Independent predictors of cancer-specific survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: multi-institutional dataset from 3 European centers

BACKGROUND: The objective of the current study was to identify variables that were predictive of cancer-specific survival in patients with nonmetastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UUT-TCC). METHODS: Clinical and pathologic data from 269 patients who underwent nephroureterectomy for UUT-TCC from 1989 to 2005 in 3 urologic European centers were collected retrospectively. Log-rank tests and Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used for univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty patients underwent nephroureterectomy, and 19 patients underwent concomitant cystectomy for synchronous muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The median follow-up of the whole cohort was 34 months, and the median follow-up of the patients who remained alive and disease-free was 52 months. At follow-up, 57 cancer-related deaths (21.2%) were censored, and 169 patients (62.8%) were alive and disease-free. On univariate analysis, a history of previous bladder cancer, pathologic stage of the primary tumor and lymph nodes, tumor grade, the presence of lymphovascular invasion, tumor site, synchronous muscle-invasive bladder TCC, and tumor multifocality were associated with cancer-specific survival probabilities. On multivariate analysis, pathologic stage of the primary tumor and lymph nodes, tumor multifocality within the UUT, synchronous muscle-invasive bladder TCC, and a history of bladder TCC before the diagnosis of UUT-TCC were independent predictors of cancer-specific survival probabilities. CONCLUSIONS: In a multi-institutional dataset of patients who had undergone nephroureterectomy for UUT-TCC, the current results indicated that pathologic stage of the primary tumor and lymph nodes, a history of prior bladder TCC, the presence of synchronous muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and tumor multifocality within the UUT were independent predictors of cancer-specific survival probabilities.     

Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of upper-tract urothelial tumors. A preliminary report

The technique of transurethral ureteropyeloscopy allows many standard cystoscopic procedures to be extended into the upper urinary tract. This endoscopic method was used to evaluate 31 patients suspected to have urothelial malignancies of the ureter or renal pelvis. Twenty-eight of the patients had the procedure successfully completed (90%), 11 of whom were found to have urothelial tumors. Diagnostic ureteroscopic biopsy in three of these patients revealed high-grade, multifocal tumors and was followed by nephroureterectomy (two patients) or partial ureterectomy (one patient). However, in eight patients, ureteroscopy and biopsy revealed apparently localized, low-grade tumors which were treated by ureteroscopic fulguration or resection. The latter patients have undergone endoscopic surveillance every 3 months (average follow-up, 21 months). The technique of ureteropyeloscopy permits endoscopic access into the ureter and renal pelvis, enabling tissue diagnosis and better preoperative cancer staging without surgical exploration. Although follow-up is short, selected patients with low-grade tumors may be treated primarily by endoscopic means.     

Safety and efficacy of endoscopic resection for the treatment of duodenal subepithelial lesions

BackgroundEndoscopic management of duodenal subepithelial lesions is challenging, and there are only a few studies on this topic. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic resection for the treatment of duodenal subepithelial lesions.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data, including epidemiologic characteristics, therapeutic outcomes, complications, and follow-up results, of 49 patients with duodenal subepithelial lesions who underwent endoscopic resection at our hospital between August 2010 and September 2019.ResultsWe performed 35 endoscopic submucosal dissection, 9 endoscopic mucosal resection, 3 endoscopic submucosal excavation, and 2 endoscopic full-thickness resection. The en bloc resection rate and R0 resection rate were 95.9% and 89.8%, respectively. Delayed perforations developed in 2 (4.1%) patients; surgical intervention was required for both. Coagulation syndrome developed in 1 (2.0%) patient; however, it was treated conservatively. Delayed bleeding or other serious complications did not occur. One patient underwent complementary surgery after endoscopic resection. One (2.3%) recurrence occurred in patients who underwent endoscopic resection at a median follow-up duration of 24 months (range, 1–88 months).ConclusionsEndoscopic resection is an effective, safe, and minimally invasive method for the histopathologic assessment and curative treatment of duodenal subepithelial lesions originating from the submucosal or muscularis propria.     

