only about 2–5% of stroke patients eligible for tPA (3). Data from five randomized controlled trials that have been published in the past year show that endovascular therapy has provided no benefit over tPA injected intravenously (4). Therefore, a significant hiatus exists during which no means of effective medical management is available for patients with AIS. Moreover, despite numerous clinical trials conducted to salvage cells from death, no significant breakthrough has been made to improve the outcome of stroke patients (5, 6).Injured and dying cells during brain hypoxia, after cessation of blood and oxygen supply activates the innate and adaptive immune systems, compromise the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and lead to a massive migration of peripheral leukocytes into the brain (7, 8). Cell types most frequently known to enter the brain during AIS belong to the CD4⁺ T-cell, CD8⁺ T-cell, neutrophil, and macrophage, and natural killer (NK) cell subpopulations. Such cells, as infiltrate within the peri-infarcted areas of brain tissues from AIS patients (9, 10), become intimately involved in all stages of the ischemic cascade (7, 8). Studies in experimental stroke have indicated that all these cells contribute to the death of ischemic neurons by promoting focal inflammatory reactions, direct killing, triggering of antigen-specific immune responses, or alterations in neuronal excitability (6, 10–12).The amplification of initial brain injury by inflammatory and immune reactions continues well beyond the initial 4.5 h of stroke onset (therapeutic window for tPA), and that prolonged response provides a window of opportunity for blocking the secondary events that expand infarction caused by cells of the immune system. Because the extended detrimental impact on stroke-affected sites is likely a coordinated event mediated by multiple cellular and soluble elements of the immune system, the question arises as to whether these events offer a unique target for altering the related outcome. Indeed, among a number of strategies tested to modulate the immune system in this context (12–14), fingolimod emerges as a very promising candidate, presumably because of its action on many lymphocyte subsets bearing the sphinogosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR). Fingolimod acts as a S1PR modulator that inhibits the egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes and limits their recirculation (15, 16). By reducing the trafficking of T cells, B cells, NK cells, and other S1PR-bearing cells into the central nervous system (CNS) (14, 17), thereby reducing relapses as well as brain volume loss, fingolimod became the first oral therapy approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the relapsing form of multiple sclerosis (MS) (18). This compound’s ability to enhance the BBB’s integrity (19) and its direct effects on the CNS (17) are also expected to alleviate infarctions and promote cell regeneration. Indeed, demonstration of the beneficial effect of fingolimod on multiple experimental models of stroke by independent groups establishes a foundation for clinical translation (12–14, 20–26). The goal of this study is to provide preliminary results as to the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of fingolimod for patients with AIS.     

Solitaire AB型支架取栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中患者的效果

目的评价Solitaire AB型支架取栓术治疗急性脑动脉闭塞患者的效果。方法回顾性分析2014年11月至2016年1月甘肃省庆阳市人民医院神经外科诊治的94例急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者,根据治疗方法将患者分为Solitaire AB型支架取栓术组(A组)40例和常规微导管机械碎栓术组(B组)54例,术后随访3个月,比较2组患者手术前后神经功能指标。采用前向血流评定分级(TICI)、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)及改良Rankin量表问卷(MRS)评价治疗效果。采用SPSS 16.0统计软件对数据进行分析。根据数据类型,组间比较采用独立样本t检验或χ2检验,组内比较采用配对t检验。结果 2组患者同一时间点血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、中枢神经特异蛋白(S100β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);术后24 h,2组患者NSE、S100β、TNF-α及IL-6水平均较术前显著升高,术后72 h均较术前显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组患者TICIⅢ级占70.00%(28/40)、TICIⅡ级17.50%(7/40),TICI 0~Ⅰ级12.50%(5/40),B组患者TICIⅢ级占57.41%(31/54)、TICIⅡ级25.93%(14/54),TICI 0~Ⅰ级16.67%(9/54),2组TICI分级比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.238)。2组患者同一时间点NIHSS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但术后1周及术后2周2组患者NIHSS评分均较术前显著降低(P0.05)。术后3个月,2组患者预后良好率比较差异无统计学意义(80.00%vs 70.37%,P0.05)。结论 Solitaire AB型支架取栓术治疗AIS患者效果与常规机械碎栓的效果相差不大,但操作相对复杂,难度较高,临床医师需根据患者情况合理选择手术方法。     

Lisinopril for the treatment of hypertension within the first 24 hours of acute ischemic stroke and follow-up

BACKGROUND: Hypertension immediately after acute ischemic stroke is associated with impaired morbidity and mortality, although there are few data on antihypertensive use immediately after ictus. This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study explored the hemodynamic effect and safety of oral lisinopril initiated within 24 h after an ictus. METHODS: Forty hypertensive (systolic blood pressure [BP] >/=140 or diastolic BP >/=90 mm Hg) acute ischemic stroke patients (14 lacunar, 13 partial anterior, 7 total anterior, 6 posterior circulation infarct) were randomized to 5 mg of oral lisinopril (n = 18) or matching placebo (n = 22). Dose was increased to 10 mg (or 2 x placebo) on day 7 if casual systolic BP was >/=140 mm Hg and continued to day 14. After the initial dose, automated BP levels were monitored for 16 h. The BP levels and stroke outcome measures were assessed at day 14, and all patients were followed to day 90. RESULTS: At h 4 after the first dose, systolic/diastolic BP change was -20 +/- 21/-6 +/- 10 mm Hg (mean +/- SE) in the lisinopril group and 1 +/- 11/0 +/- 8 mmHg in the placebo group (group differences: systolic BP, P < .05; diastolic BP, P = .07). With a daily dosing regime, systolic BP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic BP, and pulse pressure (PP) were significantly lower in the lisinopril group compared to the placebo group at day 14 (P < .01). Neurologic and functional measures were similar between groups at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Lisinopril, even at small dosages, is well tolerated and an effective hypotensive agent after acute ischemic stroke, gradually reducing BP by 4 h after oral first-dose administration. Oral lisinopril is now being studied in a larger outcome-based trial in acute hypertensive stroke patients.     

