有遗传史的精神分裂症患者某些特征研究

目的:探讨首发精神分裂症患者的微小躯体异常(MPAs)与阴性症状及语词记忆缺陷的关系。方法:对36例有家族史和50例无家族史的首发精神分裂症患者进行躯体异常量表(W S)、阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定,并在恢复期进行选择性提醒测验。结果:有家族史组MPAs评分异常的比例显著高于无家族史组(P<0.05);有家族史组PANSS总分、阴性因子分显著高于无家族史组,其中阴性症状子项目中情感迟钝、抽象思维困难、交流缺乏自发性和流畅性3项评分显著高于无家族史组;有家族史组语词记忆10次通过率低;回忆总数、保持数、长时再现数及恒定长时再现数均低于无家族史组。结论:有家族史的精神分裂症患者MPAs异常比例高,阴性症状较多,语词记忆能力也明显较差,反映遗传可产生多方面影响。     

222例精神分裂症患者语词记忆能力的分析

研究精神分裂症患者语词记忆能力。方法采用选择性提醒测验对２２２例精神分裂症患者和２００例正常人的语词记忆进行测验。结果精神分裂症患者存在记忆障碍，并有联想回忆减少和插入增多的特点。结论精神症状有明显加重记忆障碍的作用，而病型、病程及抗精神病药物的剂量等因素对记忆的影响不大。     

男性首发精神分裂症患者精神病未治疗时间与糖脂代谢异常及认知功能损害的关系

目的:探讨男性首发精神分裂症患者精神病未治疗时间(DUP)与糖脂代谢异常及认知知功能损害的关系。方法:86例首发未用药精神分裂症患者分为短DUP组39例和长DUP组47例;检测其腰围、血压、体质量指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FPG)、三酰甘油(TG)及高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平;进行事件相关电位(ERPs)P300检测及威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST);并与40名正常对照者(对照组)比较。结果:长DUP组代谢综合征(MS)发生率明显高于对照组(P 0.05);两组患者WCST中各项目成绩及P300潜伏期与波幅与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.01);长DUP组P300波幅较短DUP组明显降低;除分类完成数外,长DUP组WCST中各项成绩明显差于短DUP组(P 0.05);患者DUP与腰围、血清TG水平呈正相关;BMI与WCST的正确数、分类完成数、P300波幅呈负相关,与持续错误数、随机错误数呈正相关;腰围与正确数、分类完成数呈负相关,与P300潜伏期呈正相关;TG与分类完成数呈负相关、与P300潜伏期呈正相关;DBP与正确数呈负相关(P均0.05)。结论:长DUP的男性首发精神分裂症患者认知功能明显下降,其伴有MS或糖脂代谢异常可能起协同作用。     

奥氮平对精神分裂症认知障碍的疗效及糖、脂代谢的影响

目的 观察奥氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的疗效及其对患者糖、脂代谢影响。方法 将60例接受单一奥氮平治疗的精神分裂症患者，采用修订韦氏记忆量表（WMS-RC）评定记忆功能；威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评定执行功功能；PANSS量表评定精神症状；并检测血糖、胆固醇和甘油三脂，分别在治疗前、治疗8周末各进行1次。结果 经过8用的奥氮平治疗后，记忆商数显著提高（P〈0．001）；威斯康星卡片分类测验的总测验次数、持续错误数及随机错误数均显著下降（P〈0，05或P〈0．01）；并且奥氮平对记忆功能、执行功能的改善与阳性症状、阴性症状的下降呈显著正相关。治疗8周末血糖、胆固醇和甘油三脂水平均显著高于治疗前（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 奥氮平能有效的改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍，但应重视其对患者糖脂代谢的副作用．     

无痉挛电休克治疗对偏执型精神分裂症患者认知功能改善的临床比较研究

目的探讨无痉挛电休克治疗对偏执型精神分裂症患者认知功能康复的作用,从而选择最优方式改善患者的预后。方法随机抽取我院近2年接受无痉挛电休克治疗的偏执型精神分裂症45例为研究组,按照病程、病情、性别、年龄等与之匹配的服用奥氮平治疗的45例为对照组,治疗4周后比较两组威斯康星卡片分类测验和韦氏记忆测验的评分。结果研究组在WCST持续反应数和持续错误数评分较对照组显著降低（P〈0.05）;WCST总正确数、总错误数、完成分类数评分显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。韦氏记忆测验的评分研究组低于对照组,前者优于后者（P〈0.05）。结论无痉挛电休克治疗在改善偏执型精神分裂症患者的部分认知功能方面优于药物治疗,但对记忆功能的影响不容忽略。     