Surgical management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma

Upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) accounts for approximately 5% of urothelial tumors. Surgical therapy for upper tract TCC is based on tumor grade, stage, location, and confounding factors of individual cases. Options for treatment range from minimally invasive procedures, such as ureteroscopy, to open nephroureterectomy. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy is progressively eclipsing open nephroureterectomy in the surgical management of upper tract TCC. This article discusses the surgical options for managing upper tract TCC and their considerations for use.     

Metachronous bladder tumors in patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma

Sixty-nine patients who underwent nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma were included in the study. The following data were collected for each patient: grade and stage of renal/ureteral tumor, tumor location, timing of tumor appearance and recurrence in the bladder, grade and stage of each of the recurrent tumors, and number of recurrences. Follow-up ranged between 2 and 15 years. Thirty-three patients (47.8%) developed metachronous bladder tumors. The appearance of the bladder tumors was related to tumor grade and multifocality of the upper urinary tract TCC. Of the 33 patients, 19 had 1 tumor appearance in the bladder, 6 had 2 recurrences, and 8 had 3 recurrences. The 5-year survival rate for patients with no subsequent bladder tumors was 57% compared to 22% for those who had subsequent tumors. It is concluded that the appearance of bladder tumors following nephroureterectomy characterizes a group of patients with biologically more active disease with unfavorable prognosis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, inc.     

新型多环黏膜切除器在食管内镜下手术的初步应用

背景与目的：食管内镜治疗近年来发展迅速,本研究旨在探讨新型多环黏膜切除器DT-6在食管内镜下切除术(endoscopic resection,ER)的应用价值。方法：2011年6月至今,复旦大学附属肿瘤医院胸外科使用DT-6多环黏膜切除器完成了100例食管内镜下切除术。选取已有6个月以上随访期的患者为研究对象,对手术参数、围手术和术后随访情况作总结和分析,并比较食管切除术和内镜治疗在治疗食管癌前病变或早期癌的围手术参数。结果：2011年6月—2012年1月,共有32例患者在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院胸外科接受食管内镜下切除术,术中均使用新型DT-6。32例患者中,男性22例,女性10例,平均年龄59.0岁(25~83岁)。共进行了34次内镜下切除术,包括31例内镜下黏膜切除(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)和3例内镜黏膜下病变剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD),平均每次手术切取标本数为(3.4±1.0)块,标本平均直径为(11.8±2.7)mm,术中出血量为(5.45±1.47)mL。术后中位随访时间8.3个月,无一例出现出血、穿孔或食管狭窄。食管癌前病变和早期癌行食管内镜下切除术相比食管切除术在手术用时、出血量、住院时间和并发症方面差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论：新型多环黏膜切除器行食管内镜下切除术具有简便、安全、有效的优势,值得进一步推广。内镜手术与食管切除术对早期食管癌(T1a之前)和高级别上皮内瘤变的远期治疗效果是否等同,还需要经过长期的临床随访。     

Promoter hypermethylation is associated with tumor location, stage, and subsequent progression in transitional cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is a pan-urothelial disease characterized by multiplicity. Although little is known about the molecular events in upper-tract TCC, similar carcinogenic mechanisms are thought to occur throughout the urinary tract. However, we have previously shown that distinct patterns of microsatellite instability occur in upper and lower urinary tract TCC, suggesting biologic differences between these tumors. Here we investigate the extent of promoter hypermethylation in TCC throughout the urinary tract. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tissue was obtained from 280 patients (median follow-up, 56 months) whose tumors comprised 116 bladder and 164 upper-tract tumors (UTT). Analysis for hypermethylation at 11 CpG islands, using methylation-sensitive polymerase chain reaction and bisulfite sequencing, was performed for each sample and compared with the tumor's clinicopathologic details, microsatellite instability status, and subsequent behavior. RESULTS: Promoter methylation was present in 86% of TCC and occurred both more frequently and more extensively in UTT (94%) than in bladder tumors (76%; P < .0001). Methylation was associated with advanced tumor stage (P = .0001) and higher tumor progression (P = .03) and mortality rates (P = .04), when compared with tumors without methylation. Multivariate analysis revealed that methylation at the RASSF1A and DAPK loci, in addition to tumor stage and grade, were associated with disease progression (P < .04). CONCLUSION: Despite morphologic similarities, there are genetic and epigenetic differences between TCC in the upper and lower urinary tracts. Methylation occurs commonly in urinary tract tumors, may affect carcinogenic mechanisms, and is a prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target.     

