自体骨软骨镶嵌移植术修复关节软骨缺损

目的：回顾性分析关节镜下自体骨软骨镶嵌式移植术治疗负重面关节软骨损伤的可行性。方法：采用Smith Nephew镶嵌式骨软骨移植器，在关节镜下挖取膝关节非负重关节面骨软骨条，并将之移检修复膝关节负重面的局灶性软骨缺损。结果：手术15例，术后随访7—12个月，平均9个月，均达到优良效果。结论：自体关节骨软骨镶嵌移植术对关节负重面局灶性软骨缺损有较好、确实的治疗效果。     

关节镜下自体骨软骨移植治疗膝关节软骨缺损

目的探讨关节镜下自体骨软骨移植术修复治疗膝关节软骨缺损的疗效。方法关节镜下采用自体骨软骨镶嵌式移植技术治疗22例股骨髁负重区软骨缺损,从非负重区取出骨软骨柱移植到负重区缺损处,术后膝关节支具保护、功能锻炼。结果本组22例均获得随访12-30个月,平均21个月。术后2例活动后关节轻微疼痛,2例关节积血,1例关节活动剧烈后肿胀,经对症处理后症状缓解。术后复查膝关节MRI提示受区软骨移植物位置良好,无脱落,软骨表面光滑平整。末次随访时膝关节功能Lysholm评分（86.46±10.31）分,较术前（53.62±9.58）分明显提高,差异有统计学意义（t=19.72,P〈0.001）。结论关节镜下自体骨软骨移植术后效果良好,并发症少,是修复软骨缺损的一种可靠方式。     

关节镜下自体骨软骨移植治疗伴局灶性软骨缺损的膝骨关节炎

目的探讨关节镜下自体骨软骨移植技术治疗伴局灶性软骨缺损的膝骨关节炎的临床疗效。方法对72例伴局灶性软骨缺损的膝骨关节炎采用关节镜下自体骨软骨移植技术治疗。结果术后随访12～56个月,患者疼痛基本消失,膝关节活动良好。Brittberg-Peterson评分及关节液蛋白多糖,治疗前后比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。术后1年复查膝关节MRI提示原缺损区软骨表面光滑,移植的软骨下骨愈合良好。结论关节镜下自体骨软骨移植创伤小、疗效确切,是治疗伴局灶性软骨缺损的膝骨关节炎的有效方法。     

同体骨软骨镶嵌移植术修复关节软骨病损

目的　探讨同体同关节内骨软骨镶嵌式移植 ,治疗关节软骨病损的可行性。方法　采用美国镶嵌式骨软骨移植器 ,通过开放或关节镜下进行同关节非负重关节面提供骨软骨移植条块修复关节负重面的软骨病损。结果　手术 6例 ,术后随访 5～ 9个月 ,平均 6个月 ,均达到优良效果。结论　同体关节骨软骨镶嵌移植对治疗关节应力性局灶性软骨病、创伤性软骨缺损的45岁以下病人是一个效果确实、值得推广的方法     

关节镜下自体骨软骨移植修复股骨关节面软骨缺损

目的探讨关节镜下自体骨软骨镶嵌式移植术治疗股骨负重面关节软骨缺损的可行性。方法2001年6月起,共17例股骨关节面软骨缺损患者,男12例,女5例;年龄18～45岁,平均29岁;左膝10例,右膝7例。按照Brittberg-Peterson功能评定标准,膝关节的功能为65～105分,平均(80.65±9.69)分。3例无明显外伤史,但有风湿病史;14例有外伤史,均有膝关节疼痛,大腿肌肉萎缩。3例伴绞锁,2例伴弹响。14例外伤患者为股骨外髁负重面局灶性软骨损伤,均为单个创面,损伤范围2.5～3.0cm2;3例无外伤患者为股骨内髁负重面局灶性软骨软化或软骨剥脱,损伤范围2.0～2.5cm2。采用镶嵌式骨软骨移植器,在关节镜下取膝关节非负重关节面骨软骨条,将之移植修复膝关节负重面的局灶性软骨缺损。结果术后随访10～20个月,平均15个月,患者临床症状消失,关节活动度正常。术后Brit-tberg-Peterson评分,14例为0分,3例因活动时轻微疼痛分别评为3分和2分。MRI显示软骨缺损区软骨表面平整,移植的骨软骨柱位置良好。结论自体骨软骨镶嵌式移植术对关节负重面局灶性软骨缺损有较好、确切的治疗效果。     

