食管静脉曲张内镜下治疗对门静脉高压性胃病的影响机制

正采用传统方式治疗门静脉高压(以下简称门脉高压)食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者死亡率达50%以上,而近年来由于食管静脉曲张内镜下套扎术和硬化剂注射治疗(硬化剂治疗)的推广应用,其病死率已明显下降。但目前有研究认为,食管静脉曲张内镜下套扎术及注射硬化剂虽能有效控制和预防食管静脉曲张破裂出血,然而该技术可能增加患者发生门脉高压性胃病的趋势。本文旨在对该方面的研究作一综合介绍。     

内镜下套扎加硬化治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的长期疗效观察

目的：观察内镜下套扎(EVL)加硬化(EVS)治疗食管静脉曲张的长期疗效。方法：先行1-2次套扎治疗。间隔10-14天套扎1次。套扎后二周复查胃镜，在食管下段及贲门残留静脉处注射硬化剂，每点2—5ml，总量不超过40ml。每例患者硬化剂治疗2—4次，以后三个月复查一次胃镜，半年后改为6个月复查一次胃镜。观察患者早期出血、并发症、静脉复发情况以及门脉高压性胃病发生情况。结果：静脉曲张根除率74．5％，非完全根除率25．5％，近期出血发生率较高31．5％静脉曲张根除后复发率39．6％，远期再发出血率24．55，门脉高压性胃病发生率增加了12．8％，严重并发症少见。该组患者死亡原因是出血和肝功能衰竭。结论：内镜下套扎(EVL)加硬化(EVS)治疗食管静脉曲张的长期疗效是肯定的，与单纯套扎或硬化剂治疗相比有一定优势。值得推广，但须进一步提高疗效，降低近期出血率及再出血率。     

套扎环、组织胶及硬化剂治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的方案选择及其效果

背景：目前经内镜硬化剂、经内镜套扎、组织胶栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的疗效已经获得公认,但各种方法的疗效存在差异。目的：通过阐述套扎环、组织胶、硬化剂的材料学特征及其生物相容性,探讨食管胃底静脉曲张内镜下套扎、硬化及组织胶栓塞的治疗效果。方法：采用电子检索的方式,在中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI：1989/2009）及Medline数据库（1989/2009）中检索有关套扎环、组织胶、硬化剂生物相容性及其治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的文献,以＂食管胃底静脉曲张,套扎环,硬化剂,组织胶,治疗＂及＂cerebrovascular disease,stent,therapy＂为检索词。排除重复研究、动物试验类基础研究或Meta分析类文章,筛选纳入17篇文献进行评价。结果与结论：内镜下套扎与硬化治疗在控制急性出血和预防早期出血方面疗效确切,已经成为治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血破裂出血的金标准。临床常用硬化剂包括5%鱼肝油酸钠、1%乙氧硬化醇、5%油酸氨基乙酸等。目前应用的组织胶均属α-氰丙烯酸酯类胶,在微量阴离子存在的情况下,能产生瞬间聚合反应而固化。硬化剂治疗时拔针后血管穿刺点会有出血现象,注射组织胶后可见曲张静脉向注射部位两侧增粗、发白,拔针后组织胶会封堵穿刺点而无渗血,即刻控制曲张静脉急性出血。内镜下治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血近期疗效显著,但远期疗效仍然是研究的重点。     

套扎环、组织胶及硬化剂治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的方案选择及其效果

背景:目前经内镜硬化剂、经内镜套扎、组织胶栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的疗效已经获得公认,但各种方法的疗效存在差异.目的:通过阐述套扎环、组织胶、硬化剂的材料学特征及其生物相容性,探讨食管胃底静脉曲张内镜下套扎、硬化及组织胶栓塞的治疗效果.方法:采用电子检索的方式,在中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI:1989/2009)及Medline数据库(1989/2009)中检索有关套扎环、组织胶、硬化剂生物相容性及其治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的文献,以"食管胃底静脉曲张,套扎环,硬化剂,组织胶,治疗"及"cerebrovascular disease,stent,therapy"为检索词.排除重复研究、动物试验类基础研究或Meta分析类文章,筛选纳入17篇文献进行评价.结果与结论:内镜下套扎与硬化治疗在控制急性出血和预防早期出血方面疗效确切,已经成为治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血破裂出血的金标准.临床常用硬化剂包括5%鱼肝油酸钠、1%乙氧硬化醇、5%油酸氨基乙酸等.目前应用的组织胶均属α-氰丙烯酸酯类胶,在微量阴离子存在的情况下,能产生瞬间聚合反应而固化.硬化剂治疗时拔针后血管穿刺点会有出血现象,注射组织胶后可见曲张静脉向注射部位两侧增粗、发白,拔针后组织胶会封堵穿刺点而无渗血,即刻控制曲张静脉急性出血.内镜下治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血近期疗效显著,但远期疗效仍然是研究的重点.     

门脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张出血的循证治疗

肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的治疗是消化领域最具有挑战性的问题.治疗出血的目的是要找到出血部位止血和预防再出血,但有时在治疗上却十分困难.目前有许多治疗门脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张出血的方法,包括药物治疗、内镜治疗和分流术.本文介绍有关肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的治疗的循证医学证据,以供临床医师参考.这些证据包括:①生长抑素、血管收缩素、内镜(套扎和硬化剂)和三腔双囊管治疗急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血;②药物(β-受体阻滞剂)、内镜和外科分流预防原发性食管胃底静脉曲张出血;③药物(β-受体阻滞剂)、内镜和分流(外科分流和非外科分流)预防食管胃底静脉曲张再出血;④预防性抗生素的使用.     

经内镜套扎联合注射组织粘合剂治疗重度食管胃底静脉曲张

目的总结内镜下套扎并联合注射组织粘合剂治疗重度食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效。方法对经内镜下连续套扎术治疗的重度食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血 2 3例 ,及经套扎术后诱发加重的 4例胃底静脉曲张破裂出血者联合内镜下组织粘合剂注射治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 2 3例套扎治疗者 ,平均每例套扎 1.8次 ,共行 42例次 198处套扎 ,显效 13例 (5 6.6% ) ,有效 9例(3 9.1% ) ,其中 6例大出血经急诊镜下套扎后即获止血 ,并发大出血失败 1例 (4 .3 % ) ,总有效率 95 .7%。 4例患者分别于食管曲张静脉套扎术后第 4～ 12周出现 ～ 级胃底静脉曲张 (发生率 17.4% ) ,经联合注射组织粘合剂治疗后静脉曲张消失 ,6个月后胃镜复查 ,组织粘合剂完全排出 ,未再出血。结论内镜套扎治疗重度食管静脉曲张破裂出血疗效显著。对套扎后诱发加重的胃底静脉曲张破裂出血 ,联合镜下组织粘合剂注射效果满意     

门脉高压并食管胃底静脉曲张出血的治疗近况

门脉高压症最为危急和严重的并发症是食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血 (ＥＧＶＢ)。在门脉高压症作出诊断时 ,肝功能代偿患者已有 30 %出现食管胃底静脉曲张 ,而肝功能失代偿患者食管胃底静脉曲张者则高达 6 0 % [1] 。由于其发病迅猛 ,出血量大 ,首次出血的病死率高达 6 0 % ,存活者中再出血率达80 % ,而再出血者的病死率更高[2 ] 。门脉高压的治疗旨在控制和预防出血 ,临床治疗包括急性出血的止血治疗和再出血与首次出血的预防性治疗。目前急性出血的治疗方案已趋明确 ,首选内镜下止血 ,但对曲张静脉出血的预防性治疗 ,目前尚无统一的方案 ,应用…     

内镜下联合治疗肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的效果观察

目的观察内镜下套扎、组织胶注射等联合治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的疗效及并发症。方法采用内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎或注射硬化剂联合胃底静脉组织胶注射治疗33例肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者,观察治疗后根除情况、再出血情况、不良反应及并发症。结果治疗6个月后复查有56%(18/32)的患者达到静脉曲张根除,44%(14/32)的患者达到基本消失,随访1年32例患者均未再发消化道出血;治疗前轻度和重度门脉高压性胃病(PHG)的发生率分别为18.2%(6/33)和3%(1/33),6个月后PHG的发生率为42.4%(14/32),其中3例为重度,较治疗前显著增加(P 0.05);出现胸痛18例、上腹部不适8例、低热7例,均于1周后完全消失。结论内镜下套扎或注射硬化剂联合组织胶注射治疗肝硬化并发食管胃底曲张静脉安全有效,但会加重PHG的发生及存在其他并发症。     