Results of surgical therapy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and cardia

Background. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and cardia is a challenging disease for the surgeon. Delay in diagnosis, nodal involvement, and incompleteness of resection have an adverse effect on long-term prognosis. Efforts are currently oriented to identify patients who may benefit from extensive resection. Methods. Between November 1992 and May 1998, 218 patients with histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus or cardia were referred to our Department. In 6 patients (10.2%) cancer was discovered during endoscopic surveillance for Barrett's metaplasia. Overall, 147 patients (67%) underwent resection. An Ivor-Lewis approach was used in 121 patients; of these, 51 underwent an extended mediastinal lymph node dissection. Results. Median cumulative survival was 25.9 ± 3.1 months in patients undergoing resection, and 7 ± 1.3 months in patients having palliation (P < 0.01). Survival was significantly higher in patients with negative nodes than in those with lymph node metastases (54 ± 12.9 versus 17 ± 2.8 months; P < 0.01). Six of the 51 patients (11.8%) undergoing extended lym-phadenectomy had metastatic upper mediastinal nodes. Additional serial sections and immunohistochemistry were performed in 46 patients. In 6 of 18 patients (33.3%) with negative nodes at conventional hematoxylin-eosin examination, immunohistochemistry demonstrated micrometastases in the lesser curvature, paracardial, peripancreatic, or lower mediastinal nodes. Three of these patients had recurrent disease within the first year of follow-up. Conclusions. Early diagnosis remains the prerequisite for curative treatment of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and cardia. Endoscopic surveillance appears to be warranted in patients with Barrett's metaplasia. When a curative resection is attempted, extended lymphadenectomy improves tumor staging and may prevent local recurrences. Serial sections and immunohistochemistry provide additional accuracy in the staging of the disease and may prove useful to select patients for adjuvant therapy. Received for publication on Sept. 3, 1998; accepted on March 3, 1999     

内镜下结直肠神经鞘瘤诊断与治疗

目的:旨在探讨内镜下结直肠神经鞘瘤的诊断与治疗。方法:回顾性分析2011年03月至2017年03月期间中国医科大学附属盛京医院11例结直肠神经鞘瘤患者的临床资料、肿瘤特征、治疗、病理、免疫组化和随访情况。结果:4例结直肠神经鞘瘤位于乙状结肠、3例位于直肠、4例位于横结肠。11例神经鞘瘤患者结肠镜下表现为黏膜下肿物或表面发黄的息肉样改变,其中8例黏膜下神经鞘瘤超声内镜下表现为起源于固有肌层的低回声肿物。11例患者均在内镜下完全切除肿物,其中3例行内镜下黏膜切除术,2例行内镜黏膜下剥离术,6例行内镜下全层切除术,术后均无并发症出现,随访期间均未发现复发或转移。结论:内镜及超声内镜对于诊断结直肠神经鞘瘤有一定的价值,内镜下治疗结直肠神经鞘瘤是安全有效的。     

