膝关节外侧半月板假撕裂MRI征象分析及临床意义

目的:明确板股韧带及膝横韧带所致外侧半月板假撕裂的发生机制,探讨外侧半月板假撕裂与真撕裂的鉴别方法。方法:对自2012年6月至2014年2月间72例(左膝44例,右膝28例)经关节镜证实的无外侧半月板撕裂的膝关节进行矢状及冠状位MR扫描,其中男41例,女31例;年龄25～61岁,平均33.7岁。观察板股韧带及膝横韧带的MRI表现。结果:膝横韧带与外侧半月板前角及其中央腱性附着部之间以脂肪组织分隔,在MRI矢状像上,可见脂肪组织在膝横韧带与外侧半月板前角之间形成的线样稍高信号裂隙,类似外侧半月板前角撕裂,称为外侧半月板前角假撕裂。板股韧带在矢状像上表现为位于后交叉韧带前或后方的类圆形或短棒状低信号结构,而在冠状像上表现为自外侧半月板后角至股骨内侧髁外侧面的条带样低信号结构。在矢状像上,板股韧带与外侧半月板后角之间显示出一线样高信号,称为外侧半月板后角假撕裂。膝横韧带在MRI上的出现率约34.7%(25/72),表现为外侧半月板前角假撕裂18例,均表现为外侧半月板形态规则、撕裂线斜行,矢状位图像可连续显示膝横韧带,冠状位图像能显示该韧带的长轴。板股韧带显示率为73.6%(53/72),其中板股前韧带为23.6%(17/72),板股后韧带为70.8%(51/72),两条韧带同时存在为16.7%(12/72).表现为外侧半月板后角假撕裂25例,假撕裂仅有两种走行方向,即后下斜行(19/25)或垂直方向(6/25).结论:根据外侧半月板形状、撕裂线方向、观察矢状和冠状位图像,可正确区分外侧半月板的真、假撕裂。     

膝关节韧带损伤的MRI诊断

目的:分析膝关节韧带损伤的MRI表现及应用价值。方法:85例膝关节损伤患者,男56例,女29例,年龄14⁷0岁,平均39岁,均经手术或关节镜检查明确诊断,对所有患者的MRI进行回顾性分析。结果:MRI显示侧副韧带损伤77条、交叉韧带损伤81条。侧副韧带损伤分为轻、中、重度;交叉韧带损伤表现为不完全撕裂、完全撕裂及撕脱骨折。MRI可显示侧副韧带及交叉韧带局灶或弥漫性肿胀、韧带连续性中断,断端移位及韧带信号改变,可显示韧带撕脱骨折及移位,经与手术或关节镜对照分析,磁共振诊断内侧副韧带、外侧副韧带、前交叉韧带及后交叉韧带准确性分别为92·3%、97%、81·3%、100%。结论:膝关节磁共振检查对韧带损伤的程度、类型的诊断较为准确,对临床治疗指导价值较大。     

前交叉韧带近端撕裂的MRI诊断

目的探讨前交叉韧带(ACL)近端撕裂的MRI诊断特点。方法回顾性分析自2014-01—2017-01经关节镜手术探查确诊的12例急性膝关节ACL近端断裂,术前均行膝关节MRI检查,分析其影像学特点。以关节镜探查结果作为评价ACL是否完全断裂的金标准,计算MRI诊断的假阴性率。结果 12例中7例MRI诊断报告为ACL部分损伤,5例诊断ACL未损伤,假阴性率高达41%。12例经关节镜手术探查证实均为ACL近端完全断裂,为股骨髁处完全撕裂,撕裂后靠滑膜组织粘连在原撕裂处或附着于后交叉韧带上,直视下无法判断时用探钩探查发现ACL无张力近侧已经完全撕裂。结论急性ACL近端撕裂容易漏诊,MRI可作为急诊有效检查手段,但需要从矢状位和冠状位MRI图像上全面、仔细评估以降低漏诊率,而关节镜探查结果是确诊ACL完全断裂的金标准。     

