The role of surgery in ischemic stroke.

Surgery in the management of stroke is useful primarily as a stroke-preventive measure for patients with extracranial carotid artery occlusive disease. Ideally, lesions that are potential sources of ischemia are removed before a fixed neurologic deficit can occur. Patients with transient ischemic attacks and no deficit or only minor neurologic deficit comprise the largest group of surgical candidates. Diagnostic angiography must be carried out before endarterectomy and should include aortic arch studies of both extracranial and intracranial carotid arteries. Placement of an intra-arterial catheter at the beginning of surgery provides the best method of monitoring arterial pressure. A postoperative angiogram allows visual confirmation of the patency of reconstructed vessels. Such confirmation is particularly important if patients have severely stenotic bilateral carotid artery disease. The surgical mortality for all patients with TIAs is between 1% and 2% in those clinics in which this type of operation is commonly done.     

Classification of spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection: correlation with multi-detector CT features and clinical presentation

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to propose a computed tomography (CT) classification of spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection (SISMAD) correlated with clinical presentation

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed CT images of 40 patients with SISMAD at our institution from 2006 to 2015 and proposed a new classification: type I, patent false lumen with both entry and re-entry; type II, patent false lumen without re-entry; type III, completely or partially thrombosed false lumen; and type IV, thrombosed false lumen with ulcer-like projection. Additionally, we included a subtype (S) at each type when there was either a long segment of dissection and/or significant true lumen stenosis. CT features were statistically analyzed using Fisher’s exact and Mann–Whitney test.

Results

The CT findings classified patients as type I (15%), type II (12.5%), type III (35%), and type IV (37.5%). Of the 40 patients, 25 (62.5%) were symptomatic. There was a significantly different proportion of each type between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (p = 0.005). There were 25 patients with subtype (S); no type I or II, 12 type III, and 13 type IV. The symptomatic patients showed longer dissection tendency and more severe true lumen stenosis (78% vs. 53%, p = 0.000) compared with asymptomatic patients.

Conclusion

The proposed multi-detector CT classification of SISMAD correlates with clinical presentation. This new classification could be helpful for treatment planning.

     

Willis覆膜支架治疗颅内段颈内动脉复杂性病变的临床应用

目的评价Willis覆膜支架治疗颅内段颈内动脉复杂性病变的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2015年7月~2017年1月14例颅内段颈内动脉复杂性病变患者接受Willis覆膜支架治疗的病例资料。术后随访3~18个月复查DSA和临床观察结果 ,收集最初及最终造影结果、病死率、致残率及临床结果等数据。结果 14例患者共成功置入Willis覆膜支架15枚,其中血泡样动脉瘤8例,假性动脉瘤3例,多发动脉瘤1例,大动脉瘤2例,技术成功率100%。Willis覆膜支架释放部位C7段3枚,C6段8枚,C5段2枚,C4段2枚;支架植入后即时造影显示病变完全消失10例,内漏4例,经球囊扩张后2例内漏消失,1例仍存在微小内漏,1例再植入1枚支架后病变完全不显影。支架覆盖眼动脉2例,脉络膜前动脉1例,患者无明显神经系统症状。术后3~12个月随访复查DSA显示载瘤动脉通畅13例,轻度狭窄1例;病变完全不显影13例,1例复发。临床随3~18个月,m RS评分0分12例,1分2例,存活患者无新发神经功能缺失。结论 Willis覆膜支架治疗颅内段颈内动脉复杂性血管病变具有良好的安全性和短中期临床结果。     

Evaluation of revascularization after total arch replacement in common carotid artery occlusion

Occlusion of the common carotid artery (CCA) is rare. CCA occlusion (CCAO) can present as drowsiness and right hemiplegia related to emboli after total arch replacement. Although we selected a follow-up at first because color duplex sonography showed retrograde flow from the left external carotid artery to the internal carotid artery, this patient had epilepsy and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) acquired quantitative results of actual brain perfusion and showed insufficient collateral blood flow. To improve brain perfusion, we performed a bypass of the left subclavian artery to left CCA bypass. Postoperatively, the patient did not have epilepsy and drowsiness. Also, right hemiplegia improved enough for him to walk with support. SPECT showed increased left cerebral flow (the asymmetry ratio was 71% to 81%). Evaluation of the carotid artery with color duplex sonography alone was insufficient when CCAO showed retrograde or collateral flow. We should have performed quantitative evaluation with SPECT at the same time.     

