胸部创伤的影像诊断分析

胸部创伤一般多为暴力挤压、冲撞或钝器碰击胸部所引起，也可因利器刀锥、火器弹片等穿破胸壁所致，胸部创伤可分为闭合性和开放性两大类。     

问题l：如何划分胸部创伤的致伤机制？

解答：依据致伤是否导致胸膜腔穿透，将胸部创伤分为钝性（非穿透性）胸部创伤与穿透性胸部创伤，不同致伤机制存在其特有的创伤模式。（1）钝性（或非穿透性）胸部创伤（bluntchesttrauma／non—penetratingchesttrauma）。定义：由钝性物体或工具等机械性暴力作用于机体，或机体与墙壁或地面碰撞所导致的胸部创伤，是由钝性暴力碰撞所致，体表不一定破裂。主要原因：交通事故、坠落伤、斗殴（钝器击伤）或胸壁遭受其他暴力撞击，占胸部创伤的70％-80％。（2）穿透性胸部创伤（pene—tratingchesttrauma）。定义：锐器等致伤物穿透胸壁进入胸膜腔或纵隔的损伤，体表有开放伤口。主要原因：锐器伤或枪弹伤，占胸部创伤的20％～30％。     

64层螺旋CT在肋骨骨折诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT各种后处理技术在肋骨骨折诊断中的应用价值。方法对108例胸部外伤患者先行胸部正位及双斜位DR检查,再行64层螺旋CT容积扫描,将全部数据传送到随机工作站,采取多平面重建（MPR）、曲面重建（CPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）及容积再现（VR）等后处理技术,了解有无骨折及骨折情况,并对各项检查结果对比分析。结果MPR或CPR对隐匿性骨折,细小骨折,尤其是不全骨折显示较好;MIP对肋软骨骨折显示较好;VR对有重叠。移位的骨折显示好,定位准确;各种方法联合应用可显著提高肋骨骨折诊断正确率。结论64层螺旋CT后处理技术对胸部外伤肋骨骨折诊断有重要的临床价值。     

DR及MSCT对气道透X线异物的诊断价值

目的：探讨胸部 DR 及 MSCT 对气道透 X 线异物的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析经术前胸部 DR、MSCT 诊断并经纤维支气管镜取异物术后证实,并有术后胸部 DR 复查的93例气道透 X 线异物病例的临床及影像学资料,将术前胸部 DR 与术后 DR、术前 MSCT 进行对照,比较术前胸部 DR、MSCT 显示透 X 线异物的直接、间接征象和异物定位情况。结果：93例中术前胸部 DR 有82例显示了透 X 线异物的直接征象,阳性征象显示率为88．17％;术前 MSCT 93例均显示了透 X 线异物的直接征象,阳性征象显示率为100％。显示异物的间接征象方面两种检查方法无明显差异。术前胸部 DR 提示异物存在及定位的有91例,术前 MSCT 提示异物存在及定位的有93例。结论：胸部 DR 能显示绝大部分透 X线异物的直接征象,填补了传统胸部 X 线检查不能显示异物直接征象的空白,在诊断透 X 线支气管异物以及异物定位方面均有较高的应用价值。在诊断气管透 X 线异物方面,MSCT 有明显优势。     

MSCT与DR检查外伤性肋骨骨折的临床应用对比分析

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查外伤性肋骨骨折中应用价值。方法 选取30例患者行MSCT和数字化X线摄影(DR)检查,比较在外伤性肋骨骨折患者中的诊断价值。结果 本组30例最终临床诊断显示发现骨折位置75处,DR检查发现骨折位置65处,MSCT检查发现骨折位置73处,MSCT检查准确度97.33%明显高于DR检查的准确度86.67%(x²=5.797,P=0.016)。最终诊断显示单发骨折患者12例、多发骨折患者18例,DR检查显示单发骨折患者15例、多发骨折患者15例,MSCT检查显示单发骨折患者13例、多发骨折患者17例; DR与最终诊断在骨折类型方面的诊断一致性一般(Kappa值=0.400),而MSCT与最终诊断在骨折类型方面的诊断一致性良好(Kappa值=0.795)。MSCT在肋骨骨折段位方面的诊断符合率88.00%高于DR诊断符合率66.67%(x²=5.172,P=0.023)。MSCT在骨折水平节段方面的诊断符合率89.33%高于DR诊断符合率70.67%(x²=8.167,P=0.004)。结论...     