内镜切除与腹腔镜手术治疗胃间质瘤临床对比分析

目的:比较内镜切除与腹腔镜手术治疗直径为2~5 cm胃间质瘤的临床对比分析,探讨消化内镜治疗较大胃间质瘤的临床应用价值。方法:收集2013年6月至2018年6月我院病理诊断为胃间质瘤的78例患者临床资料,其中内镜组45例,腹腔镜组33例,比较二者的一般资料、围手术期及随访等情况。结果:两组在年龄、性别、肿瘤生长部位、肿瘤危险程度分级上差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;内镜组肿瘤直径［（3.13±0.83)cm］较腹腔镜组［（3.67±1.03)cm］小,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组在完整切除率上差异无统计学意义;内镜组手术时间、术后排气时间、术后住院时间、住院总费用均小于腹腔镜组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;内镜组并发症发生率为17.8%,较腹腔镜组（6.1%）高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。内镜组术后随访（22.4±15.4）个月,腹腔镜组术后随访（24.7±17.5）个月,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。随访期间,内镜组均未发生复发、转移和死亡,腹腔镜组1例术后14个月复发,两组在复发、转移及死亡率上差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论:内镜下治疗2~5 cm直径的胃间质瘤创伤小、恢复快、疗效好,预后和腹腔镜无差异,但是内镜组手术主动穿孔与被动穿孔发生率较高,但均能成功缝合,不影响预后及经济性,内镜下治疗较大直径的胃间质瘤有望成为开腹手术及腹腔镜手术之外的方式之一,更广泛应用于临床。     

Incidence of downstaging and complete remission after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high‐risk upper tract transitional cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND:

The authors evaluated the incidence of pathologic downstaging and complete remission (CR) in patients with high‐grade ureteral and renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) (upper tract TCC) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery.

METHODS:

The study group comprised patients with biopsy‐demonstrated, high‐grade disease who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by nephrouterectomy from 2004 to 2008, during which time patients uniformly were considered for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The control group comprised patients with biopsy‐demonstrated, high‐grade disease who underwent initial nephroureterectomy from 1993 to 2004, when patients uniformly underwent initial surgery. Multiple clinical and pathologic features were evaluated, and the primary endpoint was pathologic tumor classification.

RESULTS:

One hundred seven patients in the control group underwent initial surgery, and 43 patients in the study group received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Baseline demographics were similar between the groups except for a higher rate of sessile tumor architecture in the study group (72.1% vs 49.5%; P = .018). There was significant downstaging in study group patients compared with the historic control group (P = .004). The incidence of tumors classified as pathologic T2 (pT2) or as pT3 or higher was significantly lower in the study group (pT2, 65.4% vs 48.8%; P = .043; pT3 or higher, 47.7% vs 27.9%; P = .029). Fourteen percent of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a pathologic CR.

CONCLUSIONS:

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a 14% CR rate and a significant rate of downstaging. While longer follow‐up is awaited for survival data to mature, the current data provide justification for the sustained support of trials using this strategy. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

Endoscopic Treatment of Early-Stage Esophageal Cancer

Purpose of Review

Esophageal cancer is a leading cause of global cancer-related mortality. Here, we discuss the major endoscopic treatment modalities for management of early esophageal cancer (EEC).

Recent Findings

Advances in endoscopic imaging and therapy have shifted the paradigm of managing early esophageal cancers. Though esophagectomy remains the preferred management for advanced cancers, guidelines now recommend endoscopic resection followed by ablative therapy for early (Tis and T1a) cancers. Available data suggests endoscopic treatment is comparable to surgery with regard to overall and cancer-specific survival with lower procedural morbidity and mortality.

Summary

Endoscopic modalities are emerging as frontline treatment options for patients with early esophageal cancers. Accurate clinical staging with assessment of disease extent, tumor grade, and risk of nodal metastases is crucial when determining eligibility for endoscopic management of EEC. High-quality routine surveillance endoscopy is critical in patients who have undergone resection and/or ablation.

