空气颗粒物与呼吸及心脑血管疾病每日住院率相关性研究

目的 建立颗粒物空气污染与每日住院率暴露反应关系模型,为颗粒物空气污染健康影响早期预警提供科学依据.方法 应用]Poisson广义可加模型鉴定暴露反应关系形状,分段线性拟合进行污染物危险度评估.结果 年龄分组分析:颗粒物空气污染与所有年龄组每日住院率均呈正相关,且为非线性.可吸入颗粒物每增加10 ìg/m3,呼吸系统疾病住院率上升百分比为0.716%～2.145%,心脑血管疾病住院率上升百分比为0.65%.病因分组分析:颗粒物空气污染与所有疾病每日住院率均呈正相关,且为非线性.影响显著的疾病为慢性阻塞性肺疾病和缺血性心脏病,颗粒物每升高10ìg/m3,相应的住院率上升百分比分别为2.94%、1.94%.非采暖期和采暖期分别分析,非采暖期颗粒物空气污染的影响大于采暖期影响.结论 与有关死亡率研究结果比较,颗粒物空气污染对呼吸系统、心脑血管疾病住院率上升百分比大于死亡率上升百分比(0.25%),表明颗粒物空气污染对住院率的影响大于死亡率.     

Interactions between particulate air pollution and temperature in air pollution mortality time series studies

In many community time series studies on the effect of particulate air pollution on mortality, particulate air pollution is modeled additively. In this study, we investigated the interaction between daily particulate air pollution and daily mean temperature in Cook County, Illinois and Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, using data for the period 1987-1994. This was done through the use of joint particulate air pollution-temperature response surfaces and by stratifying the effect of particulate air pollution on mortality by temperature. Evidence that the effect of particulate air pollution on mortality may depend on temperature is found. However, the results were sensitive to the number of degrees of freedom used in the confounder adjustments, the particulate air pollution exposure measure, and how the effects of temperature on mortality are modeled. The results were less sensitive to the estimation method used--generalized linear models and natural cubic splines or generalized additive models and smoothing splines. The results of this study suggest that in community particulate air pollution mortality time series studies the possibility of an interaction between daily particulate air pollution and daily mean temperature should be considered.     

Smoking increases air pollution levels in city streets: Observational and fine particulate data

IntroductionTo address the paucity of research around smokefree streets, we: (i) refined existing data collection methods; (ii) expanded on the meagre previous research in this area; and (iii) compared results by differing size of urban centre.MethodsWe refined established methods; a solo observer simultaneously observed smoking and measured fine particulate levels (PM_2.5) on a route of shopping streets in central Lower Hutt City, New Zealand.ResultsOver 33.6 h of measurement, mean fine particulate levels were 1.7 times higher when smoking was observed than when it was not (7.9 vs 4.8 μg/m³; p=0.0001).ConclusionsSmoking appeared to be a substantive contributor to fine particulate air pollution in city streets, when compared to levels adjacent to road traffic.     

空气污染与老年人认知损伤及痴呆关系研究进展

  目的  了解空气污染对中国居民身体活动的影响,为我国空气质量管理及健康政策制定提供参考依据。  方法  检索Cochrane Library数据库、PubMed数据库、Web of Science数据库和中国知网数据库,同时在Google Scholar中进行手动检索收集关于空气污染与身体活动关系的相关文献,英文数据库收集数据库收录起始日期至2018年8月27日的文献,中文数据库收集数据库收录起始日期至2018年11月9日的文献,采用系统文献综述法分析空气污染对中国居民身体活动的影响。  结果  空气污染会减少中国居民的身体活动（如,户外身体锻炼时间、外出就餐频率等）;在出行模式的选择方面,空气污染会减少非机动交通模式（如,步行、骑自行车）的选择,增加其他空间较为密闭的交通工具（如,私家车、轨道交通等）的选择。  结论  空气污染程度对中国居民的身体活动有明显影响,建议结合国家政策层面的干预措施和环境领域可持续发展的基本理念,减少空气污染物的排放,鼓励绿色环保出行,增加居民身体活动时间。     

Association between particulate air pollution and first hospital admission for childhood respiratory illness in Vancouver, Canada

In this study, the authors assessed the impact of particulate air pollution on first respiratory hospitalization. Study subjects were children less than 3 years of age living in Vancouver, British Columbia, who had their first hospitalization as a result of any respiratory disease (ICD-9 codes 460-519) during the period from June 1, 1995, to March 31, 1999. The authors used logistic regression to estimate the associations between ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and first hospitalization. The adjusted odds ratios for first respiratory hospitalization associated with mean and maximal PM10-2.5 with a lag of 3 days were 1.12 (95% confidence interval: 0.98, 1.28) and 1.13 (1.00, 1.27). After adjustment for gaseous pollutants, the corresponding odds ratios were 1.22 (1.02, 1.48) and 1.14 (0.99, 1.32). The data indicated the possibility of harmful effects from coarse PM on first hospitalization for respiratory disease in early childhood.     