食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术对肝硬化门脉高压症患者肝脏功能的影响

食管、胃底静脉曲张及破裂出血,是门脉高压症的主要表现及最严重的并发症之一,伴有肝功能损害者多次出血病死率高达50%以上,反复出血发生率为80%[1].常规降门脉压及止血药物不能有效预防再次出血;内镜下硬化剂治疗及食管静脉套扎术止血效果肯定(止血疗效为75%～94%),但难以闭塞所有的曲张静脉,尤其是胃底曲张静脉,且有出血、溃疡、穿孔、狭窄及其他诸多并发症,远期疗效不佳;外科手术行断流、分流术费用高,对肝脏功能损害较大,部分患者不能耐受.经皮肝穿刺门静脉行食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞(PTVE)治疗,不仅能栓塞曲张的静脉有效止血,而且保持一定的门脉灌注以供给肝脏营养,帮助肝功能恢复,提高肝脏贮备功能,改善患者预后.笔者应用胃冠状静脉栓塞术(PTO)治疗肝硬化门脉高压症所致食管、胃底曲张静脉破裂出血,取得了较好的临床疗效,现报告如下.     

套扎治疗食管胃静脉曲张术中的护理

目的：探讨内镜下行食管胃底静脉套扎术中的患者护理。方法：对7例食管胃底静脉曲张手术患者行心理护理，术中与操作医生的配合。结果：7例术后食管胃底静脉曲张消失或成直线，出血停止。结论：认真耐心细致的心理护理，熟练的技术操作，积极默契的配合是套扎治疗食管胃静脉成功的一个重要保障。     

内镜下套扎、硬化剂及组织胶栓塞联合治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床研究

目的研究内镜下套扎、硬化剂及组织胶栓塞联合治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床效果。方法采用回顾性分析方法,研究对象为2018年1月至2019年6月西安交通大学第一附属医院收治的220例食管胃底静脉曲张出血患者。根据不同治疗方式分为对照组(n=100)和研究组(n=120)。对照组单用内镜下套扎治疗,研究组联用内镜下套扎、硬化剂及组织胶栓塞联合治疗。比较2组患者术前、术后3 d静脉曲张严重程度、疼痛评分、食管静脉曲张直径、门静脉宽度、脾静脉宽度与治疗后止血成功率、早期再出血率和迟发性再出血率。结果2组患者术前静脉曲张严重程度、疼痛评分、食管静脉曲张直径、门静脉宽度、脾静脉宽度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组患者术后3 d中重度静脉曲张率、疼痛评分、食管静脉曲张直径、门静脉宽度、脾静脉宽度较术前明显降低(P<0.05);研究组术后3 d中重度静脉曲张率、疼痛评分、食管静脉曲张直径、门静脉宽度、脾静脉宽度、早期再出血率、迟发性再出血率较对照组更低,止血成功率较对照组更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论食管胃底静脉曲张出血治疗中内镜下套扎、硬化剂及组织胶栓塞联合应用效果显著,可有效减轻患者静脉曲张严重程度及疼痛,降低再出血率。     

Variceal bleeding and portal hypertension: much to learn, much to explore

The newer diagnostic and therapeutic options continue to evolve and important developments have been made in the field of variceal bleeding and portal hypertension. A meeting was held at Baveno to update consensus on different terminologies in relation to portal hypertension. beta-blockers continue to be the mainstay for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding, and endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) is fast emerging as a strong contender. The role of vasoactive drugs in the management of variceal bleeding was assessed. Octreotide and terlipressin were shown to be as effective as sclerotherapy in achieving initial hemostasis, and octreotide was shown to be safe and efficacious in the prevention of rebleeding. EVL was superior to endoscopic sclerotherapy (EST) for obliteration of esophageal varices. Sequential and simultaneous ligation and sclerotherapy were more effective than ligation alone, in reducing the recurrence rate after variceal obliteration. For gastric varices, cyanoacrylate glue continues to be the first line of treatment, and band ligation is being assessed further. Bleeding ectopic varices were dealt by appropriate endoscopic means. Endosonography has developed strongly in the assessment of variceal eradication and prediction of variceal recurrence. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS) significantly reduces rebleeding rates compared to EVL.     