伴软骨损伤的Hoffa骨折1例

患者,男,31岁,2019年11月29日因扭伤致右膝部疼痛肿胀、膝关节活动受限,于当地医院诊断为右股骨外侧髁骨折。为进一步治疗,于2019年12月3日至山东省中医院就诊,诊断为右Hoffa骨折。CT检查显示:右股骨外侧髁骨折,右膝关节积液。MRI显示:①右膝关节积液;②右股骨远端外髁骨折,右胫骨近段及髌骨有骨挫伤表现;③右髌骨轻度脱位表现,髌内外侧支持带损伤;④右膝前交叉韧带断裂,胫腓侧副韧带、后交叉韧带损伤;⑤右膝内侧半月板后角、外侧半月板前角损伤,外侧前角部分撕裂可能。2019年12月10日在腰硬联合麻醉下行关节镜下右膝探查清理术+半月板损伤修补缝合术+股骨外侧髁骨折切开复位内固定术。患者仰卧位,取膝关节前内、前外侧切口,建立关节镜观察及工作通道。置入关节镜观察关节腔内髌上囊、髁间窝、内外侧间室等结构,见髌骨内侧支持带损伤,髌骨轻度脱位,刨刀清理髌骨内侧支持带游离缘,内侧间室股骨髁边缘骨赘未予特殊处理。     

股骨内髁软骨波纹征对内侧半月板纵形撕裂损伤的诊断意义

目的探讨股骨内髁软骨波纹征诊断膝内侧半月板纵形撕裂损伤的特异性。方法 2013年6月-2014年6月,对56例半月板损伤患者关节镜下探查股骨内髁软骨是否存在波纹征,明确半月板损伤类型;同时行半月板修复及韧带重建术。男35例,女21例;年龄12~38岁,平均22.2岁。致伤原因:运动伤40例,摔伤10例,交通事故伤6例。左膝22例,右膝34例。病程10~40 d,平均20.2 d。单纯内侧半月板损伤15例;合并前交叉韧带损伤38例,后交叉韧带损伤2例,髌骨脱位1例。结果关节镜下探查示患者股骨内髁软骨均出现波纹征,其中轻度23例、中度28例、重度5例;内侧半月板损伤均为纵形撕裂损伤。结论关节镜下发现股骨内髁波纹征提示可能存在内侧半月板纵形撕裂损伤。     

CT在诊断膝关节交叉韧带断裂中的价值

目的　探讨CT对于确定交叉韧带断裂部位的价值。方法　对有膝关节外伤史、膝关节检查有可疑交叉韧带损伤者 ,分别摄双侧膝关节屈膝 90°前、后抽屉试验位X线侧位片。于X线片上 ,从股骨髁的中心点向胫骨平台前、后缘连线做垂线将后者分为前后两段 ,任何一段比健侧同段长 5mm以上则为阳性。即前段长者为前交叉韧带完全断裂 ,后段长者为后交叉韧带完全断裂。之后作膝关节部位的薄层CT扫描 (层厚、层距均为 1 5mm) ,观察胫骨上端前、后方有无撕脱性小骨块 ,以及股骨髁间窝处股骨外髁内侧或股骨内髁外侧有无撕脱性小骨块。结果　从 1994年 1月～ 1999年 11月按上述方法共诊断交叉韧带完全断裂者 18例。其中 ,前交叉韧带于胫骨止点处撕脱者 1例 ;后交叉韧带于胫骨止点处撕脱者 2例 ;前交叉韧带于股骨外侧髁起点处撕脱者 2例 ;后交叉韧带于股骨内侧髁起点处撕脱同时伴内侧副韧带股骨附着部撕脱性骨折 1例 ;1例膝关节脱位者伴腓骨小头撕脱性骨折及腓总神经损伤。其余病例自韧带实质部断裂。所有病例均经手术修复或重建 ,除 1例术前诊断为单纯前交叉韧带实质部完全断裂 ,而术中发现前交叉韧带实质部断裂约 90 %外 ,其余病例的术前诊断与术中所见均完全吻合。结论　CT对于确定交叉韧带断裂部位具有重要价值     

