Reactions Among Dutch Youth Toward People with AIDS

ABSTRACT: AIDS education emphasizing personal responsibility toward AIDS-inducing behavior might enhance negative reactions to people with AIDS. This study, based on Weiner's attributional theory of motivation and emotion, addressed this dilemma by reporting data from a sample of 1,018 Dutch secondary school students. Results support the reasoning that emphasizing personal responsibility, and consequently personal controllability, increases negative reactions to people with AIDS. In addition to causal attributions, however, AIDS knowledge and attitudes toward homosexuality also related significantly to reactions to people with AIDS. To prevent negative reactions to people with AIDS, the subject of homosexuality should be dealt with before AIDS education is provided. AIDS education should address the impossibility of HIV infection by daily interactions, and the meaning and consequences of being seropositive.     

Educating School Nurses to Care for HIV-Infected Children in School

ABSTRACT: Effects of an educational program on school nurses' knowledge and attitudes about human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) infection in children and changes in practice was investigated. Participants (N = 205) attended a one-day workshop held at 11 sites in New Jersey. Content was clinically focused and derived from a needs assessment of a sample of school nurses throughout New Jersey. An adult education format was used, with interactive and affective teaching strategies modeled on the AIDS Training Program of the California Nurses' Association. Subjects were pretested and posttested for knowledge and attitudes about HIV in children. An identical posttest mailed three months later included a self-report of change in practice since attending the workshop. Knowledge and attitude scores were significantly higher at program completion (p < .0001). Three months after the program, knowledge scores had fallen but not to pretest levels. No significant difference existed between attitude scores after the program and three months later. On self-report of change in practice, respondents indicated they instituted or improved universal precautions, and were more comfortable in teaching children, staff, and their communities about HIV.     

Older patients in the acute care setting: rural and metropolitan nurses' knowledge, attitudes and practices

ABSTRACT: Many studies reporting nurses' knowledge of and attitudes toward older patients in long-term care settings have used instruments designed for older people. However, nurses' attitudes toward older patients are not as positive as their attitudes toward older people. Few studies investigate acute care nurses' knowledge of and attitudes toward older patients. In order to address these shortcomings, a self-report questionnaire was developed to determine nurses' knowledge of, and attitudes and practices toward, older patients in both rural and metropolitan acute care settings. Rural nurses were more knowledgeable about older patients' activities during hospitalisation, the likelihood of them developing postoperative complications and the improbability of their reporting incontinence. Rural nurses also reported more positive practices regarding pain management and restraint usage. However, metropolitan nurses reported more positive attitudes toward sleeping medications, decision making, discharge planning and the benefits of acute gerontological units, and were more knowledgeable about older patients' bowel changes in the acute care setting.     

Students and their parental attitudes toward the education of children affected by HIV/AIDS: a cross‐sectional study in AIDS prevalent rural areas,China

Objective : To investigate the prevalence and determinants of student and parental attitudes toward the education of children affected by HIV/AIDS in areas of rural China where AIDS is prevalent. Methods : A cross‐sectional study of a random sample of students (n=732) and their parents (n=732) conducted in April 2010, using a questionnaire and in‐depth interview. Results : Twenty‐six per cent of students and 29% of parents had a ‘good’ attitude toward the education of children affected by HIV/AIDS. Following adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, students’ attitudes were significantly associated with knowledge of HIV/AIDS non‐transmission (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]= 3.13) and their parents’ attitudes (aOR= 2.38), but not with knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission, prevention or their parents’ knowledge. Parents’ attitudes were significantly associated with knowledge of HIV/AIDS non‐transmission (aOR= 2.12) and their children's attitudes (aOR= 2.52), but not with knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission, prevention or their children's knowledge. Conclusion : Stigma and discrimination undermine the right to education of HIV/AIDS‐affected children in rural China. Improving non‐transmission knowledge may improve caring attitudes. Implications : HIV/AIDS public health educational campaigns highlighting non‐transmission and extending family education, combined with school education, may help to enhance an environment of non‐discrimination and safeguard public support programs for the right to education of children affected by HIV/AIDS.     