Clinical evaluation of combined endoscopic variceal ligation and sclerotherapy of gastric varices in liver cirrhosis

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) using cyanoacrylate and balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) are the main procedures used to treat gastric varices. However, neither technique is free of problems. EIS for gastric varices may cause embolism in other organs; B-RTO requires a gastrorenal shunt and may aggravate esophageal varices. We have developed a combined form of endoscopic therapy involving band ligation and sclerotherapy which is an effective and safe procedure for treating gastric varices. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients with gastric varices and liver cirrhosis were treated at Almeida Memorial Hospital from June 1997 to May 2002 using the combined procedure. Each gastric varix was tightly ligated with O-rings, and 1 % polidocanol was injected into the submucosa around the ligated varix. If necessary, additional sclerotherapy was carried out after the initial treatment. RESULTS: The rate of hemostasis for variceal bleeding was 100 %, and no critical complications were noted. Complete disappearance of the gastric varices was observed endoscopically in all cases. Computed tomography showed that collateral vessels outside the gastric wall were not occluded by the treatment. Endoscopic follow-up examinations were carried out, and gastric varices recurred in seven patients (12.5 %). Only two of the patients (3.6 %) had a small amount of oozing bleeding. Additional endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) and/or EIS were performed in these seven cases, and none of the patients died as a result of a bleeding gastric varix. CONCLUSIONS: The combined procedure was easily performed immediately after endoscopic examination, and required no special apparatus. It was found to be a safe and effective method of treating gastric varices.     

内镜套扎联合部分脾栓塞术治疗门脉高压症及其对血流动力学的影响

目的 :探讨一种新的治疗门脉高压症的手术方法。方法 :对 41例合并食管静脉曲张和脾功能亢进的门脉高压症患者实施内镜套扎 -部分脾栓塞联合治疗 ,手术前后采用彩色多普勒超声检查门奇静脉侧支循环情况 ,与对照组进行对比研究。结果 :除 1例患者出现异位栓塞死亡 ,1例出现脾脓肿经开腹手术治疗得到治愈外 ,未发生其他严重并发症。联合术后患者食管曲张静脉得到根治 ,脾功能亢进缓解。手术后患者门静脉血流速度减慢 ,血流量减少 (P <0 .0 5) ,奇静脉血流量降低 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,胃左静脉血流速度减慢 (P <0 .0 5)。术后随访 2～ 2 4个月 ,未出现复发性出血。结论 :联合术能有效地治疗门脉高压症食管静脉曲张出血和脾功能亢进 ,减少了闭塞曲张静脉所需重复套扎次数及近期再出血 ,同时术后减少了门静脉血流速度 ,血流量 ,降低了套扎术后复发出血的风险 ,该方法操作简单 ,侵袭性小 ,尤其适应于肝功能较差 ,难以耐受分流及断流手术的门脉高压症患者。     

Variceal bleeding and portal hypertension

Within the short span of half a century, the treatment of variceal bleeding has become highly differentiated, with multiple treatment options. Pharmacological therapy with beta-blockers is well established for preventing the first variceal bleeding. The utility of adding a vasodilator to beta-blockers needs to be studied further. Octreotide is widely used as an adjuvant to standard endoscopic treatment to prevent variceal rebleeding, and the utility of this approach has been validated in several randomized controlled trials. Band ligation is well established, and its popularity has increased with the introduction of multiple ligation devices. The technical simplicity and safety of band ligation has sparked interest in using this technique for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. However, randomized trials have not shown any advantage for band ligation over beta-blocker therapy, and the high variceal recurrence rate after band ligation may eliminate any theoretical advantage. A synchronous combination of band ligation and sclerotherapy has not been shown to improve the results of band ligation alone, but a metachronous approach using sclerotherapy to treat recurrent varices after band ligation has shown beneficial results. Histoacryl remains the best treatment option for gastric varices, but band ligation and loop ligation have shown promising results, and should be considered when Histoacryl is not available. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration is a new radiological modality for gastric varices, and one that sounds promising. TIPS is well established as an alternative to elective endoscopic treatment. Compared with endoscopic treatment, TIPS has been shown to improve the survival rate in one randomized trial. However, the cost and complications of TIPS have restricted its use. The use of endoscopic ultrasound for Doppler studies of blood flow in portal hypertension is currently investigational, but it may gain a role in selecting the optimal treatment approach for the individual patient.     

Evaluation of endosonography in sclerotherapy of esophageal varices.

