体外循环心脏直视术后心律失常的临床分析及治疗

分析 8 2例体外循环心脏直视术后心律失常的发生情况。 16例术后发生了心律失常 ,其中以完全性心内膜垫缺损术后心律失常发生率最高 ,为 60 .0 %,其次为法乐氏四联症、左房粘液瘤、风湿性心脏瓣膜病、室间隔缺损 ,最低为房间隔缺损 (5 .6%)。心律失常的发生与主动脉阻断时间、术前心功能差似乎成正向联系。风湿性心脏瓣膜病以房性心律失常为主。 16例经针对促发因素及对症处理后 ,均恢复正常心律     

三岁以内室间隔缺损心内直视手术后早期心律失常的危险因素

目的 分析3岁以内患儿室间隔缺损心内直视手术后早期心律失常及其危险因素，以期降低术后心律失常的发生率。方法 对1993年1月～2001年12月间389例患儿术后心律失常发生类型及发生因素进行分析。结果 年龄≤1岁、心胸比值(C／T)≥0．5、室间隔缺损直径≥1cm、合并肺动脉高压、补片修复缺损、主动脉阻断时间≥30min及术后低钾血症与术后心律失常有密切关系。结论 心律失常是室间隔缺损术后早期严重并发症；早期手术、缩短主动脉时间、维持术后24h内循环稳定、防止电解质紊乱和缺氧、酸中毒的发生，是降低3岁以内室间隔缺损手术后心律失常发生率的有效措施.     

小儿先心病体外循环术后低心排出量综合征危险因素分析

收集310例先天性心脏病行体外循环(CPB)术患儿的临床资料,按术后是否发生低心排出量综合征(LCOS)分为LCOS组和非LCOS组,对可能引起LCOS发生的因素进行单因素分析和多元Logistic逐步回归分析,结果显示,体外循环时间、心脏畸形类型(单纯型/复杂型)、CPB术前心功能、年龄是LCOS发生的独立影响因素.提示对年龄小、心功能差和复杂心脏畸形患儿术前应做好充分准备,缩短CPB时间,可预防并减少LCOS发生.     

老年患者心脏瓣膜置换术中体外循环管理体会

目的总结老年心脏瓣膜病患者心脏瓣膜置换术体外循环管理经验。方法选取2009年1月~2014年12月我院收治的老年心脏瓣膜疾病患者295例作为研究对象,回顾性分析老年人患者心脏瓣膜置换术体外循环管理。结果体外循环时间44~318 min,平均(120.8±50.9)min;主动脉阻断时间24~192 min,平均(87.3±36.9)min。术后呼吸机辅助通气时间2~352 h,平均(27.6±42.5)h;ICU逗留时间1~40天,平均(2.8±4.8)天;住院时间11~64天,平均(25.5±9.1)天。本组围术期共死亡10例(3.4%),术中死亡2例:左心室破裂1例,另1例为巨大左心室患者,术毕反复室颤、并发低心排出量综合征而死亡;术后死亡8例,死亡原因为:恶性心律失常2例,多器官衰竭5例,低心排出量综合征2例。放弃治疗5例(低心排出量综合征1例,肾功能衰竭3例,多器官功能衰竭1例)。结论尽管老年心脏瓣膜病患者手术风险较高,加强体外循环管理可为心脏手术的成功奠定良好的基础。     

婴幼儿心脏不停跳和停跳心内直视手术的临床对比

目的:比较浅低温心脏不停跳和中低温停跳技术,在婴幼儿心内直视手术的应用。方法:分析56例3岁以下心脏手术患者,将其分为停跳组(组Ⅰ)26例和不停跳组(组Ⅱ)30例。比较2组患者的体外循环(CPB)时间、手术时间、术后呼吸机辅助时间、术后低心排出量综合征(低心排)发生率等指标。结果:不停跳组患者的体外循环时间和手术时间均较停跳组短(P<0.01),并且术后呼吸机辅助时间、术后住院时间较停跳组短(P<0.05);不停跳组患者术后低心排发生率和严重心律失常发生率,均较停跳组低(P<0.05)。结论:表明浅低温体外循环心脏不停跳,可作为一项安全、有效的技术应用于婴幼儿先天性心脏畸形的矫治。     