颈动脉狭窄致兔脑缺血时的眼动脉血流动力学改变

目的：应用彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）技术研究颈动脉狭窄引起脑缺血时眼动脉血流动力学的改变。方法：选择新西兰大白兔12只，部分阻断左颈总动脉，引起左侧脑缺血时，观测左眼动脉血流动力学的改变。结果：眼动脉血流为低阻力型，左颈总动脉部分阻断后，左眼动脉的平均血流速度，最大血流速度，阻力指数，搏动指数较术前均明显降低，而最小血流速度改变不明显。结论：当颈动脉窄引起急性脑缺血时，同侧眼动脉血流同时也发生相应改变，根据眼动脉血流动力学改变情况，可以间接反映脑血流动力学的变化。     

THE CHANGING INDICATIONS FOR CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY IN THE UK

In early series the majority of carotid endarterectomies were performed in patients with amaurosis fugax (AFx) or transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) who were thought to have atheromatous ulcers of the carotid bifurcation or the internal carotid artery (ICA). The degree of stenosis was considered to be of secondary importance. We compared our own data with two British series undertaken in the early and late 80s/early 90s. This reflects the broadening of indications and the change of practice for carotid endarterectomy over the years, on the one hand towards including patients who are at greater risk of perioperative stroke (previous CVAs vs TIAs, crescendo TIAs and stroke in evolution), and on the other towards patients who have had no symptoms attributable to the carotid lesion (asymptomatic cases, combined carotid and cardiac procedures).     

Primary balloon angioplasty for chronic occlusion of intracranial internal carotid artery: A case report

Chronic occlusion of large intracranial arteries is the main cause of ischemic stroke in China. Patients with symptomatic intracranial artery occlusion and hemodynamic impairment are at high risk of recurrent stroke. Chronic occlusion of the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery is a common type of intracranial artery occlusion. Medical management is regarded as the standard treatment for this disease. With the development of endovascular treatment, some patients with chronic cerebral artery occlusion have achieved satisfactory results with endovascular therapy. We reported a patient with symptomatic chronic occlusion of the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery. Simple balloon angioplasty was performed, and the occluded ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery was successfully recanalized without perioperative complications. At 4 months follow-up, the internal carotid artery remained patent and perfusion of the right cerebral hemisphere improved dramatically. In addition, we briefly reviewed the relevant literature.     

Observer experience improves reproducibility of color Doppler sonography of orbital blood vessels

PURPOSE: The study investigated the reproducibility of orbital blood flow measurements with color Doppler imaging (CDI) at different stages of observer experience. METHODS: The subjects were 31 healthy volunteers and 2 sequential groups of 25 glaucoma patients each. Repeated blood flow measurements (usually 3 sets) in orbital vessels (ophthalmic artery, short posterior ciliary arteries, central retinal artery, and central retinal vein) were performed by the same observer in a single session in each subject. RESULTS: The parameters with the best reproducibility were the resistance index (mean coefficient of variation [COV], 3.3-8.8%), the peak systolic velocity (mean COV, 6.9-13.7%), the time-averaged velocity (mean COV, 7.2-16.0%), and the systolic acceleration time (mean COV, 8.8-12.3%). The mean COV was greater (9.9-20.3%) for the other arterial flow parameters (end-diastolic velocity and systolic acceleration) and for the venous flow velocities (maximum and minimum). The COVs of the parameters were improved by 20-40% as the observer became more experienced in ophthalmic CDI. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm the general reliability of CDI measurements in orbital vessels and show that observer experience improves reproducibility. It appears, however, that observer performance in these measurements is vessel specific.     

Assessment of coronary artery bypass graft patency by multidetector computed tomography and electron-beam tomography

This case report describes the use of retrospectively ECG-gated 16-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and electron-beam tomography (EBT) for assessing bypass graft patency in two patients with recurrent angina after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The results of each tomographic modality were compared to the findings of traditional coronary angiography. In the first patient MDCT showed occlusion of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) and saphenous vein graft after the second anastomosis. Coronary angiography confirmed these findings. In the second patient EBT showed patency of the LIMA and saphenous vein graft. After the first anastomosis of the saphenous vein graft, the connected vessel filled poorly. Coronary angiography confirmed both grafts to be patent, and detected an occlusion distal to the first anastomosis. These findings support the evidence that both MDCT and EBT are suitable techniques for establishing bypass graft patency by non-invasive means.     