During intravariceal sclerotherapy of esophageal varices with polidocanol in 32 patients with portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis of various etiologies, endosonographic assessment of both esophageal and gastric intramural vessels was carried out in order to evaluate the usefulness of endosonography in the follow-up of the variceal status. In all cases endosonography demonstrated esophageal and gastric varices; in contrast, only five cases of gastric varices could be demonstrated by endoscopy. Furthermore, different stages of variceal obliteration following sclerotherapy could be demonstrated by means of endosonography, and it was possible to identify incomplete obliteration in about one-third of the patients in whom inadequate sclerotherapy was suspected endoscopically. In addition, the status of gastric varices during sclerotherapy was demonstrated by means of endosonography. Only in cases of adequate sclerotherapy of esophageal varices, as assessed by both endoscopic and endosonographic criteria, were gastric varices plugged. On the basis of these findings endosonography would appear to be a useful technique for the diagnosis and follow-up of esophageal and gastric varices during intravariceal sclerotherapy.     

内镜套扎联合部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗门静脉性上消化道急性出血的研究

目的　探讨急诊内镜套扎联合部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗门静脉高压并发上消化道急性出血的疗效。方法　对 4 8例门静脉高压并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂急性出血患者行急诊内镜下曲张静脉套扎术(EVL) ,联合部分脾动脉栓塞术 (PSE) ,观察近期止血效果和远期再出血发生率及外周血细胞等变化。结果　EVL PSE联合术近期止血效果显著 (10 0 % ) ,食管胃底曲张静脉消失率达 6 8.75 % (33/48) ;无手术死亡 ,无严重并发症 ,远期再出血率 6 .2 5 % (3/48) ,外周血白细胞及血小板均较术前明显回升 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　联合术能有效地救治门静脉高压并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂急性出血 ,减少单纯内镜下套扎治疗的次数和复发再出血的风险。该法创伤小 ,安全有效。     

肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血与再出血危险性预测的研究进展

肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血与再出血危险性预测有门静脉高压、食管胃静脉曲张出血史、瞬时弹性成像术、多层螺旋CT成像、肝硬化脾肝体积比、内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术后、内镜治疗后随访的顺应性、血清腹水白蛋白梯度、血小板计数进行性下降、出血的控制时间、细菌感染和病毒复制。本文就这些方面作一综述。     

内镜治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血（附385例报告）

目的：探讨经内镜治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的最佳治疗方案,方法：自1988年2月－2000年5月收治肝硬化门脉高压食管静脉曲线破出血385例。临床随机分成3组：单纯硬化组（EVS）103例,内镜直视下向静脉内和静脉旁注射1％乙氧硬化醇,单纯结扎组（EVL）105例,分单次结扎和五连环连续结扎;联合治疗组（结扎加硬化治疗,EVL＋EVS）,经1－2次结扎后14天作硬化治疗,间隔1－3月对静脉曲张未消失者重复硬化治疗,结果：6个月内无出血者硬化组66％,结扎组83％,联合治疗组92％,3－6个月内随访,食管静脉曲张消失率硬化组86％,结扎组68％,联合治疗组91％,结论：联合结扎和硬化不同步良管静脉曲张破裂出血能增加止血效果,提高食管静脉曲张消失率,减内内镜治疗次数和硬化剂用量,为目前内镜治疗食管静脉曲线破裂出血较为安全有效的方法。     

Use of fibrin glue (beriplast) in the management of bleeding gastric varices

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Gastric variceal bleeding is a serious complication of portal hypertension. The optimum endoscopic treatment of bleeding gastric varices is yet to be defined. We evaluated the use of Beriplast, which is a solution of fibrinogen and thrombin, in controlling gastric variceal bleeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients presenting with gastric variceal bleeding were entered into an open trial of endoscopic gastric intravariceal injection treatment with Beriplast (fibrin sealant) and followed for up to 1 month after endoscopic treatment. RESULTS: There was failure to control bleeding in one patient. Four patients had rebleeding after the index bleed. All four were reinjected with Beriplast, and the bleeding was controlled in three. All patients were followed for 30 days, and the 30-day mortality following injection treatment was one. Fourteen patients were discharged from the hospital after the first episode of gastric variceal bleeding. None of the patients had injection-induced complications. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that Beriplast is a safe and simple endoscopic treatment option and is very effective in controlling gastric variceal bleeding.