膝关节韧带损伤的MRI诊断

目的:分析膝关节韧带损伤的MRI表现及应用价值。方法:85例膝关节损伤患者,男56例,女29例,年龄14~70岁,平均39岁,均经手术或关节镜检查明确诊断,对所有患者的MRI进行回顾性分析。结果:MRI显示侧副韧带损伤77条、交叉韧带损伤81条。侧副韧带损伤分为轻、中、重度;交叉韧带损伤表现为不完全撕裂、完全撕裂及撕脱骨折。MRI可显示侧副韧带及交叉韧带局灶或弥漫性肿胀、韧带连续性中断,断端移位及韧带信号改变,可显示韧带撕脱骨折及移位,经与手术或关节镜对照分析,磁共振诊断内侧副韧带、外侧副韧带、前交叉韧带及后交叉韧带准确性分别为92·3%、97%、81·3%、100%。结论:膝关节磁共振检查对韧带损伤的程度、类型的诊断较为准确,对临床治疗指导价值较大。     

膝关节侧副韧带解剖特点与膝关节置换股骨假体旋转定位轴线的关系

目的分析股骨远端内、外侧侧副韧带起点及股骨内、外上髁轴线在全膝关节置换术(totalknee arthroplasty,TKA)中与股骨假体旋转角度的关系。方法对20只正常尸体膝关节标本进行解剖,经外上髁尖分别向内侧侧副韧带深、浅层起点钻孔,行MRI检查,测量矢状位像钻孔部位与内、外后髁几何圆心之间的距离及轴位像股骨髁后髁角(posteriorcondylarangle,PCA)和股骨髁扭转角(condylartwistangle,CTA)。结果内、外侧侧副韧带分浅、深两层,屈曲位深层紧张。PCA及CTA分别为4.50±1.26°及7.10±0.30°,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且均大于国外的相关报道。矢状位上,内侧后髁关节面圆弧半径为19.38±2.13mm,外侧为19.54±2.13mm,二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。内侧侧副韧带股骨侧深层起点距股骨后髁几何圆心距离(d1)为4.22±0.20mm,较内上髁尖距后髁圆心的距离(d2)7.36±0.13mm小,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论内、外后髁关节面的固定旋转轴心恰好通过内、外侧侧副韧带股骨侧深层起点,可以看作膝关节的屈曲固定轴,通过松解不同层面的侧副韧带,可以在TKA中针对性地松解软组织及调整伸屈间隙的平衡,从而矫正各种膝内、外翻及屈曲挛缩畸形。股骨内、外侧侧副韧带深层止点可作为TKA中股骨假体旋转定位的参考标志。     

关节镜清理结合灌注冲洗治疗前交叉韧带重建术后关节感染

目的:探讨膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后关节感染的治疗策略。方法:2005年3月至2014年2月关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术后关节感染6例,均为男性,年龄18～36岁。患者术后出现膝关节疼痛肿胀,血沉和C-反应蛋白升高,细菌培养均为表皮样葡萄球菌。采用关节镜清理和置管灌注冲洗。按照Lysholm膝关节评分系统和膝关节活动度对患者进行评价。结果:所有患者的感染均被控制,血沉和C反应蛋白恢复正常,Lysholm膝关节评分85～95分,膝关节活动度120°～135°。结论:前交叉韧带重建术后关节感染,早期采用关节镜清理和置管灌注冲洗获得满意疗效。     

关节镜下治疗前交叉韧带摩擦撞击症

回顾性分析关节镜下治疗膝关节股骨髁、胫骨嵴摩擦撞击前交叉韧带的疗效。方法对126例膝关节退行性骨关节炎关节镜下治疗,28例前交叉韧带磨损撞击者,镜下观察行膝关节清理、髁间窝扩大成形术、胫骨骨嵴摘除术。结果本组28例均获随访,随访时间12～16个月,平均18个月.术后关节功能明显改善。结论膝关节骨性关节炎部分股骨髁、胫骨嵴增生磨损前交叉韧带,关节镜手术应注意观察前交叉韧带磨损情况.手术处理后可获得良好效果。     