精神分裂症患者未患病一级亲属的认知功能研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症未患病的一级亲属认知功能的特点。方法 对110例精神分裂症患者未患病一级亲属（亲属组）及50例正常对照（对照组）进行认知功能测验,包括持续注意力测试（CPT）、威斯康星卡片分类测试（WCST）、修订版韦氏记忆量表（WMS-RC）的逻辑记忆和词语流畅性测试。结果 精神分裂症患者一级亲属在WMS-RC逻辑记忆中的即刻逻辑记忆、延迟逻辑记忆,词语流畅性测试中的词语总数、词语正确数,CPT中的视觉漏报、视觉平均反映时间1和2、听觉漏报数、听觉平均反应时间1和2的成绩均差于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论 精神分裂症未患病的一级亲属存在一定程度的认知功能损害,提示认知损害可能是精神分裂症的内表型指标之一。     

语词记忆能力的评定——一个简便的测验方法

报告一个语词学习和记忆能力测验方法,测定了37例器质性脑损害患者并与110例正常人比较,显示器质性脑损害者语词铭记、保持、再现能力均有损害。左半球损害者较右半球损害者成绩更差。认为该测验可用作语词短时与长时记忆能力的评定。     

精神分裂症患者与健康同胞及正常人群认知功能的比较

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者与健康同胞及正常对照人群认知功能的特点。方法:采用数字划消测验(CT)、修订韦氏成人记忆量表(WMS-RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)对35例精神分裂症患者(患者组)、35例患者健康同胞(同胞组)及30例健康对照组(对照组)的认知功能进行测验。结果:患者组与同胞组记忆商数差异无统计学意义(P0.05);而与对照组记忆商数差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在划消测验上患者组和同胞组指向与转移因子间差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而选择因子差异无统计学意义(P0.05);患者组和对照组在指向、转移与选择3个因子差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。在WCST上患者组和同胞组持续时间数和持续错误数差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而分类完成数和总测验次数差异有统计学意义(P0.01);患者组与对照组比较,持续时间数、持续错误、分类完成数、总测验次数均差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:精神分裂症患者及其健康同胞存在注意、记忆、执行功能方面的损害。     

事件相关电位P300对慢性精神分裂症认知功能的评估

目的：探讨事件相关电位P300在评估慢性精神分裂症认知功能中的价值。方法：应用事件相关电位P300、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）、韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS-RC）及威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）分别对60例慢性精神分裂症患者（患者组）与60名健康志愿者（对照组）进行测查,分析P300潜伏期、波幅与神经心理学测验成绩的相关性。结果：患者组P300潜伏期延长及波幅降低,言语智商、操作智商、韦氏记忆商、WCST各项指标均低于对照组（P〈0.05）。P300潜伏期与操作智商、持续性错误百分数、随机错误百分数呈负相关;波幅与短时记忆、随机错误百分数呈正相关。结论：慢性精神分裂症患者存在全面的认知功能损害,P300潜伏期和波幅可作为其客观评估指标。     

老年精神分裂症患者认知功能与社会功能研究

目的探讨老年精神分裂症患者的认知功能及社会功能损害情况。方法采用一系列标准化神经心理测验工具：韦氏记忆测验（WMS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、简易智力状态检查（MMSE）和日常生活能力量表（ADL），测定45例老年精神分裂症患者（研究组）的认知功能和社会功能，并与42例正常老年人（对照组）作对照。结果研究组在WMS中的经历、定向、1→100、100→1、累加、再认、记图、再生、联想、触摸、理解、背数等项成绩均差于对照组（P均〈0．05或0．01）。WCST研究组总正确数和分类次数均小于对照组，而总错误数、持续错误数和持续反应数均高于对照组（P均〈0．01）。MMSE成绩研究组显著低于对照组（P〈0．05），ADL研究组显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论老年精神分裂症患者存在突出的认知功能和社会功能损害。     

基底节区腔隙性脑梗死患者认知功能障碍分析

目的分析基底节区腔隙性脑梗死(lacuna infarction,LI)患者认知功能障碍的临床特征。方法收集基底节区LI患者120例(根据病灶数量分为少发组和多发组),以头部MRI正常的82例健康体检老年人为对照组,以认知能力筛查测验(中文2.0版)(CASI C-2.0)和事件相关电位P300(ERPs P300)作为认知评估工具,观察LI患者与对照组认知功能的差异。结果少发组LI患者CASI总分与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05),但少发组CASI子项目"近期记忆"和"定向感"均低于对照组(P<0.05)。多发组LI患者不仅CASI总分明显低于对照组(P<0.05),而且多个CASI子项目("近期记忆"、"集中及心算力"、"定向感"、"抽象推理"及"空间慨念")评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。而多发组患者"近期记忆"、"定向感"及"空间概念"等子项目的评分与对照组的差异尤为明显(P<0.01)。少发组ERPs P300潜伏期与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05),而多发组ERPs P300潜伏期明显长于对照组(P<0.05)。结论基底节区LI患者认知功能明显下降,其中近期记忆、定向感及空间慨念等认知能力损害尤为明显。     

Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of the P300 in schizophrenia

We investigated the relationship between the P300, neuropsychological test performance and symptomatology in recent-onset schizophrenic patients (n = 45) to gain insight into underlying mechanisms of abnormal P300 in schizophrenia. The P300 was recorded in two sessions with an intermission of five minutes, at the midline frontal, central and parietal electrode site. P300 amplitude and latency were compared with those obtained in 25 controls. Twenty patients were treated with olanzapine and 19 patients with risperidone. P300 amplitude was smaller and latency longer in patients than in controls. In the patient group, parietal P300 amplitude reduction was related to poorer performance on neuropsychological tests of memory. Frontal P300 amplitude reduction was related to impaired selective attention. In patients with negative symptomatology, P300 amplitude was reduced in the second P300 session compared with the first. Patients on risperidone demonstrated a smaller parietal P300 amplitude than patients using olanzapine. Reduced parietal P300 amplitude could signify a dysfunction in the continuous memory updating of current events. Negative symptomatology may be associated with a time dependent decrease in neuronal firing, as indicated by reduced P300 amplitude in the second P300 session.     

Relationship between exploratory eye movement, P300, and reaction time in schizophrenia

Aims:  Exploratory eye movement (EEM), P300 and reaction time (RT) tests may relate to the important parts of information processing in the human brain. Therefore the aim of the present study was to compare EEM, P300 and RT test data in schizophrenic and normal control groups to investigate whether schizophrenic patients have information processing abnormalities. In addition, the potential correspondence between the three tests was examined in order to investigate the information processing dysfunctions seen in schizophrenic patients.
Methods:  The EEM, P300 and RT performances were recorded in 34 schizophrenic and 36 normal control subjects. Ten parameters were measured: four from the EEM test (number of eye fixations, total eye scanning length, cognitive search score and responsive search score [RSS]); two from the P300 test (amplitude and latency); and four from the RT test (simple reaction time, index of reaction time crossover [IRT-crossover], set index and coefficient of variation).
Results:  These parameters in the schizophrenic patients differed significantly from those in the control group. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between the RSS and the IRT-crossover in the schizophrenic patients.
Conclusion:  The present group comparisons (schizophrenia vs normal controls) are consistent with previous studies in that the abnormalities in EEM, P300 and RT tests in schizophrenic patients were able to be replicated. Moreover, based on the former psychological theory, it is reasonable to propose that the RSS is associated with the IRT-crossover. The present results may contribute to elucidation of the pathophysiological signature of schizophrenia.     

阿立哌唑和奎硫平对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能影响的临床研究

目的研究阿立哌唑和奎硫平对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法将44例符合CCMD--3的首发精神分裂症患者在治疗前用韦氏记忆量表（WMS）和事件相关电位P300进行相关评定;在正常人群中选取22例作为对照组。将44例首发精神分裂症患者按随机数字表分为两组,即阿立哌唑组24例和奎硫平组20例,分别给予阿立哌唑和奎硫平治疗6周后再次用WMS和事件相关电位P300进行相关评定。结果首发精神分裂症患者的长时记忆、短时记忆、瞬时记忆及记忆商数（MQ）受损较为明显,P300电位成分中P2、P3波幅明显降低,P2、N2及P3潜伏期明显延长,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。阿立哌唑组和奎硫平组患者WMS的再认、联想、理解及MQ在治疗前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而P300各指标在治疗前后差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。治疗后两组间WMS各项目、P300各指标之间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论首发精神分裂症患者存在着认知功能障碍,阿立哌唑及奎硫平能改善首发精神分裂症的认知功能。     

Usefulness of p300 in subjective memory complaints: a prospective study.

The existing studies about the utility of P300 latency for diagnostically classifying patients in preclinical stages of dementia are cross-sectional rather than longitudinal in design, and their results are inconclusive. The authors investigated the P300 value in a series of patients with subjective memory complaints using a prospective design. The study was performed in a consecutive series of 116 outpatients with subjective memory complaints as the predominant symptom. P300 (auditory oddball task) was performed immediately after the first clinical evaluation, and at 12 and 24 months. Final cognitive syndrome diagnosis (mean follow-up period, 27.7 months) was then made by a neurologist who was blinded to the neurophysiologic results. Diagnosis at the end of follow-up was 30 cases of normal cognition, 30 cases of mild cognitive impairment, 28 cases of dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT), five cases of vascular dementia, and one case of frontotemporal dementia; 22 patients were lost to follow-up. P300 latency was significantly higher for the DAT group (analysis of variance: P=0.023) throughout the study. The diagnostic value of P300 latency at baseline examination for DAT had a sensitivity of 52.9% and a specificity of 76.9%; the odds ratio was 3.75 (95% confidence interval, 1.23-11.41). Findings from the present study suggest that assessment of evoked related potentials may contribute to the early detection of DAT.     