A time-stratified case-crossover study of fine particulate matter air pollution and mortality in Guangzhou, China

Objectives

Few studies in China investigate health impact of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) due to lack of monitoring data and the findings are controversial. The aim of this study is to examine the short-association between PM_2.5 and daily mortality in Guangzhou, the economic center of south China.

Methods

In Guangzhou, we measured daily PM_2.5 concentrations between 2007 and 2008 and conducted a time-stratified case-crossover analysis to explore the association between PM_2.5 and daily mortality, and examine potential effect modifiers including age, sex, and education.

Results

The averaged PM_2.5 concentration in 2007–2008 was 70.1?μg/m³ in Guangzhou, which was approximately seven times higher than the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for PM_2.5 (annual average: 10?μg/m³). Regression analysis showed that ambient PM_2.5 was associated with mortality from all causes and cardiorespiratory diseases. An increase of 10?μg/m³ in 2-day moving average (lag01) concentration of PM_2.5 corresponds to 0.90% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55, 1.26%] increase of total mortality, 1.22% (95% CI: 0.63, 1.68%) increase of cardiovascular mortality, and 0.97% (95% CI: 0.16, 1.79%) increase of respiratory mortality. The associations were stronger in the elderly (aged 65?years or more), in females, and in those with low education level, but the differences were statistically insignificant. After adjustment for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), however, the effects of PM_2.5 decreased and became statistically insignificant.

Conclusions

Our findings provided new information for the adverse health effects of PM_2.5 in China, and may have some implications for environmental policy making and standard setting in Guangzhou.     

Acute effects of fine particulate air pollution on cardiac arrhythmia: the APACR study

Background: The mechanisms underlying the relationship between particulate matter (PM) air pollution and cardiac disease are not fully understood.Objectives: We examined the effects and time course of exposure to fine PM [aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5)] on cardiac arrhythmia in 105 middle-age community-dwelling healthy nonsmokers in central Pennsylvania.Methods: The 24-hr beat-to-beat electrocardiography data were obtained using a high-resolution Holter system. After visually identifying and removing artifacts, we summarized the total number of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and premature atrial contractions (PACs) for each 30-min segment. A personal PM_2.5 nephelometer was used to measure individual-level real-time PM_2.5 exposures for 24 hr. We averaged these data to obtain 30-min average time–specific PM_2.5 exposures. Distributed lag models under the framework of negative binomial regression and generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the rate ratio between 10-μg/m³ increases in average PM_2.5 over 30-min intervals and ectopy counts.Results: The mean ± SD age of participants was 56 ± 8 years, with 40% male and 73% non-Hispanic white. The 30-min mean ± SD for PM_2.5 exposure was 13 ± 22 μg/m³, and PAC and PVC counts were 0.92 ± 4.94 and 1.22 ± 7.18. Increases of 10 μg/m³ in average PM_2.5 concentrations during the same 30 min or the previous 30 min were associated with 8% and 3% increases in average PVC counts, respectively. PM_2.5 was not significantly associated with PAC count.Conclusion: PM_2.5 exposure within approximately 60 min was associated with increased PVC counts in healthy individuals.     

围孕期空气污染物暴露与妊娠期贫血的关联研究

目的 探讨孕前期和孕早期主要空气污染物暴露与孕中期贫血发生风险间的关系。方法 在合肥市3家医院招募3 427名孕中期产检的孕妇作为研究对象。通过问卷调查收集人口学特征、健康状况和生活方式等信息,常规检查获得血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb)浓度并诊断贫血。结果 孕中期贫血发生率为35.5%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,在单污染物模型中,孕前期NO2（OR = 1.45, 95%CI:1.33～1.57）及孕早期O3和NO2暴露均与孕期贫血风险增加显著相关,但在双污染物模型中,仅孕前期NO2与贫血风险仍存在统计学关联。多因素线性回归分析结果显示,在单污染物模型中,孕前期NO2（β = - 2.02, 95%CI:- 2.34～- 1.70）及孕早期O3（β = - 2.61, 95%CI:- 3.23～- 2.00）和NO2（β = - 1.59, 95%CI:- 2.04～- 1.15）暴露与Hb浓度呈显著负相关,在双污染物模型中,上述统计学关联仍存在。多项式曲线拟合结果显示,孕前期和孕早期NO2暴露浓度与Hb浓度之间均存在负性线性关系（P＜0.05）。结论 围孕期NO2暴露与Hb浓度降低有关,并增加妊娠期贫血风险。     

Acute effects of fine particulate air pollution on ST segment height: A longitudinal study

Background  

The mechanisms for the relationship between particulate air pollution and cardiac disease are not fully understood. Air pollution-induced myocardial ischemia is one of the potentially important mechanisms.     

