HBV转染对TWEAK诱导凋亡的影响及IFN-γ对凋亡的调节

目的： 探讨新型凋亡分子TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)对乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)转染的人肝癌细胞系的凋亡诱导作用及γ-干扰素 (IFN-γ)对该凋亡过程的影响。方法: 以稳定转染了pCDNA3/1.1HBV的肝癌细胞系BEL-7402-pCDNA3/1.1HBV为模型,并以稳定转染空载体的肝癌细胞BEL-7402/pcDNA3作为对照,经CCK-8法检测HBV转染前后TWEAK对细胞生长的抑制效应,terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)活性检测试剂盒检测HBV转染前后TWEAK诱导肝癌细胞的凋亡情况及IFN-γ对TWEAK诱导细胞凋亡的调节作用。结果: HBV转染促进TWEAK诱导的细胞凋亡, IFN-γ可以增强HBV转染细胞对TWEAK诱导凋亡的敏感性。结论: 机体感染HBV后,TWEAK可能参与HBV感染肝细胞的清除过程;IFN-γ在调节TWEAK诱导的病毒感染细胞凋亡中发挥重要作用。     

兔抗人DR5抗血清诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡

制备兔抗人sDR5抗血清,检测它对Jurkat细胞的生长抑制和凋亡诱导作用。采用本室制备的sDR5免疫新西兰白兔,制备兔抗人sDR5抗血清,用ELISA法测定抗sDR5抗血清效价及抗血清的特异性。MTT试验分析它对Jurkat细胞生长抑制影响,倒置光显微镜和荧光显微镜观察抗sDR5抗血清对Jurkat细胞形态的影响,用AnnexinV/PI双染试剂盒检测Jurkat细胞凋亡率,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测Jurkat细胞中DNA的片断化。结果:获得了高效价特异性兔抗人sDR5抗血清。兔抗人sDR5抗血清对Jurkat细胞具有显著的细胞生长抑制作用,并呈剂量依赖性。兔抗人sDR5抗血清处理后,Jurkat细胞可出现典型的细胞凋亡的形态特征:细胞膜皱缩,出泡,染色质浓缩,形成凋亡小体等。流式细胞术结果显示:兔抗人sDR5血清1/80、1/160作用Jurkat细胞2 h,细胞凋亡率分别为54.98%和34.13%。兔抗人sDR5抗血清可导致Jurkat细胞中的DNA片段化。本室制备的兔抗人sDR5抗血清能抑制Jurkat细胞生长和诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡。     

TRAIL诱导乙型肝炎病毒转染细胞株凋亡的实验研究

目的 探讨人肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand，TRAIL）对HBV稳定转染的肝癌细胞株HepG2．2．15的凋亡诱导效果。方法应用MTT法了解TRAIL对HepG2．2．15细胞的诱导效果，琼脂糖凝胶电泳、流式细胞术和Caspase．3酶活性分析TRAIL诱导HepG2．2．15细胞凋亡过程。结果TRAIL（0．1μg／mL）作用于HepG2．2．15细胞株12、24、36h后，细胞抑制率分别为17．91％、41．26％、59．85％；PI单染亚二倍体含量12h后为21．8％，高于对照组的8．7％；24h后DNA电泳200bp处出现特异性条带；6h后Caspase-3酶活性为对照组的4．76倍。结论TRAIL诱导后，HBV稳定转染的肝癌细胞株HepG2．2．15发生凋亡     

重组TRAIL基因真核表达载体的构建及其诱导喉癌细胞株Hep2凋亡的效应

目的: 研究TRAIL基因结合端粒酶启动子特异性靶向治疗的作用。方法: 利用已有编码凋亡诱导功能区的TRAILcDNA片断的表达载体pRNDE2 -1和IL- 2信号肽基因序列, 扩增IL- 2信号肽基因和TRAIL基因的融合基因, 并克隆入真核表达载体pGL3 181hTERT肿瘤特异性端粒酶启动子的下游, 构建TRAIL基因的重组真核表达载体pGL3 181hTERT/TRAIL。将该重组载体经阳离子脂质体转染入人喉癌细胞株Hep2中, 以台盼蓝拒染法和基因组DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳, 观察转染的Hep2细胞的凋亡。结果: 构建了肿瘤人可溶性TRAIL基因的重组真核表达载体pGL3 181hTERT/TRAIL, 其表达产物能诱导喉癌细胞Hep2凋亡。结论: 成功地构建了重组真核表达载体pGL3 181hTERT/TRAIL, 为肿瘤的基因靶向治疗提供了可能性。     