小儿体外循环心脏手术后急性上消化道大出血(附6例分析)

本文对166例小儿体外循环心脏直视手术后6例发生急性上消化道大出血患儿进行分析和讨论。指出体外循环时间的延长及术后合并心、脑、肾等严重并发症是导致急性上消化道大出血的原因,并讨论小儿心脏手术后发生上消化道大出血的临床特点。论述了如何预防本病的发生,早期如何监测以及积极治疗方法。     

70岁以上老年人体外循环心脏手术术后并发症分析

目的探讨70岁以上老年人体外循环心脏手术后严重并发症的高危因素。方法回顾性分析我院204例70岁以上老年患者接受体外循环心脏手术的一般情况、并存疾病、围术期情况及转归等临床资料。结果术后30d内早期死亡13例，病死率6．4％；术后出现严重并发症40例，发生率19．6％，明显高于同期非老年体外循环心脏手术患者的4．7％（P〈0．01）；回归分析显示，年龄≥70岁、主动脉阻断时间和体外循环转流时间是影响术后早期疗效的高危因素；急诊手术、并存高血压、糖尿病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病和脑血管疾病、冠状动脉狭窄程度和范围是影响手术预后的危险因素。结论70岁以上老年人体外循环心脏手术严重并发症发生率高，预后较差。术前积极治疗并存的慢性疾病，术中尽量减少主动脉阻断时间和体外循环转流时间或许可以提高老年人体外循环心脏手术的疗效。     

心脏瓣膜置换术后低心排血量综合征的临床研究

目的:分析心脏瓣膜置换术后发生低心排血量综合征(LCOS)的临床危险因素及潜在病因,为临床防治提供依据。方法:回顾性分析行瓣膜置换并有Swan-Ganz导管监测的386例患者,将其分为LCOS组和无LCOS组,对发生LCOS的相关危险因素进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果:术后发生LCOS共108例(28.0%),无LCOS278例(72.0%);年龄、术前是否有高血压、糖尿病、心律失常病史、瓣膜置换方式在2组间无明显差异(P>0.05);LCOS组术前体重指数小于非LCOS组,而心胸比、脑钠肽(BNP)、肺动脉压力(PAP)、欧洲心血管手术危险因素评分系统高于后者,术中的体外循环(CPB)时间、主动脉阻断时间长于非LCOS组,术后的出血量、二次手术例数也多于非LCOS组(均P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析表明术前BNP>600pg/mL、体重指数<18kg/m2、心胸比>0.7、PAP>65mmHg、CPB时间>120min、主动脉阻断时间>60min和术后出血量>20%总血容量是心脏瓣膜病术后发生LCOS的独立危险因素。结合Swan-Ganz导管监测数据和床边心脏超声等辅助检查分析发现,有62例(57.4%)因前负荷不足、36例(33.3%)因泵功能衰竭、6例(5.6%)因心脏压塞、4例(3.7%)因心律失常导致术后的LCOS。结论:术前心功能差、低体重、心胸比>0.7、肺动脉高压、体外循环时间及主动脉阻断时间长,术后出血量多是心脏瓣膜病术后发生LCOS的危险因素;导致LCOS的主要原因有前负荷不足、泵功能衰竭、心脏压塞和心律失常。     

温血间断灌注在心脏瓣膜置换术中的心肌保护作用的探讨

目的 探讨温血停跳液间断灌注心肌保护方法在心脏瓣膜置换手术中的应用效果.方法 在154例心脏瓣膜置换术中,采用温血停跳液间断灌注(A组)80例,冷晶体停跳液间断灌注(B组)74例,观察比较两组的体外循环(CPB)时间、主动脉阻断时间、主动脉开放后心脏自动复跳率、呼吸机辅助时间、术后低心排发生率、ICU时间、术后住院天数、正性肌力药物使用情况及术中后各时间点的心肌酶学指标.结果 两组CPB时间、主动脉阻断时间、ICU时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).而A组主动脉开放后心脏自动复跳率较高,呼吸机辅助时间、术后低心排发生率、术后住院天数、正性肌力药物使用量及时间明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).术后4 h和24 h,温血停跳液间断灌注组心肌酶指标较低(P<0.05).两组患者均痊愈出院,随访3个月至5年,心功能恢复良好.结论 温血停跳液间断灌注比冷晶体停跳液间断灌注具有更好的心肌保护效果.     