学校预防艾滋病教育对大学生知识态度及性行为的影响

目的探讨学校预防艾滋病教育对大学生预防艾滋病知识、态度及性行为的影响,为学校开展预防艾滋病教育提供科学依据.方法于2003年9月对辽宁省1所普通高校在校大学生353名进行自填式、不记名问卷调查.结果有36.3%的学生在学校(从小学到大学)曾听过预防艾滋病方面的课或讲座.与没有听过课的学生比较,听过课学生的预防艾滋病基本知识和对艾滋病病毒感染者不歧视态度得分明显较高.婚前性交行为,听过课与没听过课的学生比较,差异无显著性.总的看来,相当部分的被调查大学生仍缺少基本的预防艾滋病知识.结论学校预防艾滋病教育可提高学生预防艾滋病知识水平,促进对艾滋病病毒感染者不歧视态度的形成,且未导致学生性交行为的增加.在中学和大学,应迅速普及预防艾滋病教育.     

Attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and related factors among nurses in Southern Taiwan

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to explore different dimensions of the attitudes toward gay men and lesbians among nurses in southern Taiwan and to examine the association between attitudes and intention to provide care to homosexual individuals. The factors related to attitudes towards gay men and lesbians by nurses were also examined. METHODS: In total, 1824 nurses from a medical centre and two regional teaching hospitals in southern Taiwan were recruited into this study. We used the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Questionnaire (ATHQ) to examine four-dimensional concepts toward homosexuality among nurses. The association of attitudes with the intention of taking care of homosexual patients was examined. Correlations of attitudes toward homosexuality with demographic and occupational data, sexual orientation, knowledge about homosexuality, and experiences of having contact with gay men and lesbians were examined using a stepwise multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Participants had the most negative attitude toward homosexuality in the 'contact' and 'stereotypes' dimensions, followed by the 'morality' dimension and then the 'condemnation/tolerance' dimension. Nurses with more negative attitudes toward homosexuality had lower intentions of taking care of patients with a homosexual orientation. Nurses who had friends or relatives with a homosexual orientation, had a higher educational degree, and had provided care to homosexual patients were more likely to have positive attitudes toward homosexuality. In contrast, nurses who had worked for a longer period, labelled themselves as being absolutely heterosexual, and were religious were more likely to have negative attitudes toward homosexuality. CONCLUSIONS: The factors related to attitudes toward homosexuality identified in this study have to be taken into consideration when intervening for nurses' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians.     

生活技能培训对艾滋病高发地区高中学生相关知识和态度的影响

目的:评价在艾滋病高发地区农村高中学生中开展生活技能培训对他们艾滋病相关知识和态度的影响。方法:在河南省上蔡县选择2所高中的所有一年级学生为干预组,开展为期3个月的生活技能培训;选择生源素质相近的另一所高中的一年级学生为对照组,不开展干预活动。干预活动开展前后分别进行匿名自填问卷调查,评价干预活动效果。结果:干预组学生的艾滋病知识得分(78.79)明显高于对照组(57.58)。干预组对HIV感染者的态度转变明显,他们更愿意接纳和关爱身边的HIV感染者。干预组92.7%的学生认为有必要在学校教育中全面开展这样的生活技能培训。多因素分析显示,生活技能培训、同伴和父母的态度和观点对农村地区高中学生的艾滋病相关知识和态度的影响很大。结论:以生活技能培训方式开展的短期(3个月)性与生殖健康教育对提高学生的艾滋病知识、转变学生对HIV感染者的态度有明显的效果。     

学校预防艾滋病教育对中学生知识态度和技能的影响

目的 通过学校预防AIDS教育，促进学生预防AIDS知识、态度和技能，为在我国中学开展预防AIDS教育提供重要的实践经验。方法 对学校健康教育教师进行了为期两天的培训。为评价教育前后学生预防AIDS知识、态度和技能的变化，对约8000名参与此项研究的初一、高一学生进行了教育前和教育后的问卷调查。结果 教育后学生预防AIDS基本知识平均得分由教育前的7．3提高到11．2(满分为15分)；知道如何避免感染AIDS的比例由教育前的47．9％上升到83．8％；与家长及朋友谈论HIV／AIDS的比例分别由教育前的31．1％、39．6％上升到44．2％和59．2％；表示愿意与HIV感染者／AIDS病人同班上课的比例由教育前的7．4％上升到26．1％；反对男青年及女青年婚前性行为的比例分别由教育前的45．3％、50．6％上升到54．9％和61．2％。结论学校预防AIDS健康教育对增加学生预防艾滋病知识、培养正确的性道德观念、不歧视HIV感染者以及促进学生谈论和宣传预防HIV／AIDS知识等方面均产生了积极的影响。     