Association between petrochemical air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Taiwan

The petrochemical industry is the main source of industrial air pollution in Taiwan. To date, little is known about the possible effects of such pollution on the human fetus. In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between term low birthweight and preterm delivery and residence in a petrochemical industrial municipality (PIM). The study areas included 16 PIMs (which were defined as municipalities in which the number of workers in the petroleum and petrochemical industry made up at least 2% of the municipality's total population) and 16 matched reference municipalities (RFMs). Among 39,750 1st-parity singleton live births, the prevalences of preterm delivery in the PIMs and RFMs were 4.72% and 4.58%, respectively, and the prevalences of term low birthweight were 2.51% and 2.35%, respectively. When PIMs were compared with RFMs, and after controlling for possible confounders (including maternal age, marital status, maternal education, and gender of the baby), the adjusted odds ratios were 1.07 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.95, 1.22) for term low birthweight and 1.03 (95% CI = 0.94, 1.13) for preterm delivery, respectively.     

Association between air pollution and ischemic cardiovascular emergency room visits

This study observed the relationship between air pollutants and ischemic cardiac diseases such as angina and acute myocardial infarction in a representative cardiovascular center emergency room in São Paulo, Brazil. Daily emergency room admissions to the Institute of the Heart of the University of São Paulo, as well as data concerning daily air pollutant levels and meteorological variables, were collected from January 1994 to August 1995. Generalized additive Poisson regressions were fitted to the logarithm of the expected values of total emergency room visits due to angina or acute myocardial infarction, controlling for smooth functions of season and weather and indicators for days of the week. All investigated pollutants were positively associated with ischemic cardiovascular disease emergency room visits, and the time lags were relatively short, but only CO presented an effect that was statistically significant. An interquartile range increase in CO was associated with an increase of 6.4% (95% CI: 0.7-12.1) in daily angina or acute myocardial infarction emergency room visits. This result did not change when estimates were done using linear models and natural cubic splines. This study showed that air pollution has a role in cardiovascular morbidity in São Paulo, reinforcing the necessity for air pollutant emission-controlling polices in urban areas.     

The effects of components of fine particulate air pollution on mortality in california: results from CALFINE

OBJECTIVE: Several epidemiologic studies provide evidence of an association between daily mortality and particulate matter < 2.5 pm in diameter (PM2.5). Little is known, however, about the relative effects of PM2.5 constituents. We examined associations between 19 PM2.5 components and daily mortality in six California counties. DESIGN: We obtained daily data from 2000 to 2003 on mortality and PM2.5 mass and components, including elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC), nitrates, sulfates, and various metals. We examined associations of PM2.5 and its constituents with daily counts of several mortality categories: all-cause, cardiovascular, respiratory, and mortality age > 65 years. Poisson regressions incorporating natural splines were used to control for time-varying covariates. Effect estimates were determined for each component in each county and then combined using a random-effects model. RESULTS: PM2.5 mass and several constituents were associated with multiple mortality categories, especially cardiovascular deaths. For example, for a 3-day lag, the latter increased by 1.6, 2.1, 1.6, and 1.5% for PM2.5, EC, OC, and nitrates based on interquartile ranges of 14.6, 0.8, 4.6, and 5.5 pg/m(3), respectively. Stronger associations were observed between mortality and additional pollutants, including sulfates and several metals, during the cool season. CONCLUSION: This multicounty analysis adds to the growing body of evidence linking PM2.5 with mortality and indicates that excess risks may vary among specific PM2.5 components. Therefore, the use of regression coefficients based on PM2.5 mass may underestimate associations with some PM2.5 components. Also, our findings support the hypothesis that combustion-associated pollutants are particularly important in California.     

Effects of particulate air pollution on hemostasis

Exposure to particulate air pollution is associated with acute and chronic cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms involved in these effects are not fully elucidated. Research has proved that fine particles, principally the ultrafine fraction, which are predominantly derived from combustion of fossil fuel, are the most toxic. Recent clinical and experimental studies have reported mechanistic observations linking fine and ultrafine particles to the coagulation cascade, platelet function, and subsequent development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. These effects have been explained either by release of soluble mediators by the lungs, which affect blood coagulation parameters, or by the direct translocation of ultrafine particles into the systemic circulation or the alteration of autonomic cardiac control. Despite recent advances, additional studies are needed to investigate the pathophysiologic mechanisms linking particulate air pollution and hemostasis.     