HBV adr亚型体外感染肝细胞模型的建立

目的:构建1.1倍乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)全基因的真核表达载体,稳定转染L-02细胞,建立HBVadr亚型体外感染的细胞模型。方法:以pVUⅡ酶切质粒p3.6Ⅱ获得1.1倍HBV DNA片段,用牛小肠碱性磷酸酶将经EcoRV线性化的pcDNA3去磷酸化,以T4DNA连接酶连接1.1倍HBV DNA片段和线性化的pcDNA3,将构建的pcDNA3-1.1HBV以脂质体转染L-02肝癌细胞,经G418稳定筛选。ELISA检测转染细胞培养上清中HB-sAg、HBeAg的表达。RT-PCR检测转染细胞中HBpreS2、HBX的表达。结果:成功构建了1.1倍HBV全基因真核表达载体,稳定转染L-02后,建立了新的肝细胞系L-02.1Z,其培养上清中可检测到HBsAg、HBeAg的稳定表达,并可检测到HBpreS2、HBX RNA在转染细胞中表达。结论:该表达载体可介导病毒复制,其稳定转染的细胞可作为一种新型的HBV体外感染模型。     

IFN-γ对TRAIL诱导HBV相关性肝癌细胞凋亡的调节作用

目的：以转染了HBV全基因组、并稳定表达HBV病毒颗粒的HepG2.2.15细胞为细胞模型，探讨IFN-γ对新型凋亡分子TRAIL（TNF相关的诱导凋亡配体）诱导凋亡的影响，并初步探索其发生机制。方法：以流式细胞仪检测IFN-γ和TRAIL作用前，HepG2.2.15细胞的凋亡率，分别用流式细胞术和半定量RT－PCR的方法检测IFN-γ用0、6、12和24h后，细胞表面膜结合型TRAIL和TRAIL受体mRNA的表达。用HBsAg和HBeAg ELISA检测试剂盒测定IFN-γ作用0、6、12和24h后，HBV病毒颗粒的分泌表达状况。结果：TRAIL单独作用、IFN-γ单独作用、TRAIL和IFN-γ联合作用后，HepG2.2.15细胞的凋亡率分别为9．12％、5．84％和46．68％，表明IFN-γ可以显著上调TRAIL诱导的细胞凋亡。IFN-γ作用后，细胞表面膜型TRAIL的表达有显著上调，而部分与TRAIL诱导凋亡相关的TRAIL受体的表达也有不同程度的上调，并且IFN-γ可以抑制HepG2.2.15细胞HBV病毒颗粒的分泌。结论：转染HBV全基因组的HepG2.2.15细胞对TRAIL诱导的凋亡相对耐受,而IFN-γ却可以逆转这种耐受，使其变得对TRAIL诱导的凋亡敏感，其发生机制可能是通过IFN-γ上调细胞表面TRAIL及其受体的表达，以及抑制HBV病毒颗粒的分泌实现的。     

大蒜素诱导人肝癌BEL—7402细胞凋亡

目的　探讨大蒜素诱导人肝癌BEL 740 2细胞凋亡作用。　方法　MTT法检测大蒜素对BEL 740 2细胞的生长抑制作用 ,光镜、电镜、流式细胞术观察大蒜素诱导BLE 740 2细胞凋亡作用。　结果　 10、2 0、40ml L大蒜素皆能抑制BEL 740 2细胞生长 ,其抑制作用与剂量、作用时间呈正相关。 6 0mg L大蒜素作用 3h ,BEL 740 2细胞出现典型凋亡形态学变化 :细胞体积缩小 ,微绒毛消失 ,染色质浓聚、边集、裂解 ,细胞表面凸起多个小泡或小球状小体 ,凋亡细胞拒染台盼蓝等。台盼蓝染色计数对照组凋亡率 2 0 2± 0 37% ,诱导组凋亡率 78 48± 3 15 % ;流式细胞分析对照组凋亡率 1 78± 0 48% ,诱导组凋亡率 74 0 7± 3 94% ,对照组诱导前时G0 /G1 、S、G2 /M期细胞分别为47 6 6± 2 72 % ,2 2 0 6± 2 0 4% ,30 2 5± 3 78% ,皆低于 74 0 7± 3 94%。　结论　大蒜素诱导人肝癌BEL 740 2细胞凋亡 ,其诱导凋亡效果明显 ,并推测大蒜素诱导BEL 740 2细胞可能自细胞周期不同分期多点启动凋亡     

