肥胖对中青年人群心脏结构和功能的影响

目的　研究肥胖对我国中青年人群心脏结构和功能的影响。方法　选择 6 7例肥胖者和 2 3名健康者。肥胖者根据体重指数 (BMI)分为三组。采用美国HDI30 0 0彩色多普勒超声心动图仪测量 ,比较各组间心脏结构 (收缩末期左室内径 (LVESD)、舒张末期左室内径 (LVEDD)、室间隔 (IVS)及左室后壁 (LVPW )厚度 ,左室重量 (LVM )和左室重量指数 (LVMI) )和功能 (左室每搏量指数 (SVI) ,射血分数 (EF) ,舒张早期血流充盈峰值流速E、舒张晚期充盈峰值流速A及E/A ,并测量等容舒张时间 (IVRT) )参数。结果　肥胖组同健康组比较 ,LVEDD、LVESD增宽 ,IVS、LVPW增厚 ,LVM、LVMI增加 ,舒张早期充盈峰值流速E降低 ,舒张晚期充盈峰值流速A升高 ,E/A比值降低 ,IVRT延长 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。并随肥胖程度的加重有加重趋势。肥胖组收缩功能参数与健康组比较变化无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。肥胖组体重指数与LVEDD显著正相关 (r =0 37,P <0 0 5 ) ,与LVM显著正相关 (r =0 5 3,P <0 0 5 ) ,与E/A峰速度比值显著负相关 (r =- 0 2 7,P <0 0 5 )。结论　肥胖可引起中青年人群心脏肥大 ,使中青年人群心脏舒张功能下降 ,并随肥胖程度而加重。     

肥胖、超重、正常体重儿童心脏结构和功能比较

目的比较肥胖、超重及正常体重儿童心脏的结构和功能。方法随机选择单纯性肥胖儿童38名（肥胖组）、超重儿童60名（超重组）和正常体重儿童50名（对照组）。彩超检查室间隔舒张末期厚度（IVST）、左室舒张末期内径（LVDd）、左室后壁舒张末期厚度（LVPWT）、二尖瓣舒张早期峰值流速（E峰）、舒张晚期峰值流速（A峰）和射血分数（EF）。结果①IVST、LVDd、LVPWT和左室质量（LVW）依次是肥胖组〉超重组〉正常组，P〈0．05，P〈0．01。②肥胖组和超重组E峰低于正常组，而A峰高于正常组；前两组间差异亦有统计学意义。③体重指数（BMI）与IVST（r=0．798）、LVDd（r=0．627）、LVPwr（r=0．554）、LVW（r=0．693）及A峰（r=0．458）呈正相关，与E峰（r=-0．449）呈负相关。结论心脏结构及功能与儿童肥胖程度密切相关，单纯肥胖和超重儿童已有亚临床心脏形态及舒张功能改变，开展儿童早期肥胖的预防势在必行。     

射血分数降低的心力衰竭患者舒张功能不全与运动耐量的关系

目的:探讨射血分数降低的心力衰竭(HFrEF)患者舒张功能不全与运动耐量的关系。方法:选取2017-08-2018-08于我院就诊的HFrEF患者83例,在1周内完成心肺运动试验(CPET)和心脏超声检查,测量运动耐量及左室舒张及收缩功能,按左室舒张功能分为舒张功能正常组和舒张功能降低组,比较两组运动耐量。结果:与舒张功能正常组比较,舒张功能降低组峰值摄氧量(Peak VO_2)、峰值摄氧量预计值百分比(Predicted peak VO_2%)和氧脉搏(VO_2/HR)均更低(均P0.01),心脏超声指标左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)和右室内径(RVD)均明显扩大(均P0.05),肺动脉收缩压(PASP)更高(P0.001),而左室射血分数(LVEF)降低(P0.01)。将心脏超声指标与CPET参数进行相关性分析,结果显示,舒张早期二尖瓣血流速度与二尖瓣环运动速度比(E/e')与Peak VO_2(r=-0.38,P0.001)、Predicted peak VO_2%(r=-0.40,P0.001)、VO_2/HR(r=-0.29,P=0.01)均呈负相关,与二氧化碳通气当量斜率(VE/VCO_2 slope)呈正相关(r=0.28,P=0.01);二尖瓣环室间隔与左室侧壁舒张早期运动速度(e')与Peak VO_2呈正相关(r=0.33,P=0.003);三尖瓣最大反流速度(TR)与Peak VO_2(r=-0.24,P=0.03)、VO_2/HR(r=-0.33,P=0.003)呈负相关;LVEF与Peak VO_2无相关性。将上述心功能指标与Peak VO_2进行多重线性回归分析,结果显示E/e'是Peak VO_2的独立影响因子。结论:HFrEF患者运动耐量降低与LVEF无关,而与左室舒张功能不全相关。E/e'与运动耐量指标具有良好的相关性,是HFrEF患者运动耐量的独立预测因子。     

