Post‐translational regulation of antiviral innate signaling

The innate immune system initiates immune responses by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRR). Virus‐derived nucleic acids are sensed by the retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I)‐like receptor (RLR) family and the toll‐like receptor (TLR) family as well as the DNA sensor cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). These receptors activate IRF3/7 and NF‐κB signaling pathways to induce the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines firing antiviral responses within the cell. However, to achieve a favorable outcome for the host, a balanced production of IFNs and activation of antiviral responses is required. Post‐translational modifications (PTMs), such as the covalent linkage of functional groups to amino acid chains, are crucial for this immune homeostasis in antiviral responses. Canonical PTMs including phosphorylation and ubiquitination have been extensively studied and other PTMs such as methylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, ADP‐ribosylation and glutamylation are being increasingly implicated in antiviral innate immunity. Here we summarize our recent understanding of the most important PTMs regulating the antiviral innate immune response, and their role in virus‐related immune pathogenesis.     

Post‐stroke depression: the case for augmented,individually tailored cognitive behavioural therapy

In this review, we begin by considering why post‐stroke depression (PSD) is so prevalent. We then examine the current evidence base to support cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as a treatment approach for the condition. While there is limited evidence currently, we demonstrate that much remains to be established with regard to PSD and the efficacy of CBT. We argue there is every reason to believe CBT should be an effective treatment, but that clinicians must augment and individually tailor this approach to ensure effectiveness. We set out our rationale for a novel augmented, individually tailored CBT protocol, and describe five key components that we believe once incorporated, and tested using randomized controlled methods, should enhance treatment outcome of PSD. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: ? Depression is a common consequence of stroke. ? Despite a lack of clear evidence, there is reason to believe cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for post‐stroke depression should be effective, if it is adapted and tailored to the specific needs of stroke survivors. ? Augmented and individually tailored therapy using motivational interviewing techniques, grief resolution, selection optimization compensation, cognitive deficits adaptations and executive skills training is recommended. ? It is important to individualize augmented CBT, based on principles of case formulation.     

Diagnostic efficacy of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG/IgM test for COVID‐19: A meta‐analysis

The serological testing of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and/or IgM is widely used in the diagnosis of COVID‐19. However, its diagnostic efficacy remains unclear. In this study, we searched for diagnostic studies from the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases to calculate the pooled diagnostic accuracy measures using bivariate random‐effects model meta‐analysis. As a result, 22 from a total of 1613 articles, including 2282 patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 and 1485 healthy persons or patients without SARS‐CoV‐2, were selected for a meta‐analysis. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve of the summary receiver operator curve (SROC) were: (a) 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79‐0.90), 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98‐1.00), and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97‐0.99) for anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG and (b) 0.74 (95% CI: 0.65‐0.81), 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97‐1.00), and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93‐0.97) for IgM. A subgroup analysis among detection methods indicated the sensitivity of IgG and IgM using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay were slightly lower than those using gold immunochromatography assay (GICA) and chemiluminescence immunoassay (P > .05). These results showed that the detection of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG and IgM had high diagnostic efficiency to assist the diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. And, GICA might be used as the preferred method for its accuracy and simplicity.     

汶川地震灾后半年及1年都江堰安置点432例群众心理状况对照研究

目的探讨汶川地震半年及1年后,都江堰地震灾区群众的心理健康状况及其变化情况,并探索其心理健康状况变化的可能影响因素。方法采用创伤后应激障碍检查量表平民版（PCP-C）、贝克抑郁自评量表（BDI）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）分别在震后半年和1年对都江堰安置点受灾群众的创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状、焦虑及抑郁情绪进行评估,并实施相关的灾后心理健康教育。结果地震灾区群众震后半年及1年的PTSD症状发生率分别为18.3%、6%;抑郁症状发生率为21.6%、8.4%;焦虑症状发生率为19.7%、5.6%。结论震后1年较之震后半年灾区群众PTSD、抑郁及焦虑症状发生率明显降低,该结果可能对研究对象开展心理健康教育及政府、社会、家庭的支持等有关。     

Cytotechnologist screening of fine‐needle aspiration specimens

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is widely utilized due to its short turnaround time (TAT), diagnostic accuracy, and low cost. Controversy exists as to what role cytotechnologists should play in evaluation of FNAs. Some authorities believe all FNAs should be screened by cytotechnologists while others believe that cytotechnologist review is unnecessary. Sixty sequentially performed FNAs without initial review by cytotechnologists were selected from the files of the University of Utah, Department of Pathology. The slides were obtained along with the associated final diagnoses. The slides were reviewed by cytotechnologists given patient history and specimen site but were blinded to the initial pathologist's diagnoses. The initial cytopathologist's diagnoses and subsequent cytotechnologists' diagnoses were recorded and correlated. TATs for these cases were calculated and compared with TATs in a second set of randomly selected FNAs where cytotechnologists had initially screened the cases. Correlation of initial cytopathologists' diagnoses with those of cytotechnologists' revealed no instances where cytotechnologists identified diagnostically significant findings not noted by the original pathologist. TAT for the FNAs reviewed only by a cytopathologist averaged 25.9 hours with a mode of 6 hours. TATs for cases with initial cytotechnologist screening averaged 44.1 hours with a mode of 25 hours. Pre‐sign‐out screening of FNA specimens by cytotechnologists does not appear to increase detection of cytologic abnormalities. Cytotechnologist screening does substantially increased TAT from a mean of 26 hours to approximately 44 hours. Such an extensive delay may reduce the overall clinical utility of the FNA technique. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:606–608. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Initiator Efficiency of tert‐Alkyl Peroxyesters in High‐Pressure Ethene Polymerization