小儿体外循环2238例分析

目的：总结和分析体外循环有关参数对小儿心脏直视手术安全性的影响。方法：用ＳＰＳＳ统计程序对手术年龄、血液稀释、体外循环和主动脉阻断时间、平均动脉压、灌注流量、心脏复跳及手术死亡情况进行统计学处理，根据不同条件分别进行比较和分析。结果：手术年龄降低和血液稀释加深并未引起死亡率上升；体外循环和主动脉阻断具有相对的安全时限；在保证相对足够流量时，循环中的低血压不影响心脏复苏和手术预后；年龄、降温深度和主动脉阻断时间与心脏复跳有关；手术死亡的主要原因是低心输出量综合征。结论：血液稀释至血红蛋白７０ｇ／Ｌ、降温至２４～３０℃、适当选用４０～２００ｍｌ·ｋｇ－１／ｍｉｎ的灌注流量及冷晶体停搏液顺灌心肌保护法，可安全应用于体外循环时间１１０分和主动脉阻断时间８０分内的心脏直视手术。     

Postoperative arrhythmias and risk factors after open heart surgery

Cardiac arrhythmias were recorded during 24 hours in 40 consecutive patients requiring open-heart surgery, using continuous Holter monitoring. Most patients developed both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Complex ventricular arrhythmias were detected in 31 patients (78%) and 2 patients suffered an immediate postoperative myocardial infarction. The following risk factors were considered: age, sex, type of heart disease, preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamping duration, length of anesthesia, dopamine administration, and maximal level of CK and CK-MB. Only dopamine administration, even in low renal dose, was associated with the number and severity of ventricular arrhythmias.     

Management of postoperative arrhythmia after open heart surgery in complex congenital heart disease

The incidence of postoperative arrhythmia was 35.2% in 264 cases with complex congenital heart diseases underwent open heart surgery between Feb, 1988 and Aug, 1989. Postoperative arrhythmia was closely related to preoperative hematocrit, cardiomegaly, prolonged aortic occlusion, ratio of RV/LV systolic pressure greater than 0.75, hypokalemia and low cardiac output syndrome. Infusion of colloid solution and both potassium and magnesium as well as successful surgery and the preventive administration of antiarrhythmic agent played an important role in the prevention and treatment of postoperative arrhythmia.     

心脏跳动中二尖瓣置换术的临床研究(附156例报告)

目的探讨浅低温体外循环下心脏跳动中二尖瓣置换术的临床应用效果。方法2001年10月至2008年11月,采用浅低温、不阻断主动脉、不灌注心脏停跳液、心脏跳动下行二尖瓣置换术156例。结果全组患者均顺利完成手术。体外循环时间（75．2±16.3）min,上、下腔静脉阻断时间（573±13．5）min,呼吸机辅助时间（10．1±5．5）h,术后并发血红蛋白尿11例、低心排综合征9例、灌注肺3例。住院死亡2例,死亡原因为低心排综合征1例、室颤1例。随访2～82个月,术后抗凝不当脑栓塞2例,无晚期死亡。结论浅低温体外循环下心脏跳动中行二尖瓣置换术是一种接近生理状态的心肌保护方法,能减轻心肌缺血和再灌注损害,既缩短了手术操作时间,简单安全易行,又利于临床推广应用。     