腹型肥胖对超重者心脏结构和功能的影响

目的:研究腹型肥胖对超重者心脏结构和功能的影响。方法:将237名健康志愿者依据体重和体型分为正常体重组(n=78)、超重组(n=87)和超重合并腹型肥胖组(n=72),均行常规超声心动图和组织多普勒检查,比较各组心脏结构和功能指标。结果:与正常体重组比较,超重组和超重合并腹型肥胖组室壁增厚,心腔增大,左室质量指数、二尖瓣血流频谱E峰/组织多普勒Em增加(P0.05～0.01),而组织多普勒Em、Em/Am比值显著降低(P0.05);与超重组比较,超重合并腹型肥胖组心脏结构和功能进一步恶化(P0.05)。各组间左室射血分数及组织多普勒Sm均无统计学差异。体质量指数与室间隔厚度(r=0.271)、左室内径(r=0.313)、左室质量指数(r=0.429)、左室后壁厚度(r=0.455)以及E/Em(r=0.379)呈正相关;与组织多普勒Em(r=-0.362)、Em/Am比值(r=-0.298)呈负相关。腰围与左室后壁厚度(r=0.347)、左室内径(r=0.435)、左室质量指数(r=0.413)、二尖瓣血流频谱A峰(r=0.338)、组织多普勒Am(r=0.422)以及E/Em(r=0.459)呈正相关;与二尖瓣血流频谱E/A比值(r=-0.287)、组织多普Em(r=-0.386)、Em/Am比值(r=-0.236)呈负相关。结论:超重者即可出现心腔增大、左室质量指数增加、心脏舒张功能减低,而腹型肥胖者更加明显。     

氨基末端B型脑钠肽前体与非梗阻性肥厚型心肌病患者左心室舒张功能的相关性研究

目的探讨血浆氨基末端B型脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平与非梗阻性肥厚型心肌病(HNCM)患者左心室舒张功能的关系。方法选择46例HNCM患者,20名健康体检者作为对照组,电化学发光法检测两组血浆NT-proBNP水平,超声心动图、组织多普勒显像(TDI)检测室间隔厚度、射血分数和反映左心室舒张功能的参数。结果HNCM组患者平均NT-proBNP血浆水平明显高于对照组(P<0.001);NT-proBNP血浆水平与以下左心室舒张功能参数均呈正相关:二尖瓣室间隔侧舒张早期最大运动速度e(r=0.74,P<0.001)、e与二尖瓣室间隔侧舒张晚期最大运动速度a比值e/a(r=0.69,P<0.001)、心房收缩开始至左室流出道内心室收缩期前流速开始的间期A-Ar(r=0.63,P=0.029)、Tei指数(r=0.63,P<0.001)、肺静脉频谱收缩期肺静脉血流速度S与舒张期肺静脉血流速度D的比值S/D(r=0.62,P<0.001)、等容舒张时间(IVRT)(r=0.56,P<0.001)、二尖瓣血流频谱舒张早期充盈峰值速度E(r=0.54,P<0.001)、a(r=0.53,P<0.001)、二尖瓣血流频谱舒张晚期充盈峰值流速A(r=0.36,P=0.02)、E/A(r=0.47,P<0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,e/a、S/D是NT-proBNP血浆水平的独立影响因素。结论NT-proBNP血浆水平与超声心动图左心室舒张功能参数间存在明显的正相关性,可以作为评价HNCM患者左心室舒张功能不全的客观指标。     