High‐pressure ethene polymerizations using thirteen tert‐alkyl peroxyester initiators, R? C(CH₃)₂? O? O? CO? R′ (with R = methyl, ethyl, neo‐pentyl, tert‐butyl and R′ = methyl, i‐propyl, propyl, butyl, tert‐butyl, 2‐heptyl) have been carried out in a CSTR. The initiator efficiency f has been determined for each peroxyester at 2 000 bar over a range of temperatures, partly up to 250 °C. The highest initiator efficiencies, up to about f = 0.9, are observed for tert‐butyl peroxyesters, in which the R' species is a primary radical, as e.g., with tert‐butyl peroxypentanoate and tert‐butyl peroxyacetate. The lowest efficiency value, of about f = 0.37, occurs with tert‐butyl peroxypivalate. The radicals from initiator decomposition, R′COO· and R? C(CH₃)₂O ^. , may undergo β‐scission reactions to produce R′ radicals by decarboxylation and R radicals by “deacetonization”, respectively. In‐cage termination reactions between oxygen‐centered and carbon‐centered radicals essentially control initiator efficiency.

     

The role of shame and self‐critical thinking in the development and maintenance of current threat in post‐traumatic stress disorder

There is increasing recognition of emotions other than fear in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and recent research has looked at the role of shame. Cognitive theory suggests that PTSD is caused by traumatic experiences being processed in a way that causes ongoing current threat. In this paper we suggest that shame might contribute to the creation/maintenance of ongoing current threat as it attacks an individual's psychological integrity. A correlational design was used to investigate some of the factors that might contribute to a shame response within a PTSD sample. It was hypothesized that individuals with PTSD who report higher levels of shame would be more prone to engage in self‐critical thinking and less prone to engage in self‐reassuring thinking than individuals with PTSD who report lower levels of shame. Data were gathered using self‐report questionnaires, and results supported the hypotheses. It is suggested therapy for shame‐based PTSD needs to incorporate strategies to help individuals develop inner caring, compassion and self‐reassurance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: ? Some individuals with PTSD report high levels of shame. ? High levels of shame are associated with high levels of self‐critical thinking and low levels of self‐reassuring thinking. ? Therapy for shame‐based PTSD needs to incorporate strategies that help individuals develop inner caring, compassion and self‐reassurance.     

A Novel Macroinitiator for the Synthesis of Triblock Copolymers via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Polystyrene‐block‐poly(bisphenol A carbonate)‐block‐polystyrene and Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(bisphenol A carbonate)‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate)

Summary: Bis(hydroxy)telechelic bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) was prepared via melt polycondensation of bisphenol A (BPA) and diphenyl carbonate (DPC) using lanthanum(III ) acetylacetonate as a catalyst for transesterification. Subsequently, the polycarbonate was converted to a bifunctional macroinitiator for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with the reagent, α‐chlorophenylacetyl chloride. The macroinitiator was used for the polymerization of styrene (S) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) to give PS‐block‐PC‐block‐PS and PMMA‐block‐PC‐block‐PMMA triblock copolymers. These block copolymers were characterized by NMR and GPC. When styrene and methyl methacrylate were used in large excess, significant shifts toward high molecular weights were observed with quantitative consumption of the macroinitiator. Several ligands were studied in combination with CuCl as the ATRP catalyst. Kinetic studies reveal the controlled nature of the polymerization reaction for all the ligands used.

Formation of a bifunctional ATRP macroinitiator by esterification of bis(hydroxy)telechelic PC with α‐chlorophenylacetyl chloride.     

Parent‐offspring transmission of drug abuse and alcohol use disorder: Application of the multiple parenting relationships design

With complete genealogical and cohabitation information, new genetic‐epidemiological designs can be developed to clarify causes of parent‐offspring transmission. We propose the Multiple Parenting Relationships (MPR) Design and apply it to drug abuse (DA) and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Using national Swedish registries, we identified four kinds of informative parents with multiple children with whom they had different genetic and/or rearing relationships. These types had children for whom they provided: (a) genes (G) plus rearing (R), G only and R only; (b) G + R and G only; (c) G only and R only; and (d) G + R and R only. We identified DA and AUD cases from national registries in over 475,000 informative parent‐offspring pairs. Controlling for parental resemblance for DA or AUD, all estimates were statistically homogeneous across family types. The weighted average tetrachoric correlation (SE) for DA for G + R, R only and G only relationships were, respectively, +0.21 (0.01), +0.10 (0.02), and +0.16 (0.02). Parallel results for AUD were +0.16 (0.01), +0.04 (0.02), and +0.14 (0.01). Analyses within families with affected parents showed significantly higher disorder risks in offspring with a G + R versus an R only relationship. The MPR design is complementary to other methods, especially adoption and triparental designs, in clarifying the sources of cross‐generational transmission. Consistent with results from these other designs applied to the Swedish population, we find that for DA and AUD, parent‐offspring resemblance was strongest for G + R relationships, intermediate for G only relationships and weakest but significant for R only relationships.     

高考前学生心理健康状况调查分析

目的　高考前夕 ,调查高三学生心理状况。方法　采用症状自评量表 ( SCL-90 )对淮北矿区某中学 1 0 5名高三学生进行心理状况调查 ,并将结果与中国常模比较 ,男女生之间也进行了比较。结果　多数因子分高于国内常模 ,学生中有心理问题者占 68.6% ,女生阳性率高于男生。结论　高考前夕 ,学生心理问题发生率较高