提高肋骨骨折诊断符合率的措施

目的探讨肋骨骨折的最佳检查方法和确诊手段,提高肋骨骨折诊断符合率。方法188例临床怀疑有肋骨骨折患者均经胸部正位加胸部斜位,隔下肋骨片,透视加点片,CR,DR或CT。结果肋骨骨折188例,胸部正位加斜位确诊125例,随着诊断措施增加,检出率亦增加,如透视点片确诊38例,DR确诊45例,复查确诊25例。结论对于肋骨骨折尽量显示和诊断出骨折部位和数量,对不能确诊者,提醒其复查或进一步检查,以避免医疗纠纷。     

数字化X线摄影在探测肋骨骨折中的优势

目的确定数字化X线摄影(DR)对探测肋骨骨折的优势。方法 100例临床高度怀疑肋骨骨折患者(男43例,女57例,年龄28～76岁,平均54岁)均经胸部DR检查。摄影操作包括进行常规肋骨双斜位拍摄,采用自动程序曝光,运用窗口技术显示肋骨骨折的部位、数量。结果在100例患者中,DR检出76例肋骨骨折,其中,单纯骨折75例(单发23例,多发52例)和肋骨骨折并发气胸1例。12例原始图像未见明显骨折的患者,其中包括5例膈下肋骨骨折和7例无错位的不完全性肋骨骨折,通过DR图像后处理系统调节图像的窗位窗宽,骨折的征象明确显示。结论 DR在探测肋骨骨折,尤其是对无错位的不完全骨折,具有明显优势,可作为首选方法。     

直接数字化X线摄影在胸部的应用

目的 :探讨直接数字化胸部X线摄影 (DR)技术的应用价值。材料和方法 :对 10 0例胸部常规X线检查同时行数字化X线摄影图像进行对比分析。结果 :胸部DR能清楚显示病变 ,显示小病灶 ,其图像质量明显优于常规X线摄片。结论 :DR胸部数字化摄影弥补了常规X线片的不足 ,具有很大的临床应用价值和广泛前景。     

X线平片和CT扫描对胸部创伤的诊断价值

目的：探讨X线平片和CT对胸部创伤的临床诊断价值。方法：总结分析386例严重胸部创伤患者的影像检查,以临床诊断和影像复查为金标准,对X线平片与CT对胸部创伤的诊断价值进行对比分析。结果：386例中,胸壁骨折328例,气胸82例,血胸98例,血气胸136例,肺挫伤265例,肺撕裂伤150例,肺不张75例,支气管损伤11例,胸主动脉损伤8例,纵隔血肿9例,心包心脏损伤12例,膈肌损伤17例,创伤后呼吸窘迫综合症（ARDS）52例。X线平片分别漏诊22,22,20,22,133,72,36,4,6,9,11,17,28例,CT除17例肋骨骨折外均准确诊断。结论：X线和CT联合检查能够明确胸部创伤病变的部位、性质、程度,为临床提供可靠诊断,可监测病情演变,评价治疗效果。     

数字化断层融合对骨折诊断的应用价值

目的 探讨数字化断层融合(DTS)对骨折诊断的应用价值.方法 对DR片可疑骨折、或临床体征明显但DR片未显示骨折线的80例外伤患者,进行DTS检查,对比评价DR与DTS图像质量,分析DTS对骨折诊断的价值.结果 80例患者中,DTS图像良好75例,良好率为93.8％;一般5例,差为0例;DR图像良好55例,良好率68.8％,一般17例,差8例.56例可疑骨折的患者,DTS图像明确显示骨折线51例,排除骨折5例;16例DR检查阴性但临床体征明显的患者,DTS均发现骨折.结论 DTS技术可显示深在部位与结构t复杂部位的解剖结构,清晰显示骨折线,能显著提高骨折的检出率.     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.