应用心脏超声二尖瓣血流频谱技术评价高血压患者早期左室舒张功能不全的价值

目的应用心脏超声二瓣血尖流频谱技术(MVF)评价高血压患者早期左室舒张功能不全的价值。方法选取2009年1月~2015年2月我院超声科收治的高血压患者69例作为研究对象,行超声MVF技术检查,以E波峰值流速/A波峰值流速、E波减速时间(DT)和等容舒张时间(IRT)指标判断左室舒张功能不全。E/A1.0、DT240 ms、IRT90 ms为左室顺应性降低21例(A组);E/A2.0、DT160 ms、IRT70 ms为左室限制性充盈模式23例(B组);1.0E/A2.0、160 msDT240 ms、70 msIRT90 ms为伪正常期25例(C组);同期选取健康体检者30名。B组患者平均收缩压、舒张压和病程均大于C组,C组大于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结果 C组患者与健康体检者30名比较,E/A显著增大,DT和IRT显著减小,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MVF目前仍是临床评价高血压患者早期左室舒张功能不全的重要手段,结合病情特点,可有效提高诊断准确率,具有重要临床应用价值。     

肥胖对2型糖尿病病人心脏结构与功能及相关临床特征的影响

目的观察肥胖对2型糖尿病病人心脏结构与功能及相关临床特征的影响。方法入选我科2016年4月—2018年1月收治的2型糖尿病病人,选取308例作为研究对象,以2000年亚太地区肥胖诊断标准为依据进行分组,将符合该诊断标准的138例病人纳入肥胖组,体重指数(BMI)25kg/m2,其余170例作为非肥胖组,BMI(18.5～25)kg/m2。详细记录两组M型超声心动图各项指标,包括:主动脉内径(AOD)、左房内径(LAD)、室间隔厚度(IVS)、左室后壁厚度(LVPW)、左室收缩期内径(LVDs)、左室舒张期内径(LVDd)、二尖瓣E峰与A峰比值(E/A)、射血分数(EF)、左室短轴缩短率(FS)、左心室质量(LVM)。比较两组体重指数、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、空腹血糖、血脂、空腹胰岛素、收缩压、舒张压、糖化血红蛋白等指标水平。分析两组EF与收缩压、舒张压、血脂、FINS、糖化血红蛋白、LVM等指标间的相关关系,进一步分析EF的主要影响因素。结果肥胖组HOMA-IR、BMI、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、三酰甘油、舒张压、LAD、LVPW、LVM高于非肥胖组(P 0.05);肥胖组空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平、E/A低于非肥胖组(P0.05)。多重线性回归分析显示收缩压、总胆固醇(TC)、LVM是肥胖组EF指标水平的主要影响因素。收缩压越大EF越大,反之越小,相关性系数r=24.217,P=0.026。EF与TC呈负相关,相关系数r=-16.843,P=0.016,EF与LVM呈负相关,相关系数r=-34.03,P=0.034。BMI是非肥胖组病人EF的主要影响因素,BMI越大,EF越小,二者存在明显的负相关性,相关系数r=-9.652,P=0.024。结论左心室肥大、左心舒张功减低、高甘油三酯血症、胰岛素抵抗在肥胖的2型糖尿病病人中普遍存在。收缩压、胆固醇、LVM是肥胖组病人EF的主要影响因素,良好控制上述指标可以给病人带来相应的心脏获益。BMI是非肥胖组病人EF的主要影响因素。     