陈旧性前十字韧带损伤的诊断

目的评估前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验和MRI在陈旧性前十字韧带损伤诊断中的意义。方法107例手术证实为陈旧性前十字韧带损伤患者,术前均行前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验和MR检查。术后计算各项检查的敏感性,并分析产生假阴性的原因。结果前抽屉试验的阳性率为78.5%,Lachman试验为97.2%,轴移试验为91.6%,而MRI敏感性为93.5%。10例患者的关节镜检查显示前十字韧带近侧撕裂端再附着于后十字韧带。在此10例中,前抽屉试验的阳性率为60%,Lachman试验为80%,轴移试验为60%,而MRI敏感性为40%。本组9例轴移试验假阴性的患者中,有4例为撕裂的前十字韧带再附着于后十字韧带而替代了部分前十字韧带的功能,因此关节镜下显示胫骨外侧髁半脱位受限。2例Lachman试验假阴性的患者经关节镜证实为前十字韧带断端再附着伴有半月板桶柄样撕裂。在10例再附着患者中有3例MRI表现为韧带倾斜度变化。结论Lachman试验对诊断陈旧性前十字韧带损伤敏感性最高。MRI和轴移试验较敏感,但结果受MR检查技术和伴发损伤等诸多因素的影响。     

The triple PCL sign: bucket handle tears of both medial and lateral menisci in a chronically ACL-deficient knee

Bucket handle tears of both menisci in the setting of acute or chronic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears of the same knee have rarely been reported in the literature. This article presents a case of a bucket handle tear affecting both the medial and lateral menisci in a patient with chronic ACL rupture. Both bucket handle tears were displaced and locked in the intercondylar notch. A new magnetic resonance image (MRI) sign suggested on sagittal view is called the triple PCL sign, comprising the intact posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and the 2 displaced fragments in the intercondylar notch from the two bucket handle tears. The precise diagnosis of this condition is of obvious importance for optimal operative planning. While finding the displaced fragment from the medial meniscus is expected to cause the double PCL sign, the torn ACL may have made it easier to visualize the bucket handle tear of the lateral meniscus in the same sagittal plane as the PCL. Only 5 other reports mention bimeniscal bucket handle tears of both the medial and lateral menisci in association with an ACL tear. None have shown the suggested triple PCL sign because of lack of overlap between the 2 bucket handle tears in the coronal plane while lying in the intercondylar notch causing them not to fall in the same sagittal plane. Our patient showed some overlap between the 2 meniscal fragments while lying in the notch to create the triple PCL sign on sagittal MRI.     

陈旧性前交叉韧带损伤诊治分析

[目的]探讨临床检查和MRI诊断陈旧性前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament，ACL）损伤的价值。[方法]回顾分析65例陈旧性ACL损伤患者的诊治经过，进行临床检查，其中8例行MRI检查，最后关节镜手术确诊。[结果]53例ACL完全损伤，前抽屉试验、Lachman试验和轴移试验的准确性分别为：79．2％、96．2％和92．5％；12例ACL部分损伤，前抽屉试验、Lachman试验和轴移试验的准确性分别为：16．7％、50．0％和33．3％。MRI诊断ACL损伤的准确性为100％。[结论]临床检查和MRI是诊断陈旧性ACL损伤的有效方法。     

Acute hemarthrosis of the knee: indications for diagnostic arthroscopy

The objective of this study was to define the role of early diagnostic knee arthroscopy for patients with an acute knee injury and hemarthrosis. Forty-five patients with an acute knee injury followed by a posttraumatic hemarthrosis during a 1-year period were prospectively reviewed. All patients were evaluated preoperatively followed by examination under anesthesia and arthroscopy of the knee. The majority of patients, 32 (71%), had an anterior cruciate ligament tear. Meniscal tears occurred in 21 patients (47%). Meniscal tears requiring surgery occurred in only 10 of 25 meniscal tears (40%). Seven patients (16%) had medial collateral ligament and/or posteromedial capsular sprain. Eight patients (18%) had an osteochondral fracture or patellar dislocation associated with an osteochondral fracture. The majority of knees with a torn meniscus or osteochondral fracture had an anterior cruciate ligament tear. Clinically, 18 of 21 knees (86%) with an acute complete anterior cruciate ligament tear were diagnosed preoperatively with the Lachman test. The Lachman test conducted with patients under anesthesia was positive for 19 of 21 knees (90%) with an acute complete anterior cruciate ligament tear. The preoperative examination correctly identified six of seven knees (86%) with a medial collateral ligament sprain. The preoperative Lachman test was positive in only two of five knees (40%) with a partial anterior cruciate ligament tear. The Lachman test with patients under anesthesia was positive for four of five knees (80%) with an acute partial anterior cruciate ligament tear. Preoperative examination yielded the correct diagnosis in only 9 of 21 knees (43%) with a meniscal tear and 1 of 6 knees (17%) with an osteochondral fracture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament injury of the knee joint]

