慢性肛瘘癌变：附6例临床分析

目的：了解慢性肛瘘癌变的临床病理特征。方法：回顾性总结1996—2005年收治的6例由慢性肛瘘演变而来的肛管癌的临床和病理资料。结果：男5例，女1 例;中位年龄55岁。有慢性肛瘘病史15～30年;反复发作的慢性炎症刺激为肛瘘癌变的主要诱因。肿瘤确诊依靠瘘管及周围肿块的病理学活检。其中3例伴有腹股沟淋巴结转移。所有患者均行腹会阴联合根治术, 3例同时行腹股沟淋巴结清扫, 术后均辅以化疗。3例患者生存期在5 年以上，1例已存活3年，1例存活1年， 1例手术1年后死于肺转移。结论：肛瘘继发癌变,病程发展慢,恶性程度相对较低,但易被漏诊。治疗应采用以腹会阴根治性切除术为主的综合治疗。     

慢性肛瘘演变的粘液腺癌（附4例分析）

１９８６￣１９９７年收治的４例由慢性肛瘘演变而来的肛门粘液腺癌,对其临床表现,诊断治疗进行了探讨,认为肛瘘及其相关的肛腺是这种罕见肿瘤的原发部位,反复发作的慢性炎症刺激和疤痕组织变异为诱发肛瘘癌变的主要原因,临床确诊依靠瘘管及相关肿瘤的病理活检、治疗采用根治性手术,辅以化疗或放疗。     

肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤误诊7例分析

肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤是一种少见的高度恶性肿瘤,临床上极易误诊。我院自１９９０年以来共收治７例均误诊,现报告如下。 临床资料 本组男２例,女５例;年龄３２～７５岁,平均５２岁。全部病例均经病理证实。其中误诊为血栓性外痔２例,直肠息肉２例,直肠癌３例。入院时双侧腹股沟淋巴结肿大２例。主要临床症状为便血、便频、肛门坠痛,排便时肿物脱出。出现症状至确诊时间为１～２６个月,平均６．５个月。此７例入院时直肠指检均触及结节及肿块,其最大直径占肠腔周径１／３～１／２;直肠镜检见肿块均位于肛管与直肠邻近齿状线处,３…     

挂线治疗高位复杂肛瘘及直肠粘膜下瘘65例

我们近年来共治疗高位肛瘘、直肠粘膜下瘘６５例,全部应用挂线法,现总结如下。１临床资料１１一般资料本组男４９例,女１６例,年龄２１～６８岁,病程４个月～２１年,１１例曾经２次以上手术治疗。１２临床表现特点１２１高位肛瘘中外口位于肛门左前或右前位...     

胃癌淋巴转移规律与淋巴结清扫范围的分析(附326例报告)

目的 探讨胃癌淋巴结转称规律和胃癌根治术的淋巴清扫范围。方法 １９９０年～１９９９年行Ｄ２、Ｄ３、Ｄ３淋巴结廓清术加腹主动脉旁淋巴结廓汪术（Ｄ３加ＰＡＬ）的胃癌患者３２６例,对期临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 本组总的淋巴结转移率６９．９％,早期与进展期胃癌淋巴结转移率分别为１５．４％和７７．４％。肿瘤浸润深度达Ｔ１的患者,淋巴结转移主要局限于Ｎ１;达Ｔ２的患者淋巴结转移至Ｎ３、Ｔ４的ＫＫＨＮＦＴＪ     

经骶尾部手术治疗无肛术后肛门狭窄6例分析

肛门狭窄是肛门成形术后常见的并发症。本文总结我院１９８７～１９９６年经骶尾部手术治疗严重肛门狭窄的资料。１临床资料１１一般资料本组男５例，女１例。年龄９～１１个月３例，１～２岁３例。６例均为先天性直肠肛门闭锁术后并发严重肛门狭窄。其中高位型１例，中...     

重建直肠角肛门成形术治疗肛门直肠闭锁

１９８６年,高春芳首先将重建直肠角式人工肛门应用于直肠癌根治术中［１］,术后肛门功能恢复满意。受此启发,１９８８～１９９６年,我们采用重建直肠角、经腹会阴一期肛门成形术,治疗高位先天性肛门直肠闭锁伴阴道、尿道及舟状窝瘘５８例。术后随访２～８年,其排便功能满意。本文介绍该手术方式并总结５８例的治疗体会。１　临床资料本组新生儿２０例,１岁１５例,３岁１０例,６岁８例,１２岁５例。男３２例,女２６例。根据Ｘ线检查及手术所见,按肛门直肠畸形国际分类标准［２］,本组５８例直肠盲端均在耻骨尾骨线（ＰＣ线）…     

肠道重复畸形4例报告

１临床资料本组男２例，女２例；年龄１０个月～２２岁，平均１１．５岁。表现为左上腹胀痛３例，粘液便１例，血便２例，大便变形２例。可见肠型３例，４例肠鸣音均活跃。直肠指检发现囊性肿块２例，肛门直肠部畸形２例。４例均行钡剂灌肠Ｘ线摄片，１例见半圆形充盈缺损...     

直肠粘液腺癌的特点及治疗探讨

目的　通过对 30 8例直肠粘液腺癌回顾性分析 ,了解直肠壁肿瘤侵犯的程度与淋巴结转移的关系 ,针对其特点 ,寻求更完善的治疗方案 ,以提高生存率。方法　对 30 8例直肠粘液腺癌病例进行系统整理、归纳 ,分析其病理类型特点。结果　本组病例均为进展期直肠癌 ,发病年龄 18～ 76岁 ,青壮年 (≤ 45岁 )较老年 (>6 0岁 )多见 ,原发灶多位于直肠中下段 ,以浸润型生长为主 ,约 6 5 %侵犯肠腔全周 ,深度至肠壁浆膜层。结论　随着肿瘤侵犯结肠壁的深度增加 ,其局部淋巴结的存在、淋巴结转移的数目、淋巴管侵犯静脉及周围组织受侵犯的危险性逐渐增加。临床上适合行保守性局部切除的患者 ,应代之以根治切除     

《大肠肛门病外科杂志》1999年第4卷文题索引目次

右半结肠癌侵犯十二指肠的外科处理…………………………1:1 慢性肛瘘演变的粘液腺癌(附4例分析)…………………………1:4 结、直肠肿瘤局部复发再手术的探讨…………………………1:7 多原发性大肠癌31例报告…………………………1:10     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.