初中生学习倦怠问卷的初步编制

目的:编制初中生学习倦怠问卷。方法:以Maslach的三因素理论(心身衰竭、玩世不恭、低效能感)为基础编制问卷,并在两个样本(n=573)中分别施测,计算问卷的信度、结构效度和效标效度。结果:项目的鉴别度指数在0.301～0.482之间,同质信度系数在0.756～0.890之间,第一个样本(n=266)进行探索性因素分析显示16个项目负荷三个主要因素,第二个样本(n=307)做验证性因素分析,显示符合三因素模型。用MBI-SS作效标,与本问卷总分及维度分相关在0.550～0.847之间,其它效度指标均符合心理测量学的要求。结论:初中生学习倦怠问卷具有较好的信度、效度,可用于初中生学习倦怠的测量。     

中国大学生超越性精神品质自评量表的编制

目的:编制大学生超越性精神品质自评量表,并进行信度、效度检验。方法:在文献综述和半结构访谈的基础上收集超越性精神品质的评估条目,经过试测与项目修订、探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析等方法检验其信效度。结果:总量表的Cronbach’sα系数为0.899,分半系数为0.784。探索性因子分析成功提取出7个因子,累计方差贡献率为56.841%。验证性因素分析显示,模型拟合指标χ~2/df=1.716,RMSEA=0.057,NFI=0.901,RFI=0.903,CFI=0.915,IFI=0.917,均符合心理测量学指标,表明量表结构效度较好。结论:大学生超越性精神品质自评量表的信度、效度符合心理测量学的要求,可作为评估大学生超越性精神品质的测量工具。     

少年网络攻击行为评定量表的编制及信效度检验

目的:编制我国少年网络攻击行为评定量表(AOABS),并检验其信效度。方法:方便抽取689名中学生和大学生进行问卷调查,回收有效问卷597份。通过项目分析筛选题目,将整体样本随机分半后分别进行探索性因素分析(n=297)和验证性因素分析(n=300)以检验量表的结构效度,并检验量表的信度。结果:少年网络攻击行为评定量表分为工具性攻击(instrumental aggression)和反应性攻击(reactive aggression)两个分量表,每个分量表内部又分为外显攻击和关系攻击两部分。自编量表的两个分量表经探索性因素分析所得的题目载荷在0.52～0.75之间,累积方差贡献率分别为52.75%和53.24%;两个分量表经验证性因素分析所得模型均符合心理测量学要求(RMSEA0.08,NFI0.9,NNFI0.9,CFI0.9)。两个分量表的Cronbachα系数分别为0.83和0.86。结论:少年网络攻击行为评定量表具有良好的结构效度和内部一致性信度,可以用于测量我国少年在网络上的攻击行为。     

成年人智能手机成瘾量表的初步编制

目的:编制成年人智能手机成瘾量表,并对其进行信效度检验。方法:通过开放式问卷调查和深度访谈收集原始项目,采用内容分析法整理归纳得到初始条目47条,样本1(n=851)用于项目分析及探索性因素分析,样本2(n=1004)用于验证性因素分析及信度检验。在样本2中随机选取89名被试于4周后进行重测。结果:智能手机成瘾量表最后保留26个条目,归纳为App使用、App更新、戒断反应、突显性、社会功能受损、生理不适6个因子,累积解释总方差的58.43%;具有良好的结构效度(χ~2/df=2.13,RMSEA=0.043,CFI=0.94,IFI=0.94,GFI=0.94)。总量表的α系数为0.909,6个维度的α系数为0.706~0.820;总量表的重测信度系数为0.931,6个维度的重测信度系数为0.743~0.850。结论:本研究编制的量表具有良好的信度和效度,可以用来测量成年人的智能手机成瘾情况。     

百项心理症状问卷编制和信效度研究

目的:编制一个适用于10岁以上人群的心理健康调查表并检验其信效度。方法:按经验法编制了一个包含10个症状维度(每个维度10个条目)的心理健康量表,采用分层方便取样法收集了4672名社区或学校样本、1135例临床样本、252名重测样本和378名效度样本的心理健康资料,并对问卷的信度和效度做了测量学检验。结果:问卷的重测信度和α系数分别为0.615~0.791、0.804~0.974;维度与总分(0.737~0.882)及维度间(0.453~0.811)显著相关,10个维度可归为4个因子(情绪症状、生理症状、行为控制和精神病理);百项心理症状问卷与SCL-90总分(0.823)和相关维度(0.605~0.797)显著相关,常模样本和临床样本得分(除人格品行外)有显著性差异(P0.001)。结论:百项心理症状问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度和实证效度均较理想,符合心理测量学的要求。     

大学生社会性无聊感量表的编制

目的:编制大学生社会性无聊感量表并检验其信效度,为研究社会性无聊感提供测量工具。方法:根据社会性无聊感定义,参考相关文献编制初始量表。选取广东省高校学生754名,分别对样本1(n=379),样本2(n=375)进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,形成最终问卷。另选取40名大学生间隔2周后进行重测。结果:大学生社会性无聊感量表包含25个条目,6个因子,累积方差贡献率为55.95%。验证性因素分析结果表明6因素模型拟合良好(χ2/df=2.07,GFI=0.90,CFI=0.91,IFI=0.91,RMSEA=0.05)。总量表Cronbachα系数为0.85,6个分量表α系数在0.55~0.85,总量表的重测信度为0.67。社会性无聊感量表与无聊感倾向量表效标关联效度为0.60。结论:社会性无聊感量表具有良好的信度和效度,可以作为大学生社会性无聊感研究的测量工具。     