腹膜透析在小儿先天性心脏病术后的应用

目的:探讨腹膜透析在婴幼儿先天性心脏病(先心病)术后的应用。方法:13例行先心病手术的患儿术后因出现急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)或低心排出量综合症(低心排)行腹膜透析。①总结手术时间、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间及腹膜透析持续时间。②比较透析前后SCr、乳酸(Lac)、中心静脉压(CVP)、尿量、血管活性药物评分及左心室射血分数。③根据死亡与否分为2组:死亡组;非死亡组,比较各组术后循环及肾功能转归情况。④根据急性肾损伤程度分组,比较SCr下降情况。结果:本组患儿手术时间90~420min,平均(206±90)min。8例患儿进行了体外循环,运转时间90~196min,平均(129±40)min,其中有7例患儿阻断升主动脉,并于主动脉根部灌入停跳液使心脏停跳,时间为52~126min,平均(85±24)min。腹透持续时间为72~360h,平均(138±80)h。腹膜透析后第7天Lac,CVP,正性肌力药平分(IS)降低,与透析前比较,P0.05,差异有统计学意义。肾损伤程度越重,SCr下降越不明显。透析后第3天和第5天AKI-3级患儿的SCr水平高于AKI-1级和AKI-2级患儿水平,P0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论:先心病手术后发生AKI或低心排时行腹膜透析可以排出体内多余水分及代谢产物,促进心功能恢复。肾损伤程度越重,SCr下降越不明显且恢复时间越长。     

The effect of hemodynamic factors on cardiac performance following open heart surgery

Sixteen patients who had undergone open heart surgery were studied in order to determine the factors influencing cardiac performance in the postoperative period. Hemodynamic influences during and following cardiopulmonary bypass were found to be more important than the preoperative cardiac function. The flow rate used during cardiopulmonary bypass had a pronounced influence on the post-operative cardiac performance. A low flow can result in the development of vasoconstriction postoperative with an increased chance of low cardiac output. A high flow during bypass is recommended, and in the postoperative period vasoconstriction must be treated vigorously to forecome low cardiac output.     

Echocardiographic studies of children operated on for congenital heart disease; evaluation in the immediate postoperative period.

In the immediate postoperative period, echocardiography was used to study left ventricular function in 69 children after correction of various congenital cardiac malformations. Left ventricular contractility indices and systolic time intervals measured from aortic cusp echoes were repeatedly obtained during the fist postoperative week. The degree of impairment of left ventricular function was assessed for different diagnostic groups and are tabulated. Decrease in left ventricular function was strongly correlated to operating time, cardiac bypass time, and aortic clamping time, the most important factor being cardiac bypass time. Left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was the most useful parameter of cardiac function in the immediate postoperative period and was of prognostic value in 5 patients who died early in that period. Abnormal septal movement was seen in most patients, but usually normalized within 2 wk. After extensive operations, changes in the movement pattern of the aortic leaflets were also seen. Although pericardial effusion was commonly found during the postoperative period, it did not indicate postcardiotomy syndrome and disappeared spontaneous within 2 mth.     

Analysis of perioperative ventricular arrhythmias in valvular heart diseases by Holter ECG recording.

Seventy-one consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery for acquired valvular diseases were analyzed to determine the incidence of and the predisposing factors to postoperative ventricular arrhythmias. We recorded the Holter ECGs before (pre-op), and within 24h (op-day) and 4 to 10 weeks after operation (post-op) and determined the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias and the degree according to the Lown grade. The relationship between the op-day ventricular arrhythmias and clinical, hemodynamic, operative or postoperative variables was examined. The operation included mitral valve replacement or open mitral commissurotomy (49 patients, group M), aortic valve replacement (12 patients, group A) and a combined mitral and aortic operation (10 patients, group A + M). In all groups, the frequency and the degree of ventricular arrhythmias increased at the op-day and decreased at the post-op period approximately to the pre-op level. The frequency and Lown grade of the 3 groups were similar in each of the pre-op, the op-day and the post-op periods. The frequency and Lown grade of the op-day ventricular arrhythmias increased with increases in the arrhythmia frequency and Lown grade at the pre-op period, and in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction at the post-op period, as evidence by an increased LV volume and decreased ejection fraction on echocardiograms. Furthermore, the frequency of ventricular premature contractions in the op-day was significantly less when a cardioplegia solution containing magnesium was used than in the case of a cardioplegia solution without magnesium. The op-day ventricular arrhythmias showed no significant relation to extracorporeal circulation time, aortic cross-clamping time, the antiarrhythmic drugs used and the op-day serum levels of K and CK-MB.     