同体骨软骨镶嵌移植术修复关节软骨病损

目的：探讨同体同关节内骨软骨镶嵌式移植，治疗关节软骨病损的可行性。方法：采用美国镶嵌式骨软骨移植器，通过开放或关节镜下进行同关节非负重关节面提供骨软骨移植条块修复关节负重面的软骨病损。结果：手术6例，术后随访5-9个月，平均6个月，均达到优良效果。结论：同体关节骨软骨镶嵌移植对治疗关节应力性局灶性软骨病、创伤性软骨缺损的45岁以下病人是一个效果确实、值得推广的方法。     

自体骨软骨移植联合富血小板血浆技术治疗膝关节软骨缺损初步随访结果

目的探讨自体骨软骨移植联合富血小板血浆技术治疗膝关节内软骨缺损的安全性及临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2016-01—2016-12采用自体骨软骨移植联合富血小板血浆技术治疗的12例股骨髁软骨缺损,10例软骨缺损位于内侧髁负重区,2例软骨缺损位于外侧髁负重区,软骨缺损面积为1.0~3.5 cm2。比较术前及术后3、6个月时膝关节功能Lysholm评分。结果 12例均获得随访,随访时间平均9(6~13)个月。术后6个月时所有患者MRI显示骨软骨条与周围骨愈合,缺损区表面有符合关节面曲度的软骨样组织覆盖。术前膝关节功能Lysholm评分(55.1±9.2)分,术后3个月为(89.8±7.1)分,术后6个月为(95.2±8.7)分;术后3个月、6个月Lysholm评分明显高于术前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);但术后3个月与6个月Lysholm评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于膝关节负重区小面积的软骨缺损,自体骨软骨移植联合富血小板血浆技术是安全有效的治疗方法之一。     

自体骨软骨移植修复距骨软骨或骨软骨缺损

目的探讨从同侧膝关节非负重面获取骨软骨柱,行自体移植修复距骨穹窿部局限性软骨或骨软骨缺损的临床效果。方法23例距骨穹窿部软骨病损的患者,包括创伤后软骨缺损11例,剥脱性骨软骨炎9例和局灶性骨关节炎3例。踝关节镜下明确缺损的部位、大小,行关节镜下或加用关节切开移植术,缺损区清创后钻孔,自同侧膝关节非负重区钻取骨软骨小柱,利用骨软骨自体移植系统(osteochondralautografttransfersystem,OATS)的专用器械,采取压配固定技术将移植物植入受区的孔中,行单柱或多柱镶嵌式移植修复距骨软骨缺损。结果术后随访15～30个月,平均22个月。利用标准VAS(visualanaloguescale)尺子评估踝关节疼痛程度,评分从术前平均4.9±1.2降至术后0.8±0.1(P<0.001)。测量踝关节跖屈和背伸角度,关节活动范围由术前平均44.3°±5.8°增加到术后65.6°±11.2°(P<0.001)。按Mazur等方法综合评定踝关节的状况,评分从术前平均(51.7±8.6)分提高到(92.4±6.3)分(P<0.001)。术后MR检查提示修复的关节面平滑,移植物与周围组织结合良好。结论以同侧膝关节非负重区的骨软骨移植修复距骨局限性软骨或骨软骨缺损是一种疗效明显的外科手术方法。     

自体骨软骨移植治疗股骨髁关节软骨缺损

目的探讨关节镜下自体骨软骨移植治疗关节软骨缺损的可行性。方法16例膝关节软骨缺损患者,关节镜下在其非负重区的软骨面上用专用器械凿取圆柱状骨软骨,移植至软骨缺损部位以修复缺损。术后行系统功能锻炼和MRI检查。结果随访7～20个月,患者关节症状消失,关节活动度正常,MRI显示原关节软骨缺损区表面平整,移植骨软骨位置良好。Brittberg-Peterson评分：13例0分,2例2分,1例1分。结论关节镜下自体镶嵌式骨软骨移植术创伤小,操作简单,能保持关节面曲度,可用于修复关节软骨缺损。     

关节镜下带骨软骨镶嵌移植修复软骨病损

目的：探讨关节镜下同体同关节内带骨软骨镶嵌式移植,治疗关节软骨病损的可行性。方法：采用美国戴安娜镶嵌式骨软骨移植器,关节镜下进行同关节非负重关节面提供骨软骨移植条块修复关节负重面的软骨病损。结果：手术15例,术后随访12－21个月,平均15个月,优良率达89．6％。结论：关节镜下同体同关节带骨软骨镶嵌移植对治疗关节应力性局限性软骨病及创伤性软骨缺损的45岁以下患者是一个效果确实、值得推广的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.