From January, 1979 to May, 1989, 107 patients with problems related to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) were treated in our hospital. 100 of the patients had anterior cruciate ligament injury confirmed by arthrotomy or arthroscopy. The remaining 7 patients were found to be normal either by arthroscopy or arthrotomy. 29 patients had fresh ACL injury and 71 old. All the patients had history of trauma of the knee joint. Swelling and pain in the affected knee joint took place in fresh cases and few of them complained of instability or deformity of the knee. On examination, floating patella test was positive in the majority of the fresh cases. It was shown that accurate diagnosis could be made by Lachman test rather than by conventional anterior drawer test in dealing with fresh injury, but with old ones, Lachman test didn't show the advantages. Examination under anesthesia or arthroscopy helped a lot in diagnosing fresh ACL injury. Anterior drawer test (ADT) was significant in determining the existence of ACL injury. When ADT was positive, ACL injury was found in the majority of the cases, however, injured ACL couldn't be ruled out by negative ADT only. Positive valgus stress test on 0 degrees position suggests possibility of ACL injury, even ADT was negative. Despite the negative anterior drawer test positive posterior drawer test on three directions indicated the injury of the posterior cruciate ligament and the anterior cruciate ligament. The positive rate of ADT was higher than that of pivot shift test in dealing with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Positive pivot shift test suggests ACL injury.     

Evaluation of knee instability in acute ligamentous injuries

The stability on clinical examination (CE) and examination under anaesthesia (EUA) was evaluated in 350 consecutive acute knee injuries. Valgus instability in knees with a medial collateral tear was observed on CE in 62 and on EUA in 67 cases (p less than 0.05). The anterior drawer sign was positive in 55 patients on CE and in 110 patients on EUA (p less than 0.0001), the corresponding figures for the Lachman test were 66 and 126 respectively (p less than 0.0001). The pivot shift-test was positive in 13 cases on CE and in 87 under anaesthesia (p less than 0.0001). Fresh total tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (confirmed at arthrotomy, n = 79) were detected by the Lachman test in 48 per cent on CE and in 96 per cent on EUA. Of the nine fresh, total tears of the posterior cruciate ligament three were disclosed by the posterior drawer test on CE and all nine on EUA. Anteromedial rotatory instability was observed on CE in 10 patients and on EUA in 47 (p less than 0.0001). In these patients 41 medial collateral tears, 23 posteromedial capsular tears, 21 medial meniscus and 40 anterior cruciate lesions were found. On CE only one anterolateral rotatory instability was found, whereas EUA disclosed 9 cases. Posteromedial rotatory instability was not confirmed on CE, though on EUA four cases were found. CE and EUA detected 2 and 3 posterolateral instabilities respectively. In conclusion, the use of EUA with an adequate mode of stability evaluation in acute knee injuries is strongly advocated. Clinical examination is considered highly unreliable with many false negative findings.     

关节镜下前交叉韧带袖套状保残重建的临床效果

目的:观察袖套状保留残端的关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的临床效果。方法:收集2012年1月至2014年12月于骨科就诊的42例前交叉韧带损伤患者,其中男17例,女25例,平均年龄28.4岁,平均受伤时间5.5周(2~12周)。采用关节镜下重建前交叉韧带,同时保留胫骨侧韧带残端,通过滑膜袖套恢复残端张力。治疗前及治疗后2、6、12个月采用Lachman试验、前抽屉试验对稳定性进行评价,术后12个月采用Lysholm评分和Tegner运动分级评价膝关节功能。治疗前和治疗后12个月行膝关节MRI检查。结果:术后2、6、12个月Lachman试验、前抽屉试验均为阴性。术前Lysholm评分37.8±7.1,Tegner评分2.1±0.4;术后12个月的Lysholm评分96.8±6.1,Tegner评分6.2±0.9,均高于术前。术后12个月复查MRI显示前交叉韧带显影良好。结论:关节镜下前交叉韧带袖套状保残重建可以获得良好的临床效果。     