血管内超声在短暂性脑缺血发作颈动脉狭窄评估中的初步应用

目的 初步探讨血管内超声(IVUS)在短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者颈动脉狭窄评估中的临床价值。方法 对4例经超声显示颈动脉狭窄的TIA患者行数字减影脑血管造影(DSA)和IVUS检查，比较二者测定的管腔狭窄程度的差异，通过IVUS引导支架植入，术后再行IVUS检查评价支架植入是否合适。结果 IVUS可清晰显示血管壁的形态结构、斑块的性质，精确测量斑块面积、管腔面积和面积狭窄率，IVUS对颈动脉狭窄程度的测量值及斑块检出率高于DSA。4例患者均成功进行颈动脉内支架植入术。结论 DSA低估了病变的程度，IVUS比DSA更能精确评估颈动脉狭窄程度及病变性质，并可引导颈动脉内支架植入术。     

Ophthalmic artery occlusion immediately following placement of a flow diverter without clinical sequelae

Branch vessel occlusion is a potential consequence following flow diverter placement for intracranial aneurysms, but the frequency and clinical impact has not been completely elucidated. In this case of a 45-year-old woman with a large left internal carotid artery aneurysm, the ophthalmic artery was covered by two flow diverters and was acutely occluded along with the aneurysm. Common carotid injections failed to demonstrate collateral flow to the ophthalmic artery via the external carotid artery. Nonetheless, the patient woke from anesthesia with objectively stable and subjectively improved vision. This case demonstrates that an acute occlusion of the ophthalmic artery without external carotid artery collaterals can be tolerated clinically.     

颌面部淋巴结外病变影响舌骨上颈动脉间隙的CT表现

目的 回顾性分析颌面部淋巴结外病变影响舌骨上颈动脉间隙的ＣＴ表现特点。方法 ５４例经活检和手术病理证实的影响舌骨上颈动脉间隙的颌面部病变分为颈动脉间隙组（Ｉ组）和颈动脉间隙外组（Ⅱ组）。结果 Ｉ组病变１０例,均为良性。ＣＴ显示颈动脉间隙内血管移位９例,闰变与血管间脂肪带消失３例。Ⅱ病变４４例,良性１０例,恶性３４例。ＣＴ显示病变压迫间隙内血管１４例（１３例有血管移位）,病变与血管间脂肪带来     

经桡动脉穿刺脑血管造影254例临床分析

目的观察经桡动脉穿刺行脑血管造影术的安全性和可行性。方法254例患者经右侧桡动脉穿刺置管,应用5FSimmons2型导管行脑血管造影。结果右侧桡动脉穿刺成功248例（97．6％）,5FSimmons2型导管显示右侧锁骨下动脉、椎动脉、颈动脉及其分支造影成功率均为100．0％（248／248）,左侧锁骨下动脉、颈动脉及其分支造影成功率为99．6％（247／248）,左侧椎动脉造影成功率为98．8％（245／248）。I型主动脉弓造影时间为（25．6±3．3）min,Ⅱ型为（30．4±2．8）min,[II型为（37．3±4．4）min,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。术后均未发生神经系统及其他系统严重并发症,局部并发症发生率7．5％。结论经桡动脉穿刺,应用5FSimmons2型导管行脑血管造影术安全、可行。     

Dynamic cerebral autoregulation and collateral flow patterns in patients with severe carotid stenosis or occlusion

The quality of collateral blood supply in carotid disease is pivotal for the resulting hemodynamic compromise. However, the interrelation between different patterns of collateral blood flow and actual impairment of cerebral autoregulation (CAR) has not been analyzed so far. Dynamic CAR was assessed noninvasively by the phase shift between respiratory-induced 0.1-Hz oscillations of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in 101 patients with severe unilateral carotid stenosis (> or = 75%) or occlusion. CO(2)-vasomotor reactivity was assessed via inhalation of 7% CO(2). Spontaneously activated collaterals via primary (anterior/posterior communicating artery, type I, n = 65) and secondary (ophthalmic artery / leptomeningeal with or without primary pathways, group II, n = 24) pathways were assessed by transcranial Doppler/duplex sonography. Signs of functional stenosis in the anterior collateral pathways were subsumed under type III (n = 12). Best dynamic CAR (phase shift) on affected sides was observed for type I (n = 65), in which values did not differ significantly from contralateral sides. Reduced phase shift values were present in type II; poorest values were observed for type III. CO(2)-reactivity differed mainly between type I and the other types. A less distinct differentiation of autoregulatory impairment was found when dividing patients into groups of different degrees of stenosis. Symptomatic patients (previous TIA/stroke) were significantly less frequent in the group with type I collateral flow and had significantly lower phase shift and CO(2)-reactivity values. In conclusion, we found that dynamic CAR is substantially impaired if secondary collateral pathways are activated or if functional stenosis in the activated anterior collateral pathway is present. These hemodynamic constellations are also associated with a higher proportion of clinically symptomatic patients. Determination of dynamic CAR by transfer function analysis represents a convenient, sensitive method for detection of cerebral hemodynamic compromise in obstructive carotid disease.     