超声心动图评估肥胖对心脏结构和舒张功能的影响

目的:研究肥胖对心脏结构和左室舒张功能的影响以及比较左室舒张功能各项评价指标的敏感性。方法:选择100名健康体检者,根据体质指数分为正常体重组(对照组,25例),超重组(45例),肥胖组(30例)。应用常规超声心动图、组织多普勒成像技术和彩色M型多普勒对其进行检测,并对各组的心脏结构和左室舒张功能参数进行对比分析。结果:与对照组比较,超重组与肥胖组的左房、左室增大,室壁增厚,左室重量指数增加,二尖瓣瓣环舒张早期峰值运动速度(Ea)、Ea/二尖瓣瓣环舒张晚期峰值运动速度比值下降,二尖瓣舒张早期血流峰值速度(E)/Ea比值增加(P<0.05);肥胖组E值、E/二尖瓣舒张晚期血流峰值速度(A)比值下降,A值升高,等容舒张时间延长,舒张早期左室血流传播速度减慢(P<0.05)。与超重组比较,肥胖组心脏结构和舒张功能进一步恶化(P<0.05)。结论:肥胖可引起心脏肥大,左室舒张功能下降,且随体质指数的增加改变更明显。肥胖是亚临床左室舒张功能障碍的独立危险因素,在心肌迟缓型左室舒张功能下降阶段,综合多指标分析可提高左室舒张功能评价的准确性。组织多普勒和E/Ea较常规评价左室舒张功能的方法更敏感、有效。     

应用超声心动图评价2型糖尿病患者的左室功能

目的:利用超声心动图对2型糖尿病患者左室功能进行检测分析,旨在早期发现糖尿病患者的心功能改变。方法:入选糖尿病患者42例(糖尿病组),健康体检者30例(健康对照组);采用M型超声心动图测量左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室短轴缩短率(LVFS);利用脉冲多普勒超声心动图测量二尖瓣口及右上肺静脉血流参数,包括左室舒张早期E峰速度峰值(E)、舒张晚期A峰速度峰值(A)、计算E/A比值、心房收缩期肺静脉逆向流速峰值(ap)。结果:与健康对照组比较,糖尿病患者组舒张功能指标E/A[(1.12±0.14)比(0.95±0.56)]明显降低(P<0.05),ap[(23.54±2.91)cm/s比(31.73±9.97)cm/s]明显升高(P<0.001)。结论:糖尿病患者首先出现左室舒张功能下降,表现为E/A比值降低,肺静脉逆向流速峰值升高,对糖尿病患者应尽早进行心功能检查,以便早期发现心功能不全,早期治疗。     

脑钠肽结合超声多普勒评价舒张性心力衰竭患者的心功能

目的 采用血浆脑钠肽(BNP)浓度测定结合超声多普勒心动图的参数来评价舒张性心力衰竭患者的心功能,为临床提供判断舒张性心力衰竭及其严重程度的敏感和特异的客观指标.方法 选择舒张性心力衰竭患者85例(心力衰竭组),按纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)心功能分级,Ⅱ级31例、Ⅲ级36例、Ⅳ级18例,以及健康对照组30例.测定血浆BNP浓度,超声多普勒结合组织多普勒显像(TDI)测定左室结构、左室舒张功能及左室舒张末压.结果 舒张性心力衰竭患者血浆BNP浓度明显高于对照组(P<0.001),且随心力衰竭程度加重而逐渐升高(P<0.001).舒张性心力衰竭组左房内径(LA)、室间隔厚度(IVS)、左室后壁厚度(LVPW)、舒张早期流速峰值/舒张早期速度峰值(E/Em)较对照组升高,E/舒张晚期流速峰值(A)降低(P<0.01),血浆BNP浓度与E/A比值呈负相关(r=-0.634,P<0.01),与E/Em比值呈正相关(r=0.728,P<0.01).结论 血浆BNP浓度测定结合超声多普勒心动图的参数判断舒张性心力衰竭患者的心功能简便准确.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.