高压氧结合阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中疗效观察

目的探讨高压氧条件下使用阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中（acute ischemic stroke, AIS）的临床疗效。 方法选取2016年7月至2017年7月泰安市中心医院收治的AIS患者38例,其中高压氧条件下静脉溶栓治疗18例（观察组）,常规静脉溶栓治疗20例（对照组）。两组患者均在发病3 h内采用阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗,记录两组患者入院时美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表（National Institute of Health stroke scale, NIHSS）评分,溶栓完成后2 h、24 h、7 d的NIHSS评分及发病90 d的NIHSS评分和改良Rankin量表（modified Rankin Scale, mRS）评分。计量资料的比较采用t检验,计数资料的比较采用χ²检验。 结果观察组患者入院时NIHSS评分显著高于对照组（t=4.216,P<0.01）,溶栓治疗后2 h、24 h、7d及发病90 d的NIHSS评分均显著低于对照组（t=-3.957、-3.975、-2.184、-1.296,均P<0.01）,发病90 d的mRS也显著低于对照组（t=-1.960,P<0.01）。 结论高压氧结合阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗,在AIS发病早期阶段具有改善患者神经功能的作用。     

优化急性缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓绿色通道流程

目的 探讨优化急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓绿色通道流程的效果.方法 选取我院收治的140例急性缺血性脑卒中患者为研究对象,2018年1月至8月本科室收治的静脉溶栓患者70例为对照组,2019年5月至12月优化急性缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓绿色通道治疗流程后收治的患者70例为观察组.比较两组患者急诊至抽血检验时间、急诊至CT完...     

急性心肌梗死PCI治疗后脑卒中的预防及治疗策略

急性心肌梗死行PCI治疗期间或之后发生缺血性脑卒中是非常少见的事件,但却是灾难性并发症。由于这种事件的发生几率较少,很难拿出标准的治疗方法。文章介绍一些关于PCI围手术期或之后发生缺血性脑卒中的预防及治疗策略,供同道参考。     

Effect of antihypertensive medications on thrombolysis therapy and outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients

There are concerns that specific risk factors may alter the benefits of thrombolysis in stroke patients with controlled contraindications including hypertension. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between clinical risk factors and outcomes in ischemic stroke patients that received thrombolysis therapy pretreated with antihypertensive medications. Using data obtained from a stroke registry, a non‐randomized retrospective data analysis was conducted on patients with the primary diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke with hypertension pretreated with antihypertensive medications. The association between clinical risk factors and functional ambulatory outcome was determined using logistic regression while odd ratios (OR) were used to predict the odds of achieving improved ambulatory outcome in thrombolysis treatment status. Improved or poor functional ambulatory outcome was considered as the end point in our analysis. A total of 4665 acute ischemic stroke patients were identified, of whom 1446 (31.0%) were eligible for thrombolysis, while 3219 were not, and 595 received rtPA, of whom 288 were on antihypertensive medications, while 233 were not. In the rtPA group with antihypertensive (anti‐HTN) medication, only NIHSS score (OR = 1.094, 95% CI, 1.094‐1.000, P = 0.005) was associated with improved functional outcome while patients with congestive heart failure (OR = 0.385, 95% CI, 0.385‐0.159, P = 0.035) and patients with a history of previous TIA (OR = 0.302, 95% CI, 0.302‐0.113, P = 0.017) were more likely to be associated with poor functional outcomes. Congestive heart failure and TIA are independent predictors of functional outcomes in stroke patients pretreated with antihypertensive medications prior to thrombolysis therapy.     

急性脑梗死血栓溶解疗法的实验研究

目的 通过动物实验研究探讨一种有效的溶栓治疗急性脑梗死。方法 对三组犬分别给予静脉溶栓(IV)、动脉溶栓(IA)及静脉 动脉联合溶栓(IV IA)，并与对照组对照，并获取相关的DSA资料、病理标本。结果 动物实验(IV组)1例部分再通，(IA组)4例部分再通，IV IA组3例部分再通，3例完全再通，再通犬梗死灶面积明显小于对照组(P＜0．001)，IV IA组明显小于IA组及IV组(P＜0．001)。结论 本动物模型建立方法成功率高，梗死灶稳定，重复性好，IV IA溶栓优于其他方式。     

A retrospective study of Yiqi-Huoxue Decoction on blood pressure in patients with acute ischemic stroke

This retrospective study investigated the effect of Yiqi-Huoxue Decoction (YQHXD) on blood pressure (BP) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).A total of 72 patients with BP following AIS who received routine treatment were included in this retrospective study. Of those, 36 patients received YQHXD and were assigned to a treatment group. The other 36 patients were allocated to a control group. All patients were treated for a total of 4 months. The outcomes were assessed by systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and Barthel index scale (BIS). All outcomes were measured after 4-month treatment.After treatment, all subjects in the treatment group showed greater improvements in SBP (P < .05), DBP (P < .05), NIHSS (P < .05) score, and BIS (P < .05) than those of patients in the control group. In addition, the safety profile is similar in both groups.The findings of this study demonstrated that YQHXD may benefit on BP in patients with AIS. Future studies should focus on warranting the current results.     

急性缺血性卒中患者的球囊血管成形和支架置入术治疗

药物溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中存在一定的局限性,球囊血管成形和支架置入术已成为急性缺血性卒中治疗的研究热点.文章综述了球囊血管成形和支架置入术治疗急性缺血性卒中的有效性和安全性.