课程思政在PICC专业技术培训中的应用

目的 探究课程思政在经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)专业技术培训中的应用效果。方法 以2022年初级PICC国际认证培训班两期的80位学员为研究对象,其中第1期5-8月学员应用传统教学模式;第2期9-12月学员应用课程思政教学模式,在传统教学模式的基础上,将收集到的课程思政素材融入各个教学环节中,培训结束后进行教学评价。结果 观察组考核成绩得分(86.58±2.61)分、自我导向学习能力得分(223.83±6.74)分、教学效果评价和满意度均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 在PICC专业技术培训中,课程思政教学模式优于传统教学模式,课程思政提高了PICC专科护士的学习效率、职业素养及学习满意度,促进了知识传授与价值引领的有机统一。     

超声引导结合改良塞丁格技术实施颈内静脉置管的效果

目的通过对超声引导结合改良塞丁格技术(modified seldinger technique,MST)经颈内静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)与盲穿置管的效果比较,评价超声引导结合MST经颈内静脉置入PICC的安全性与实用性。方法选择2009年5月—2012年1月,在山东省青岛市市立医院实施颈内静脉置入PICC的患者60例。随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,观察组采用超声引导结合MST,对照组采用盲穿置管,比较两组一针穿刺成功率、穿刺后并发症发生率、一次送入成功率、穿刺时间和置管成功率等情况。结果两组在一针穿刺成功率、穿刺后并发症、一次送入成功率和穿刺时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而置管成功率比较差异无统计学意义。结论采用超声引导结合MST实施颈内静脉置入PICC能有效提高穿刺的成功率,减少不良反应的发生率,提高PICC的安全性。     

参与式培训在PICC专科护士继续教育中的应用

[目的]探讨参与式培训在经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)专科护士继续教育中的应用效果。[方法]选取湖南省某三级甲等医院106名已获得PICC置管与维护资质的专科护士作为研究对象,采取随机分组的方式,观察组进行参与式培训,对照组进行常规培训,比较培训前后PICC专科护士理论知识得分情况。[结果]观察组培训后理论知识得分高于对照组,特别是在解剖生理学、药理学、适应证、禁忌证、并发症、影像学、感染控制方面得分优于对照组。[结论]PICC专科护士参与式培训可提高其相关理论水平。     

超声引导血管穿刺技术对肿瘤患者PICC置管相关静脉血栓形成的影响

目的探讨超声引导血管穿刺技术对肿瘤患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)后静脉血栓形成的影响。方法选取需行PICC置管的恶性肿瘤患者240例作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组和实验组。对照组在肘部静脉采用盲穿方法置入PICC导管;实验组选择贵要静脉或肱静脉作为穿刺点,在超声引导下置入PICC导管。比较2组PICC置管术后静脉血栓形成情况。结果 PICC置管28d,实验组静脉血栓发生率及血栓的程度明显低于对照组(χ2=8.949,P0.01;Z=-3.105,P0.01)。结论超声引导血管穿刺技术可以有效降低肿瘤患者PICC置管后相关静脉血栓的形成。     

超声引导下改良塞丁格穿刺法在PICC置管困难患者中的应用

目的探讨超声引导下改良塞丁格穿刺法(modified seldinger technique,MST)在经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheters,PICC)置管困难患者中的应用效果。方法选择本院2009年12月-2010年12月收治的69例置管困难患者,经视觉和手的触觉无法找到可穿刺的血管,采用超声引导下MST进行PICC置管,观察置管的效果。结果患者置管成功率100.00%;置管时疼痛评分1-3分,平均(1.35±0.64)分,为轻度疼痛;置管时间18-60min,平均(29.52±10.28)min;并发症情况:发生穿刺点出血5例,送管不顺利3例,导管异位至颈静脉9例。结论超声引导下MST应用于PICC置管困难的患者,能提高患者的置管成功率,减轻患者置管时疼痛,缩短置管时间,值得临床推广应用。     

项目导向教学法在放疗科护士PICC导管维护操作培训中的应用效果

[目的]探讨项目导向教学法在放疗科护士经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)导管维护培训中的应用效果,提高PICC导管维护质量。[方法]采用项目导向教学法对我院放疗科的12名护士进行PICC维护规范化培训,在培训前后发放自行设计的《PICC维护知识的调查问卷》。将培训前(2016年1月—2016年6月)的80例病人设为对照组,培训后(2016年7月—2016年12月)的110例病人设为观察组,比较项目实施前后放疗科护士对PICC维护知识及技能的掌握情况、PICC相关并发症的发生率及病人的满意度。[结果]项目实施后,放疗科的护士对PICC维护知识和技能的掌握情况明显高于实施前;项目实施后,PICC导管相关并发症的发生率较前有所下降、病人的满意度明显高于对照组(P0.05),差异有统计学意义。[结论]项目导向教学法比传统的培训方法更有利于放疗科护士对PICC维护知识和技能的掌握,降低了PICC导管并发症的发生率,有效地提高了PICC导管维护质量。     