含蟾酥胶囊血清诱导人肝癌BEL-7402细胞株凋亡的机制

目的:探讨含蟾酥胶囊血清诱导人肝癌BEL-7402细胞株凋亡的机制.方法:用血清药理学方法,把含不同浓度蟾酥胶囊的血清加入体外培养的人肝癌BEL-7402细胞,分别孵育24、48 h,显微镜下观察细胞形态学改变;MTT比色检测细胞的存活率;流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡率;琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定DNA条带;免疫细胞化学显色检测Bcl-2蛋白的表达.结果:实验组部分细胞凋亡,形态学改变;细胞存活率降低,增殖受到抑制;流式细胞仪检测,可见凋亡峰;孵育48 h,琼脂糖凝胶电泳呈梯状条带(DNA Ladder);免疫细胞化学检测,Bcl-2表达明显降低.结论:蟾酥胶囊诱导人肝癌细胞BEL-7402株凋亡的作用机制可能与下调Bcl-2蛋白表达有关.     

p16INK4A和 p15INK4B对人肝癌细胞增殖和凋亡影响的研究

目的　为探讨抑癌基因 p16 INK4 A和 p15 INK4 B对 Rb基因状态不同的人肝癌细胞系增殖和凋亡的影响。方法　在分析细胞系遗传背景鉴定基础上采用脂质体将构建的 p XJ- p16、p XJ- p15重组质粒转染人肝癌细胞系 BEL74 0 2 (p16 / p15 Rb )和 SMMC772 1(p16 / p15 / Rb- )。应用 PCR、RNA斑点印迹、MTT、集落形成、流式细胞仪等技术检测外源性 p16和 p15基因、m RNA表达及其对肝癌细胞增殖、凋亡的影响。结果　经转染的 BEL74 0 2 - p16 ,BEL74 0 2 - p15细胞 ,分别存在外源性 p16、p15基因 ,在含外源基因细胞中相应的 m RNA表达增强 ;BEL74 0 2 - p15细胞生长速度、集落形成率显著低于对照细胞 BEL 74 0 2 (P<0 .0 1) ;细胞周期分析观察到与亲本细胞比较 ,BEL 74 0 2 - p15的 G1期细胞由 37.7%增高到 4 3.6 % ,S期细胞由 2 2 %下降到 13% (P<0 .0 5 ) ,并出现 G1亚峰 (凋亡峰 )。与此相反 ,BEL74 0 2 - p16细胞增殖未见抑制 ,细胞周期分布无明显差异 ,集落形成率也未见减少。此外 ,SMMC772 1- p16细胞增殖也无抑制。结论　外源性 p15 INK4 B具有抑制人肝癌细胞生长 ,诱导细胞凋亡的作用 ,其作用不受内源性p15影响。而 p16 INK4 A对肝癌细胞生长抑制的作用可能依赖于 RB途径的完整性。     

乙型肝炎病毒X基因促TRAIL诱导Huh7细胞凋亡的机制

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)X基因(HBX)促肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TNF relatedapoptosis inducing ligand,TRAIL)蛋白诱导人肝癌细胞Huh7凋亡的机制。方法应用脂质体转染法将pcDNA3.1-HBX、pcDNA3.1分别转染Huh7细胞,建立稳定表达HBX的细胞模型Huh7-HBX和空载体对照细胞模型Huh7-3.1;运用TRAIL蛋白分别作用Huh7-HBX细胞、Huh7-3.1及Huh7细胞后,采用CCK8、流式细胞术检测细胞增殖和凋亡情况;Western blot检测死亡受体4(deathreceptor 4,DR4)和死亡受体5(death receptor 5,DR5)的表达情况;分光光度法检测细胞caspase8和caspase3活性。结果 RT-PCR及Western blot证实成功构建细胞株Huh7-HBX;CCK8和流式细胞术检测结果均显示Huh7-HBX细胞的凋亡率明显高于Huh7-3.1及Huh7(P<0.05);Western blot显示Huh7-HBX细胞的DR4、DR5的表达量明显高于Huh7-3.1及Huh7细胞(P<0.05);caspase活性检测结果显示,Huh7-HBX细胞caspase8及caspase3的活性明显高于Huh7-3.1及Huh7(P<0.05)。结论 HBX能够通过上调Huh-7细胞表面死亡受体DR4、DR5的表达,进而促进TRAIL蛋白诱导的细胞凋亡,为进一步研究HBX的促凋亡机制提供实验依据。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.