婴儿期体外循环术后床边紧急再开胸手术11例

目的总结婴儿期体外循环术后床边紧急再开胸手术经验及教训,以减少心脏术后2次开胸的发生率。方法回顾性分析婴儿心内直视手术365例,其中行监护病房床边紧急再次开胸手术11例,发生率3.12%。室间隔缺损并重度肺动脉高压2例,法洛四联症2例,完全性肺静脉异位引流(心上型)3例,完全性房室管畸形1例,重度肺动脉狭窄1例,右心室双出口1例,大动脉转位1例。体外循环时间53～240min,主动脉阻断时间30～130min。两次手术间隔3～60h,平均16h。结果再开胸的原因:活动性出血2例;广泛性渗血5例;心脏压塞2例;心包填塞1例;心肌收缩无力1例。床边紧急再开胸手术后,死亡1例,继发脑损害1例,败血症1例。结论采取缩短体外循环时间;术中有效的止血及必要地扩大纵隔容积;术后引流管的负压吸引;术后早期充分镇静条件下的气道护理等措施,可减少2次开胸的发生率。遇到:①怀疑心脏填塞;②出血不止,引流量多;③心搏骤停等严重情况或经药物治疗无效时,应紧急开胸手术抢救,任何犹豫与延误,将失去对患者的抢救机会。虽然是紧急手术,仍必须注意无菌操作。     

Cardiac surgery in patients with haemophilia

Abstract. Today the populations of haemophilia patients in many countries have a higher life expectancy than previously known, and age‐related disorders such as arterial disease are expected to become more prevalent, calling for surgical intervention. Cardiac surgery constitutes a major haemostatic challenge because of sternotomy, the need of total heparinization, extracorporal circulation, mild hypothermia and cardiac arrest. To evaluate our current experience and results with cardiac surgery in patients with haemophilia the present case series report on six patients with haemophilia A (Severe = 1, Moderate = 1, Mild = 4) undergoing cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting; CABG = 2, aortic valve replacement = 1, CABG + aortic valve replacement = 2, ventricular resection + mitral valve reconstruction = 1). The present paper provides detailed information on the haemostatic treatment regimens adopted (factor concentrate dosages, timing and duration) and postoperative thromboprophylaxis (dosing and duration of low molecular weight heparin). Moreover, we present data on concomitant disorders (hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, atrial fibrillation and diabetes), left ventricle ejection fraction (30–60%), type of anaesthesia, total amount of heparin (34 500–53 500 IU) and duration of extracorporeal circulation (80–115 min). Clinical outcomes included: re‐operation because of bleeding (none), transfusion requirements, peri‐ and postoperative blood loss and complications and postoperative development of inhibitors (none). Clinical outcomes were compared with a control group of patients (n = 5993) without haemophilia and we found no difference in postoperative morbidity. Adopting meticulously supervised haemostatic treatment regimens, we have successfully performed major cardiac surgery in patients with haemophilia A. The clinical outcome as well as the severity and incidence of postoperative complications were similar to patients without haemophilia.     

Low cardiac output syndrome in heart surgery patients

Using cardiac chamber catheterization and isotope methods, the systemic and intracardiac hemodynamics was studied in 232 patients who had undergone heart surgery under conditions of extracorporeal circulation. The syndrome of a low cardiac output was detected in 46.9% of the patients and was caused by various forms of heart failure, by hypovolemia, a postoperative shock and pericardiac tamponade. The functional state of the right and the left ventricles of the heart in various types of circulatory insufficiency was shown to vary in different directions. The volume of the circulating blood in the postoperative period was determined by the adequacy of the blood loss compensation, by blood deposition, the redistribution of fluid between the vascular, interstitial and cellular spaces of the body and also by the functional condition of the myocardium. The syndrome of a low cardiac output associated with cardiac tamponade is due largely to the diastolic insufficiency of the myocardium. The shock noted in the open heart surgery patients is a polyetiological syndrome in which the impaired circulation is secondary to myocardial failure, deficit of the circulation blood volume, and microcirculatory disorders.