     

交锁髓内钉在骨肿瘤术后功能重建中的应用

目的探讨应用交锁髓内钉进行骨肿瘤术后功能重建的方法和疗效。方法29例患者,男14例,女15例。年龄21～73岁,平均35．5岁。其中骨囊肿病理性骨折4例,骨纤维异常增殖症病理性骨折1例,非骨化性纤维瘤病理性骨折1例,骨转移癌病理性骨折8例,骨转移癌未骨折4例,骨肉瘤11例。病变位于肱骨3例,胫骨2例,股骨24例。采取切开复位交锁髓内钉固定14例,瘤段切除灭活再植交锁髓内钉固定9例,瘤段切除异体半关节移植交锁髓内钉固定2例,预防性交锁髓内钉内固定4例。结果随访12～48个月,切开复位内固定14例中,骨转移癌8例,术后死亡5例,1例术后肿瘤范围扩大,余2例基本恢复到骨折前功能状况,6例良性患者,术后无肿瘤复发,骨折均愈合;瘤段切除灭活再植9例中,术后死亡2例,肿瘤复发1例,截骨不愈合1例,余5例愈合;瘤段切除异体半关节移植2例中1例愈合,1例不愈合。4例预防性内固定中,1例术后1年内死亡,余3例术后功能良好。结论交锁髓内钉在病理骨折内固定,自体骨灭活再植及异体骨移植重建中具有对位容易,固定可靠,可早期功能锻炼等优点,应用骨转移癌预防性内固定可有效避免病理骨折的发生。     

Esophageal cytology in the follow-up of patients with treated upper aerodigestive tract malignancies

BACKGROUND: Patients with an history of carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract are at high risk for recurrence or the development of new tumors in this region. In the majority of follow-up protocols, these patients undergo radiologic and endoscopic evaluation as a means of surveillance for the early detection of recurrence. The brush biopsy-capsule technique represents a noninvasive and inexpensive screening device for this patient population. In the current study, the authors retrospectively assessed the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of esophageal brush-capsule cytology for the detection of malignant lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract in this high risk patient population. METHODS: Cytologic specimens from 334 patients with previously treated upper aerodigestive malignancies were available for review. The cytologic, endoscopic, and clinical follow-up of each case were studied over a follow-up period of 3 years. Gold standard was the clinical follow-up for the negative cases (who were not submitted to biopsy) and biopsy for the positive cases. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value were calculated. RESULTS: Using cytology 33 malignancies were detected in 25 patients during a 3-year follow-up period. The test was found to have a sensitivity of 88.7% and a specificity of 90.7%. In 66% of cases the malignancies were located in the oropharynx; the others were located in the esophagus. In 70% of cases the malignancies were detected at an early stage. CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal brush-capsule cytology is a simple noninvasive technique that has been proven to be useful in the early detection of metachronous and recurrent neoplasms in the follow-up of patients with previously treated carcinomas of the ear, nose, and throat.     

Metastasis to the ovaries from transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and renal pelvis: a report of two cases

Ovarian metastases from a primary urinary tract carcinoma are extremely rare. This can be difficult to distinguish from transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of ovarian origin because of histologic similarity. A 65-year-old woman who was diagnosed with renal pelvis TCC 4 months prior was referred for evaluation of a left ovarian mass. A 47-year-old woman who underwent radical cystectomy due to bladder TCC 1 year ago was referred because of a right ovarian mass. Both patients underwent a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The tumor cells had morphology identical to those of the primary urinary tract tumors. Gynecologic oncologists should consider metastatic TCC of the ovary from urinary tract origin, as well as breast, and gastrointestinal tract origins.     