Sonographic differentiation of benign and malignant cystic lesions of the breast.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to subdivide the types of sonographic findings of benign versus malignant cystic masses and to determine appropriate patient care according to the sonographic findings with pathologic correlation. METHODS: The sonographic findings of 175 symptomatic cystic breast lesions were pathologically proven and reviewed retrospectively. Cystic lesions were classified as 6 types: simple cysts (type I), clustered cysts (type II), cysts with thin septa (type III), complicated cysts (type IV), cystic masses with a thick wall/septa or nodules (type V), and complex solid and cystic masses (type VI). Sonographic findings were compared with the pathologic results and were evaluated according to the incidence of benign and malignant masses. RESULTS: All 23 type I, 15 type II, 22 type III, and 35 type IV cases were pathologically proven to be benign. Seven (25.9%) of the 27 type V cases and 33 (62.3%) of the 53 type VI cases were proven to be malignant. We analyzed the shapes and margins of 80 cases of cystic masses with a solid component (types V and VI); 16 (44%) of 36 sonographically circumscribed masses were malignant. CONCLUSIONS: Because the sonographically detected simple cysts (type I), clustered cysts (type II), and cysts with thin septa (type III) were all benign, annual routine follow-up appears reasonable. Symptomatic complicated cysts (type IV) should be aspirated and appropriately treated according to clinical symptoms. Cystic masses with a solid component (types V and VI) should be examined by biopsy with pathologic confirmation.     

颈动脉多普勒超声对锁骨下动脉窃血综合征与后循环缺血的评估

目的探讨锁骨下动脉中-重度狭窄或闭塞时,颈动脉多普勒超声（CDU）对患侧椎动脉窃血类型与后循环缺血关系的评估。 方法回顾性纳入2017年1月至2020年7月于苏州大学附属第一医院脑卒中中心,经CDU及数字减影血管造影（DSA）证实的锁骨下动脉中-重度狭窄或闭塞患者共163例,所有患者均行头颅磁共振成像（MRI）检查及美国卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分。根据CDU检查的患侧椎动脉窃血类型,将163例患者分为Ⅰ型（隐匿型窃血）51例,Ⅱ型（部分型窃血）70例和Ⅲ型（完全型窃血）42例。CDU评估窃血类型并与DSA对照;分析锁骨下动脉不同程度狭窄与椎动脉窃血类型的相关性以及不同椎动脉窃血类型患者的脑梗死发生率。 结果CDU与DSA评估椎动脉窃血类型比较：Ⅰ型（51例 vs 0例）;Ⅱ型（70例 vs 53例）;Ⅲ型（42例 vs 42例）。锁骨下动脉不同程度狭窄与椎动脉窃血类型的关系：46例锁骨下动脉中度狭窄患者中,CDU评估Ⅰ型窃血36例（78.3%,36/46）;Ⅱ型窃血10例（21.7%,10/46）;Ⅲ型窃血0例。83例锁骨下动脉重度狭窄患者中,CDU评估Ⅰ型窃血15例（18.1%,15/83）;Ⅱ型窃血60例（72.3%,60/83）;Ⅲ型窃血8例（9.6%,8/83）。34例锁骨下动脉闭塞患者中,CDU评估均为Ⅲ型窃血。锁骨下动脉狭窄程度与椎动脉窃血类型呈正相关（r_s=0.802,P＜0.001）。CDU评估的不同窃血类型与后循环缺血的关系：Ⅰ型患者均表现为短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）,脑梗死发生率为0（0/51）,NIHSS评分均＜10分;Ⅱ型患者脑梗死发生率为28.6%（20/70）,NIHSS评分≥10分者占4.3%（3/70）;Ⅲ型患者脑梗死发生率为52.4%（22/42）,NIHSS评分≥10分者占16.7%（7/42）。Ⅰ~Ⅲ型患者脑梗死发生率逐渐升高,差异有统计学意义（H=33.337,P＜0.001）。 结论随着患侧椎动脉窃血类型进展,其脑梗死发生率逐渐升高,CDU能够早期、无创、实时动态、准确评估锁骨下动脉窃血综合征,为临床个体化治疗提供依据。     

Non-selective intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography for the assessment of coronary artery bypass grafts