中学生心理韧性问卷结构与编制

目的:通过查阅相关文献、开放式问卷调查(n=102)和半结构式访谈(n=22)编制初始问卷。方法:选取1973名中学生进行探索性因素分析,选取1932名中学生进行验证性因素分析以及信度与效度检验;2个月后抽取168人进行重新测试。结果:1探索性因素分析表明,量表的结构维度包括自我效能感、目标与控制、问题解决、社会交往与乐观5个因子,能解释总方差的53.802%;2验证性因素分析表明5因素与构想模型拟合较好;3量表得分与抑郁焦虑得分呈显著负相关,总量表的α系数为0.920,各分量表的α系数在0.718~0.839之间;总量表的重测信度为0.883,各分量表的重测信度在0.717~0.838之间。结论:本研究编制的中学生心理韧性量表的信度和效度符合心理测量学要求,可以作为测量中学生心理韧性的有效工具。     

医务人员疫情相关工作应激源量表的初步评价

目的:编制在常态化疫情防控背景下，医务人员疫情相关的工作应激源量表，并检验效度和信度。方法:对3477名在疫情常态化防控阶段一线工作岗位的医务人员进行量表初测。采用一个分半样本(n=1763)进行条目分析和探索性因素分析；采用另一分半样本(n=1714)进行验证性因素分析。以压力知觉量表和工作倦怠量表检验效标效度，并采用另一样本(n=113)进行间隔1个月的2次测量检验重测信度。结果:最终量表包括14个条目，分为3个因子，累计方差解释率为59.06%。3个因子为医务人员疫情相关的主要工作压力来源，分别命名为防控压力、工作强度和感染焦虑；3因子结构模型拟合良好(χ²/df=12.04,RMSEA=0.074,CFI=0.93,TLI=0.91),且在不同岗位和暴露风险人群中具有测量等价性。疫情相关应激源量表总分与感知压力、职业倦怠呈正相关(ICC分别为0.50,0.53,Ps<0.001)。总量表及3个维度的内部一致性系数为0.74～0.89,重测信度(ICC)为0.54～0.73。结论:自编量表的效度和信度符合心理测量学的要求，能够有效测量新冠肺炎疫情常态化...     

大学生隐性逃课量表的编制和结构探索

目的:编制一个大学生隐性逃课量表,并探索其结构模型。方法:在前期访谈基础上编制量表。进行3次整群抽样,测验对象均为全日制在校大学生。第1次预测样本(n=350)用于初步的项目分析和因素探索。样本2(n=400)进行正式测验,用于探索性因素分析和量表信效度检验。样本3(n=550)用于验证性因素分析。用一般学业情绪量表做效标。在样本2随机选取56名被试(有效被试53人)两周后重测。结果:大学生隐性逃课量表共28个项目,包括学业认知,学习习惯,自我调整,课堂认知,学习环境5个因子。验证性因素分析表明所得模型拟合较好(χ2/df=2.66,RMSEA=0.057,GFI=0.90,IFI=0.91,CFI=0.91,NFI=0.90)。总量表的内部一致性α系数为0.84,各因子α系数0.75~0.84。总量表重测信度0.89,5个因子重测信度0.76~0.80。结论:本研究编制的量表具有良好的信度和效度,可用于测量大学生隐性逃课的严重程度。     

中学生暴力行为量表的编制

目的:从实施暴力、遭遇暴力和目击暴力3个角度来编制中学生暴力行为量表(MSSVBS),并检验其信效度.方法:通过文献分析、开放式问卷调查和访谈编制题项.同时从实施暴力、遭遇暴力和目击暴力三方面收集信息,要求被试以实施者、受害者、目击者3个角色分别作答.进行3次取样,用第1次预测样本(n=670)进行初步的项目分析和因素探索,用第2次预测样本(n=507)进行项目分析和探索性因素分析,用正式施测样本(n=1207)进行验证性因素分析及信度和效标效度检验.从正式施测样本中抽取47名学生间隔1周后重测.采用暴力遭遇问卷(LEQ)和Buss-Perry攻击问卷(BPAQ)作效标.结果:MSSVBS包含心理暴力和躯体暴力两个分量表(各22题),其中心理暴力包括人格侮辱、关系攻击、性骚扰和权利侵犯;躯体暴力包括攻击他人、自虐行为、自杀意念与行为和极严重暴力.两个分量表经验证性因素分析所得模型均符合心理测量学要求(RMSEA＜0.08,NFI ＞0.9,NNFI ＞0.9,CFI＞0.9);MSSVBS得分与LEQ和BPAQ得分呈正相关(r=0.43、0.33,均P＜0.001).两个分量表的Cronbachα系数分别为0.82和0.80,重测信度分别为0.82和0.79.结论:本研究编制的中学生暴力行为量表具有良好的心理测量学特征,可以用于测量我国中学生的暴力行为.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.