MRI引导脑胶质瘤立体定向活检的准确性评价

目的:评价MRI引导脑胶质瘤立体定向活检的准确性及临床价值.方法:回顾性分析MRI引导立体定向活检及术后病理证实的50例脑胶质瘤患者的临床、MRI及病理学资料,比较MRI 引导立体定向活检与术后病理学检查结果.结果:29例患者活检后2月内进行了手术,立体定向活检正确指导治疗28例(97%),活检与术后病理结果完全一致者24例(83%),恶性胶质瘤误诊为间变性星形细胞瘤4例,恶性胶质瘤误诊放射性脑坏死1例.21例患者于活检2个月后(平均6.5个月)进行了手术,7例活检胶质瘤分级与术后病理结果完全一致,而活检14例放射性脑坏死中仅5例(36%)符合术后病理诊断.结论:MRI引导胶质瘤立体定向活检能够充分代表整体肿瘤的病理学分级,可正确指导后续治疗,而肿瘤强化特征是活检潜在抽样误差的一个预测指标.     

上尿路肿瘤术后再发膀胱癌的危险因素分析

目的：探讨上尿路肿瘤术后再发膀胱癌的因素。方法：采用回顾性研究对上尿路肿瘤76例进行总结。结果：术后膀胱癌再发率36％（27／76），70％（19／27）发生于术后2年。多器官性肿瘤者的再发率69％（11／16）高于单发肿瘤者的27％（16／60）。输尿管下段肿瘤者的再发率50％（8／16）高于肾盂输尿管上段者的18％（8／44）。Ⅱ-Ⅲ级、T3者再发率高。未切除患侧输尿管口周围膀胱壁的再发率49％（21／43），高于肾输尿管膀胱部分切除术的18％（6／33）。结论：上尿路肿瘤的部位、多器官性、病理分级、分期是术后膀胱癌再发的危险因素，切除输尿管口周围膀胱壁是防止再发的关键。     

Two-stage liver resection and chemotherapy for bilobar colorectal liver metastases.

BACKGROUND: A significant number of patients with colorectal metastatic disease confined to the liver are inoperable at assessment. For these patients, the outlook is poor. Chemotherapy can 'down-stage' some tumours and render them operable. The authors present a series of patients with inoperable disease despite down-staging with chemotherapy, who underwent a two-stage resection to clear their metastatic disease. METHODS: The case-notes of 11 patients who were found to have inoperable hepatic metastatic disease were identified using computerised medical records and mean hospital stay, survival and long-term follow-up data was noted. RESULTS: The mean follow-up from initial resection was 13.5 months (range of 5-20 months). Three deaths were recorded in the follow-up interval. Causes of death included recurrence of hepatic disease following completion of two-stage resection, progression of original hepatic disease leading to inoperability at second stage operation and recurrence of original primary colorectal tumour. The mean survival in the patients who died was 17 months (range of 15-19 months). The remaining patients are alive to date with six patients showing no evidence of hepatic recurrence, follow-up period of 13 months (range of 8-20 months). One patient developed de novo prostate cancer and is awaiting his second liver resection, and one patient has stable hepatic disease with no evidence of progression. CONCLUSION: Two-stage liver resection can prolong survival when compared to chemotherapy alone, with a recurrence rate equivalent to ablation techniques. Longer-term studies are needed for further evaluation.     

Prognostic significance of urine cytology on initial follow-up after intravesical mitomycin C for superficial bladder cancer

Seventy patients were given courses of intravesical mitomycin C for residual transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder following partial resection or biopsy. The patients were reassessed 3 months after the initiation of treatment by cystoscopy and cytology from cystoscopic urines and bladder washings. Twelve had no visible cancer at cystoscopic study but had positive urine cytologic findings. The incidence of tumor recurrence, cystectomy, radiotherapy, and deaths due to bladder cancer for this group of cytologically positive partial responders was analyzed. Thirty-three percent (4/12) required cystectomy, none underwent radiation therapy and none died of bladder cancer. These outcomes were compared with that of complete responders (negative cystoscopic and cytologic results) and partial responders with visible tumor (reduction by greater than 50%). We conclude that in high-grade carcinomas, particularly carcinoma in situ, positive urine cytologic findings at the initial 3-month follow-up visit following treatment with intravesical mitomycin C is as ominous a prognostic indicator as endoscopic or biopsy evidence of cancer.