Non-selective intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed immediately before selective coronary and bypass angiography in 33 consecutive symptomatic patients 48± 30 months after coronary surgery, for the assessment of 75 coronary bypass grafts. Forty ml of non-ionic, low-iodine content contrast medium (iohexol) were injected into the ascending aorta at 10–20 ml/sec through a 7 or 8 F femoral pigtail catheter. Electrocardiogram-triggered images were acquired on a Siemens Digitron II apparatus in multiple projections in 24 patients and in a single projection in 9 patients. The results of this technique were compared by two independent angiographers with those of selective graft angiography in the same patients. Patency was shown by DSA in 45 of 54 grafts confirmed to be open by selective angiography (sensitivity 83%). Of 21 occluded grafts, stumps were clearly visible at selective angiography in 18 and at DSA in 9 (sensitivity for graft stumns = 50%, p<0.01) Of 54 patent grafts with selective angiogranhy. the distal anastomosis could be visualized by DSA in 28 (52%), but the resolution was comparable to selective angiography in 20 grafts (37%) only. A non-significant difference in the sensitivity of DSA was observed between patent saphenous grafts to the left anterior descending coronary artery versus all other coronary arteries (95 vs 85%, respectively), while only 1 of 5 patent left internal mammary artery grafts to the left anterior descending coronary artery was visualized. In 16 of 50 grafts (32%) visualized in a second projection substantial additional diagnostic information was obtained. In conclusion, non-selective intra-arterial electrocardiogram-triggered DSA can visualize patent saphenous grafts with a high sensitivity and may be a useful screening tool for bypass grafts patency; false negatives, however, and poor visualization of distal anastomoses limit its routine clinical use.     

高频超声探查颈动脉预测冠状动脉病变

目的以颈动脉为窗口，探讨颈动脉与冠状动脉硬化间关系。方法用高频超声探查冠状动脉多支病变组，一支病变组与对照组的颈动脉内中膜厚度值(IMT)，斑块分级。结果三组IMT值及斑块分级存在显著差异。以斑块存在为预测冠脉病变的阳性指标，敏感性为83％，持异性为77％。1ogistic回归分析发现斑块为预测冠状动脉粥样硬化性。0脏病(CAHD)的最有效的阳性指标。结论高频超声探查颈动脉可预测冠状动脉病变的存在及严重程度。     

颈动脉超声联合动态心电图诊断老年冠心病的临床价值

目的探讨颈动脉超声联合动态心电图诊断老年冠心病(CHD)的临床价值。方法选取2019年1月至2020年1月于本院接受诊治的566例老年CHD患者作为观察组,并选取相同时期入院诊治的400例非CHD老年患者作为对照组。两组患者均给予动态心电图检查、颈动脉超声检查及CAG检查,观察不同诊断方式的应用效果。结果观察组单支、双支、三支病变患者的IMT增厚发生率及斑块发生率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的颈总动脉IMT、颈动脉分叉处IMT、颈动脉斑块等级积分及颈动脉斑块Crouse积分均高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组三支病变患者的颈总动脉IMT、颈动脉分叉处IMT、颈动脉斑块等级积分及颈动脉斑块Crouse积分均高于单支病变和双支病变,且双支病变高于单支病变(P<0.05)。颈动脉超声联合动态心电图检查诊断老年CHD的灵敏度均高于颈动脉超声、动态心电图单独检测(P<0.05)。结论颈动脉超声联合动态心电图诊断老年CHD的灵敏度更高,具有较高的临床价值。     

颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的声学密度定量分析

目的：探讨声学密度技术对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组织定征诊断价值及其对斑块危险性的评估价值。方法：使用Hpsonos5500型彩色多普勒超声仪,采用AD技术分析50例患者76块斑块的背向散射积分（IBS值）及IBS标化值（IBS%值）,了解不同类型斑块的声学密度情况;对比有无脑梗死患者斑块的IBS值、IBS%值及不同类型斑块的发生率。结果：不同类型颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生率依次为扁平斑38.11%、软斑27.63%、硬斑22.37%、溃疡斑11.84%;不同类型斑块IBS值不同：硬斑34.32±1.10dB,扁平斑表面20.12±1.07dB,软斑与扁平斑内部相同15.93±0.71dB,溃疡斑8.41±1.03dB;IBS%亦不同,各组间比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;脑梗死组斑块IBS值及IBS%值均低于非脑梗死组（P〈0.05）;脑梗死组软斑和溃疡斑的比例高于非脑梗死组（P〈0.05）。结论：声学密度定量技术可反映粥样硬化斑块不同的组织成分;声学密度定量技术可评价颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的危险性。