河南某农村地区小学四年级学生预防艾滋病教育效果评价

目的 探讨学校预防艾滋病教育对农村小学四年级学生知识、态度和行为的影响,为在中国农村小学开展预防艾滋病教育提供参考依据.方法 以河南省某农村地区8所农村小学全体四年级学生为研究对象,以学校为单位分为教育组和等待教育组.先对教育组学生进行教育,在教育研究结束后再对等待教育组学生进行教育.分别于教育前、教育后1周及教育后5个月对学生进行问卷调查.结果 与教育前相比,教育后1周和教育后5个月,教育组学生预防艾滋病知识和态度得分增长值明显高于等待教育组学生知识、态度得分增长值(P值均＜0.05);教育组学生与家长、同学或朋友谈论预防艾滋病知识的比例由教育前的16.9％和10.9％分别上升到教育后1周的27.1％和18.1％及教育后5个月的38.6％和32.0％,均明显高于等待教育组学生(p值均＜0.05).结论 学校预防艾滋病教育能显著提高小学生预防艾滋病知识,有助于促进小学生与家长、同学或朋友有关预防艾滋病问题的交流.     

Talking About,Knowing About HIV/AIDS in Canada: A Rural‐Urban Comparison

Purpose: To explore information exchange about HIV/AIDS among people living in rural and urban communities and to assess the value of social capital theory, as well as demographic factors, in predicting community members’ knowledge of HIV/AIDS and their likelihood of having talked about the disease. Method: A random‐digit dial telephone survey was conducted in 3 rural regions and matched urban communities in Canada during 2006 and 2007. A total of 1,919 respondents (response rate: 22.2%) answered questions about their knowledge of and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS, their social networks, whether they were personally acquainted with a person with HIV/AIDS (PHA), and whether they had ever talked to anyone about HIV/AIDS. Findings: Rurality was a significant predictor of HIV/AIDS knowledge and discussion. Even after controlling for factors such as age and level of education, respondents living in rural regions were less knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS and were less likely to have spoken with others about the disease. Social capital theory was not as strongly predictive as expected, although people with more bridging ties in their social networks were more likely to have discussed the disease, as were those who knew a PHA personally. Conclusion: Rural‐dwelling Canadians are less likely than their urban counterparts to be knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS or to talk about it, confirming reports by PHAs that rural communities tend to be silent about the disease. The findings support policy recommendations for HIV education programs in rural areas that encourage discussion about the disease and personal contact with PHAs.     

北京市中学生家长艾滋病知识、态度、行为及健康教育现况研究

目的了解北京市中学生家长在预防艾滋病方面的知识、态度和需求,为学生家长以家庭为基础发挥健康教育作用提供依据.方法对象为北京市20所中学学生家长的整群抽样样本.结果家长对艾滋病知识的正确回答率在56.7%和95.3%之间,对于不会引起艾滋病传播的途径,正确回答率较低,普遍存在着将传播途径扩大化的问题.家长艾滋病常识、传播途径、态度得分,城区高于农村,高中学生家长高于初中学生家长,差异有统计学意义.72.2%的家长从未和孩子讨论过有关艾滋病的话题.96.4%的家长认为有必要在学生中加强毒品和艾滋病的教育.30.2%的家长认为应由学校和家长共同承担对孩子的艾滋病健康教育责任.结论家长普遍认为有必要在学生中加强毒品和艾滋病的教育,应由学校和家长共同承担对孩子的艾滋病健康教育责任,但家长需要进一步提高对艾滋病的认识,并付诸实际行动,以满足家庭健康教育的需求.     