Outcome in early-onset schizophrenia revisited: findings from the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre long-term follow-up study

The present study combined a time-locked paradigm and high-time-resolution event-related potential (ERP) recordings to examine different phases of working memory, including early visual processing and late memory-related processes of encoding, maintenance, and retrieval, in 67 adults with schizophrenia and 46 healthy controls. Alterations in ERP components were correlated with task performance. Patients performed significantly worse in the working memory task than healthy subjects, although all subjects' accuracy exceeded 80%. During encoding, the N1 and P2 component amplitudes were lower while the P300 amplitude was higher in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy controls. There were no differences between groups with respect to the mean amplitudes of the negative slow waves in the early stage (the first 400 ms) of the maintenance phase. However, in the next 500-ms time window, the patients exhibited a more negative deflection in the middle fronto-central region than the control group. Likewise, a similar pattern was observed in the second 500-ms period in the middle fronto-central region, although the effect was marginally significant. There were no differences between groups in the remaining 1000 ms. During retrieval, the P1, N1 and P2 amplitudes were lower while the P300 amplitude and latency were higher in schizophrenic patients. The present results indicate early visual deficits in the working memory task in adults with schizophrenia. Impairments in the maintenance phase were confined to the late rehearsal stage. The increased P300 amplitude at the fronto-central electrode sites along with the poorer behavioral performance suggests that schizophrenic patients have an inefficient working memory system.     

P300 amplitude over temporal regions in schizophrenia

To examine the left temporal scalp area reductions of P300 amplitude, event-related potentials (ERPs) during a standard oddball task were recorded in 57 schizophrenic patients and 33 normal controls. The P300 amplitude at T3 was not significantly smaller than that at T4 in schizophrenic patients. In the ANOVA analysis of the P300 peak amplitude and PCA factor scores, significant lateral topographical differences in P300 were not present between patients and controls. However, in schizophrenia, patients in the low T3 P300 group were older and consuming higher doses of antipsychotic medicine than those in the high T3 P300 group, and they had relatively low P300 amplitudes and significantly delayed P300 latency, compared with those in the high T3 P300 group. These findings suggested that although the reduction in the left temporal P300 amplitude did not necessarily exist in schizophrenic patients, it may be associated with the severity of the disease process and/or impairment of cognitive function. Received: 6 July 2000 / Accepted: 25 September 2001     

卒中后抑郁的长程脑电图研究

目的 探讨卒中后抑郁患者长程脑电图的特点。方法 选取卒中后抑郁患者101例,行长程脑电图,计算睁闭眼实验后第一个10 sec内脑电图δ、θ、α、β波的时间,以及整夜S1、S2、S3、S4睡眠阶段和快动眼睡眠（rapid eye movement sleep,REM）占总睡眠时间的比例,与健康对照组脑电图结构进行比较。结果 卒中后抑郁组较对照组脑电图上慢波（δ和θ波）明显增加（δ波P＝0.001,θ波P＝0.005）,α波明显减少（P＝0.008）,β波无显著差异。和正常对照组睡眠结构比较,卒中后抑郁组睡眠S2、S3和S4阶段比例减少（P值分别为0.008、0.004）,睡眠S1阶段和REM比例增加（P值分别为0.001和0.006）。结论 卒中后抑郁症患者脑电背景慢波增多;卒中后抑郁症患者浅睡眠多,而中到深度睡眠减少。     

P300在鉴别闭合性颅脑外伤患者真假昏迷的价值

目的：研究P300在鉴别闭合性颅脑外伤患者真假昏迷的价值。方法：将237例闭合性颅脑外伤患者根据其有否昏迷史分为有昏迷组,无昏迷组,假昏迷组及不详组,并对各组视觉（图像）刺激诱发的异常P300波潜伏期和波幅进行比较分析。结果：昏迷组与无昏迷组的P300潜伏期和波幅有非常显著的差异（P＜0．001）;昏迷组与假昏迷的P300潜伏期和波幅亦有非常显著的差异（P＜0．001）;但无昏迷组与假昏迷组间无明显差异（P＞0．05）;昏迷史不详组与无昏迷组间有显著差异（P＜0．05）。结论P300波的变化可作为判断闭合性颅脑外伤患者有无昏迷的一项客观指标,在外伤事故鉴定中有重要的参考价值。