大气PM_(2.5)长期暴露对健康影响的队列研究进展

大气PM_(2.5)污染是危害人类健康的重要因素,已经成为全球热点问题。长期暴露于大气PM_(2.5)污染与疾病的发生和死亡密切相关,特别是心血管疾病和呼吸系统疾病,但不同研究的结论并不一致。基于人群的队列研究是评价大气污染慢性效应的重要方法。该文从暴露估计方法、健康效应评估两方面综述了大气PM_(2.5)长期暴露对健康影响的队列研究进展,指出了现有研究存在的问题,并提出了今后开展此类研究的建议。     

Global population exposed to fine particulate pollution by population increase and pollution expansion

Ambient fine particulate (PM_2.5) pollution threatens public health. Previous studies have primarily focused on PM_2.5 estimation, with the quantitative analysis of public exposure and the reason for increased risk receiving limited attention. Quantitative information is essential for environmental risk estimation. Thus, we collected PM_2.5 data and population records to illustrate the spatiotemporal patterns of PM_2.5 pollution and to quantify public vulnerability and the cause of increased exposure at global, regional, and country scales from 2000 to 2010, following the air quality standards of the World Health Organization. We found that 11.0 × 10⁶ km² (8%) of the global terrestrial area was exposed to PM_2.5 pollution (> 35 μg/m³) in 2010, an addition of 4.3 × 10⁶ km² since 2000. Furthermore, by 2010, 1.94 billion (30%) people worldwide were exposed to PM_2.5 pollution, including 966 and 778 million in Eastern and Southern Asia, respectively, comprising 962 million in China and 543 million in India. After 2000, the vulnerability of 698 million people to PM_2.5 pollution increased, including 356 and 280 million in Southern and Eastern Asia, respectively, accounting for 279 million in China and 253 million in India. Moreover, 25% of the global vulnerability increase was from local population growth, and 75% was due to pollution expansion. Specifically, 26 and 16% of the increase in public vulnerability in Southern and Eastern Asia (22 and 16% in India and China), respectively, were from local population growth. We suggest that countries in which migration has contributed to an increase in public vulnerability should balance pollutant emission reduction and migration control to reduce vulnerability. In addition, cooperation between the government and public could help mitigate global pollution as well as environmental and human health risks.     

Daily variation in fine and ultrafine particulate air pollution and urinary concentrations of lung Clara cell protein CC16

Background: Daily variations in ambient particulate air pollution have been associated with respiratory mortality and morbidity.

Aims: To assess the associations between urinary concentration of lung Clara cell protein CC16, a marker for lung damage, and daily variation in fine and ultrafine particulate air pollution.

Methods: Spot urinary samples (n = 1249) were collected biweekly for six months in subjects with coronary heart disease in Amsterdam, Netherlands (n = 37), Erfurt, Germany (n = 47), and Helsinki, Finland (n = 47). Ambient particulate air pollution was monitored at a central site in each city.

Results: The mean 24 hour number concentration of ultrafine particles was 17.3x10³ cm^–3 in Amsterdam, 21.1x10³ cm^–3 in Erfurt, and 17.0x10³ cm^–3 in Helsinki. The mean 24 hour PM_2.5 concentrations were 20, 23, and 13 µg/m³, respectively. Daily variation in ultrafine particle levels was not associated with CC16. In contrast, CC16 concentration seemed to increase with increasing levels of PM_2.5 in Helsinki, especially among subjects with lung disorders. No clear associations were observed in Amsterdam and Erfurt. In Helsinki, the CC16 concentration increased by 20.2% (95% CI 6.9 to 33.5) per 10 µg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 concentration (lag 2). The respective pooled effect estimate was 2.1% (95% CI –1.3 to 5.6).

Conclusion: The results suggest that exposure to particulate air pollution may lead to increased epithelial barrier permeability in lungs.

     

PM2.5短期暴露与儿童青少年血压的关联

目的 研究PM2.5短期暴露与儿童青少年血压的关联,为综合保护儿童青少年的健康提供科学依据.方法 选择参加2017-2018学年某市中小学生健康体检中人口学特征和血压等资料完整且无心脏等重要脏器疾病史的144 813名初一和高一年级学生为研究对象.从各学校附近的空气质量和气象监测站获取PM2.5等污染物及气象要素数据,...     

652个城市的大气颗粒物污染与每日死亡率的关系

近年来关于空气颗粒物污染对健康危害的研究越来越多,但由于不同的建模方法及潜在的发表偏倚,使得研究结果的系统评估难度较大。本研究收集了24个国家和地区的652个城市的居民每日死亡数据和空气污染数据,使用具有随机效应荟萃分析的超分散广义相加模型对PM10和PM2.5与总死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率和呼吸道疾病死亡率的关系进行评估,并拟合出具有全球代表性的颗粒物暴露反应关系曲线。