贵州省部分地区城镇和农村青壮年居民艾滋病相关知识、态度和信念研究

目的了解贵州省城镇居民和农村青壮年居民艾滋病相关知识水平和态度,为艾滋病防治工作提供依据。方法采用与规模大小成比例(PPS)的两阶段分层抽样法选择了583名城镇居民和429名农村居民,由调查员对调查对象进行一对一的问卷调查。问卷内容包括人口学信息、艾滋病一般知识、艾滋病传播知识、艾滋病预防知识、对艾滋病和艾滋病人的态度和其他关于艾滋病的信念等,随后对两类人群的部分结果进行了比较。结果城镇居民的艾滋病知识平均得分为15.48分,农村居民的艾滋病知识平均得分为9.75分(总分22分)。城镇居民的艾滋病知识水平高于农村居民,农村居民比城镇居民对艾滋病和感染者更具歧视性。两类人群对艾滋病知识存在很多误区。与艾滋病知识水平相关的因素主要有居住在示范区、文化程度、性别及职业。结论应采用多种方式开展艾滋病宣传教育,提高城镇居民和农村居民的艾滋病知识知晓率,减少歧视。     

医学院校大学生HIV/AIDS知识、态度调查

目的了解医学院校学生的艾滋病知识和态度,为开展艾滋病防治工作提供依据。方法以某医科大学大二学生为调查对象,随机抽取10个班级进行调查,共计341人进行横断面现场调查。结果医学生对艾滋病的传播途径问题回答的正确率较高,超过90%,对非传播途径、艾滋病的早期临床症状问题回答的正确率较低。生源地为城市的学生得分高于农村的学生,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。学校课程教育、互联网、电视、报纸杂志是学生获得艾滋病相关知识的主要途径。在对待艾滋病患者的问题上,该人群的态度较好,生源地为城市的学生得分高于农村的学生,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。艾滋病相关知识得分和态度得分之间无相关性（r=0.06,P〉0.05）。结论医学生的艾滋病知识、态度较好,但仍存在不足,需要进一步开展艾滋病健康教育,尤其是农村学生的艾滋病防治知识的健康教育需进一步加强。     

Health workers and AIDS: knowledge, attitudes and experiences as determinants of anxiety

The objective of the study was to measure the level of HIV/AIDS related anxiety among health care workers and identify its determinants. Data were obtained by means of a mailed, anonymous, self-administered questionnaire distributed to 2561 Danish medical doctors, nurses and nursing aides drawn randomly from the lists of members of the respective national associations. The data were analysed on the basis of a pre-study model including 12 variables hypothesizing a hierarchy of causal dependencies with anxiety at the top. 44% of the participants expressed HIV/AIDS related anxiety--hospital workers more than primary care workers, the older less than the younger. Anxiety was significantly associated with negative/restrictive attitudes towards HIV positives and gay men and with low levels of knowledge about HIV transmission and less education about HIV/AIDS. Negative/restrictive attitudes towards HIV positives were associated both with less knowledge regarding HIV transmission and fewer contacts with HIV positives. Similar associations were found regarding gay men. It is suggested that new kinds of training programmes be established which focus much more on attitudes and norms concerning HIV/AIDS--especially among health care workers with only occasional contact with HIV patients.     

云南边境少数民族艾滋病低流行地区预防保健工作者相关知识、态度及需求

目的了解云南边境少数民族艾滋病低流行地区预防保健工作者艾滋病知识、态度、开展宣传教育的困难及对艾滋病知识和信息的需求.方法选择怒江傈僳族自治州福贡县全体预防保健工作者作为调查对象,进行问卷调查及个人访谈,并对问卷进行统计分析.结果预防保健工作者对艾滋病传播知识掌握较好,但对艾滋病深入一点的专业知识知晓率却很低,问卷平均得分为56.71,知识知晓状况与是否参加过培训相关.结论应加强边境少数民族艾滋病低流行区预防保健工作者艾滋病的教育,传授宣传教育的技能.     