关节镜下采用6～8股腘绳肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带

目的:探讨关节镜下采用6-8股腘绳肌肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带对恢复膝关节稳定性的临床效果。方法:前交叉韧带损伤患者14例,男9例,女5例;年龄19-51岁,平均32.8岁;病程1-22个月,平均3.7个月。Lachman试验:阳性伴软性终止点12例,阳性伴硬性终止点2例;前抽屉试验:阳性伴软性终止点12例,阳性伴硬性终止点2例;轴移试验阳性12例。合并I度膝关节外翻不稳1例。在关节镜下采用6-8股腘绳肌肌腱单束重建,4孔指骨钢板对移植物行悬吊式固定。结果:术后1年随访,13例患者Lachman试验阴性,1例患者Lachman试验阳性,13例患者轴移试验阴性,1例患者阳性。按照Lysholm膝关节评分标准,评分从术前平均(47.71±1.98)分提高至术后平均(95.36±4.73)分,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论:关节镜下采用6-8股腘绳肌肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带是恢复膝关节稳定性的可靠方法,具有切口小,对伸膝装置无干扰等优点。     

膝关节内外侧半月板后根部撕裂的MRI诊断价值

目的:探讨MRI对膝关节内外侧半月板后根部撕裂的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年1月,关节镜下证实为半月板后根部撕裂的患者43例。其中男25例,女18例;年龄27~69(42.5±8.3)岁;右侧27例,左侧16例。由2名医师采用双盲法独立回顾性分析经关节镜证实的43例半月板后根部撕裂患者的MRI表现,计算MRI对半月板后根部撕裂的诊断敏感性、特异性和准确性,并计算膝关节韧带损伤及半月板脱位等伴随情况。结果:143例中,关节镜手术证实43例半月板后根部撕裂,包括内侧撕裂24例,外侧撕裂19例。医师A诊断内侧半月板后根部撕裂的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为91.67%、86.6%、83.9%,伴内侧半月板突出19例,伴前交叉韧带撕裂2例;外侧半月板后跟部撕裂的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为73.7%、79.9%、79%,伴外侧半月板突出4例,伴前交叉韧带撕裂16例。医师B诊断内侧半月板后根部撕裂的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为87.5%、87.4%、87.4%,伴内侧半月板突出19例,伴前交叉韧带撕裂2例;外侧半月板后跟部撕裂的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为78.9%、82.3%、82.5%,伴外侧半月板突出4例,伴前交叉韧带撕裂16例。2名医师采用MRI诊断内、外侧半月板后根部撕裂的一致性均好,Kappa值分别为0.81和0.67。结论 :膝关节MRI诊断内外侧半月板后跟部撕裂及其伴随征象具有较大价值,为临床医生术前诊断提供依据,值得临床推广应用。     

四肢关节专用MRI对膝关节半月板桶柄样撕裂的诊断价值

目的探讨膝关节半月板桶柄样撕裂的MRI征象及其诊断价值。方法回顾分析膝关节半月板桶柄样撕裂23例,所有病例均经过四肢关节专用MRI检查并经关节镜证实。由2名有经验的放射科医师进行盲法阅片,记录并评价各征象的诊断价值。结果23例共见半月板桶柄样撕裂23个,其中发生于内侧半月板者16例(69.6%),外侧半月板者7例(30.4%)。出现领结消失征15例(65.2%),双前角征9例(39.1%),半月板翻转征3例(13.0%),髁间碎片征19例(82.6%),双后交叉韧带征7例(30.4%),后角比例失调征8例(34.8%)。序列试验显示各征象联合诊断时特异性明显提高,其中髁间碎片征和双后交叉韧带征联合的特异度达100%。结论MRI是半月板桶柄样撕裂理想的无创检查方法,有利于该疾病的术前诊断和手术计划制定。