多媒体视频教学在新入职护士护理操作培训中的应用

目的探讨多媒体视频教学在新入职护士护理操作培训中的应用效果。方法将2011年9月~2012年9月本院121名新入职护士设为对照组;2012年10月~2013年10月本院128名新入职护士设为实验组,对照组采用传统培训方法,实验组采用多媒体视频教学方法,共培训1年,培训后对两组新入职护士进行操作考核。结果实验组新入职护士操作考核成绩优于对照组(Z=2.82,P0.05)。结论新入职护士护理操作培训采用多媒体视频教学方法,可提高新入职护士护理操作水平。     

标准化病人教学模式在静脉治疗专科护士培训教学中的应用分析

目的:探讨应用标准化病人(SP)教学模式对静脉治疗专科护士进行培训的实施效果。方法:选取某市2019届静脉治疗专科护士21人为对照组,2020届静脉治疗专科护士23人为试验组。对照组采用常规培训方法,试验组在对照组基础上运用SP教学模式对专科护士进行培训教学,比较两组学员培训后理论、操作、临床实境横断面(包括病情观察评估能力、应变处理能力、表达沟通能力、人文关怀素养4个方面)3项考核结果以及操作用时的差异性,并调查试验组学员对SP教学模式的评价。结果:培训后试验组学员理论、操作考核得分高于对照组(P<0.05),操作用时明显短于对照组;试验组学员病情观察评估能力、应变处理能力得分明显高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组所有学员认为SP教学模式能够提升临床综合能力。结论:采用SP教学模式对专科护士进行培训,有利于提升专科护士的理论及操作水平,缩短专科护士操作用时,提升专科护士的临床综合能力,尤其是病情观察评估能力和应变处理能力。     

超声引导配合按压手法在颈外静脉 PICC 中的临床价值

目的：探讨改进置管方法在降低经颈外静脉置入中心静脉导管（ PICC）的患者导管异路率及其相关性并发症发生率的作用。方法选取2010年1月至2012年2月在我院肿瘤科住院并置PICC导管的患者231例。将2010年1月至2011年4月住院的患者设为对照组,将2011年5月至2012年2月住院的患者设为实验组。对照组患者筛选适应证后在非超声下置管;实验组患者筛选适应证后在全程超声引导并配合相应按压手法按压住分支血管入口处协助导管按预定路线前行的方法进行置管。观察2 w,比较两组患者颈外静脉PICC置管的导管异路率、一次性置管成功率、置管时间、相关性并发症（机械性静脉炎、导管相关性血栓、感染）的发生率及穿刺部位舒适度的情况。结果实验组患者发生导管异位率明显低于对照组（ P＜0．05）,一次置管成功率明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）,机械性静脉炎、导管相关性血栓、感染的发生率明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）,患者置管时间明显少于对照组（P＜0．001）,患者穿刺部位舒适度评分明显高于对照组（P＜0．001）。结论超声引导下经颈外静脉PICC置管配合相应的按压手法,可降低患者颈外静脉PICC置管的异路率,提高一次性置管成功率,减少置管时间,降低相关性并发症的发生率,提高患者穿刺部位舒适度。     

PBL、LBL双轨教学模式在精神专科护士培训中的应用研究

目的 探讨问题式教学模式(Problem Based Leaning,PBL)和传统教学模式(Lecture Based Learning,LBL)相结合的双轨教学模式在精神专科护士培训中的效果.方法 对55名专科护士(研究组)采用PBL与LBL双轨教学模式,对同期的52名进修护士(对照组)单纯采用LBL教学模式,比较两组学员培训结束后的理论考试成绩、操作考试成绩、综合能力评价以及学员满意度.结果 两组学员入科时理论考核成绩和操作考核成绩差异无显著意义(P=0.880；P=0.137)；培训后两组学员的各项评价指标均提高,差异有显著意义(P＜0.01)；研究组学员理论考核成绩和操作考核成绩以及综合考核成绩优于对照组,差异有显著意义(P＜0.01)；研究组学员对教学模式满意度高于对照组,差异有显著意义(P＜0.01).结论 PBL、LBL双轨教学优于单纯的LBL教学,值得在专科护士培训中推广.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.