Survey of HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes of Kuwaiti family physicians

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore Kuwaiti family physicians' attitudes and knowledge about HIV/AIDS. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-two Kuwaiti family physicians (95 females and 67 males) from all four health catchment areas have completed a 30-item self-administered questionnaire to measure HIV/AIDS-related attitudes and knowledge. RESULTS: Knowledge was lacking in areas dealing with HIV-related neuropsychiatric complications and other issues concerning HIV/AIDS, special populations and range of normal sexuality. The majority of physicians expressed negative attitudes toward homosexuality and about AIDS patients in general. Eighty-three per cent of Kuwaiti family physicians would opt out of treating AIDS patients. More than half of the physicians would avoid coming into social contact with HIV-seropositive persons. No significant difference was found for the total knowledge and attitude scores for gender. CONCLUSION: The results of this survey revealed that even in the second decade of the AIDS epidemic, some Kuwaiti family physicians continue to have a lack of proper knowledge about HIV and harbour negative attitudes toward AIDS patients. There is a need to promote an AIDS education early in the medical internship training years which addresses many underlying socio-cultural factors.     

佛山市南海区某高校大学生艾滋病知识态度及性观念调查分析

目的了解南海区某校大学生对艾滋病知识的掌握程度及性观念，为健康教育工作提供依据。方法采取整群抽样的方法抽取调查对象进行匿名自填式问卷调查。结果共调查南海区某师范大学3129名大学生，大学生对艾滋病三大传播途径的知晓率均在93％以上，女性平均知晓率为82．7％，高于男性的80．3％，对“蚊子叮咬不能传播”和“性病患者易得AIDS”知晓率较低，分别为43．9％和37．3％；有89．4％的学生希望给予艾滋病患者关心和同情，对于“如果感染了HIV”的态度，73．9％的学生选择“积极面对”；对于婚前性行为和同性恋行为选择“赞同”或“无所谓”的学生分别占55．0％、48．0％，在对发生性行为前是否使用安全套时，45．0％的学生选择“不使用”或“看情况”。结论大学生性观念开放，存在高危行为，应制定适合大学生的艾滋病健康教育措施，培养正确的性观念和健康的生活方式。     

深圳市中学生预防艾滋病干预措施评价

目的 探索在中学开展预防艾滋病（AIDS）有效干预模式及其效果评价。方法 对深圳市10所中学初一、高一学生进行预防艾滋病健康教育干预前后相关知识、态度及行为的变化进行比较。结果 （1）知识方面：干预后,学生预防AIDS基本知识平均得分初一男生由7.47提高到10.21（满分为15）;初一妇生从7.17提高互10.21;高一男生从10.30提高到11.09;高一妇生从9.58提高到10.55。（2）态度方面:对待HIV/AIDS患采取正向态度明显提高,男生由22.6％上升到34.9%;女生由24.4%上升到41.5%。（3）行为方面：同学可以运用更多的信息来源获取有关知识。结论 学校预防AIDS教育干预措施以帮助学生增强抵御HIV／AIDS的能力,树立正向的态度,但要由知识转变行为还需要一定的时间、综合的干预和社会的多方支持。     

HIV/AIDS prevention: knowledge, attitudes and education practices of secondary school health personnel in 14 cities of China

This study assessed the preparedness of school health personnel to develop and deliver HIV/AIDS prevention education programmes for young people in China. A survey of 653 personnel working in secondary schools in 14 cities was conducted. More than 90% had basic knowledge of ways in which HIV can be transmitted, but knowledge of ways in which the virus is not transmitted needs improvement. Substantial numbers of teachers were not sure whether there was an effective preventive vaccine (42%) or did not know whether AIDS was a curable illness or not (32%). The great majority approved of AIDS prevention programmes in universities (98%) and secondary schools (91%), although fewer (58%) agreed that the topic was appropriate for primary schools. Currently, most classroom activities focuses on teaching facts about HIV/AIDS transmission, while less than half are taught about HIV/AIDS related discrimination and life skills to reduce peer pressure. Personnel with some prior training on HIV/ AIDS education (53%) had better factual knowledge, more tolerant attitudes and more confidence in teaching about HIV/AIDS than those without training. The majority of teachers indicated a need for more resource books, audiovisual products, expert guidance, school principal support and dissemination of national AIDS prevention education guidelines to schools.