藿香正气水调节小鼠肠道菌群失调的作用研究

目的:通过小鼠菌群失调模型研究藿香正气水调节肠道菌群失调的作用。方法:按7.2 mg·g~(-1)剂量灌胃给予小鼠盐酸林可霉素,每天2次,连续5 d,建立小鼠肠道菌群失调模型。将造模成功的小鼠随机分为藿香正气水组、乳酶生组、模型对照组,另选取健康小鼠作为空白对照组。藿香正气水组小鼠分别灌胃3.0 mL·kg~(-1)、1.5 mL·kg~(-1)、0.75 mL·kg~(-1)的藿香正气水溶液,乳酶生组小鼠灌胃0.132 mg·g~(-1),2次/d,连续给药7 d。模型组、空白对照组小鼠灌胃同体积的生理盐水。于末次给药12 h后取小鼠的新鲜粪便,检测肠道菌群(肠杆菌、肠球菌、双歧杆菌和乳杆菌)的变化。结果:藿香正气水高、中、低剂量组小鼠肠道的有益菌——双歧杆菌和乳杆菌数量明显上升;中、高剂量组与模型对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),与空白对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:藿香正气水能扶植肠道正常菌群的生长,促进有益菌(双歧杆菌和乳杆菌)的增殖,具有调节肠道菌群失调的作用。     

通督启神”针法对APP/PS1小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的:观察小鼠的行为学和肠道菌群多样性、组成及功能的变化,探讨“通督启神”针法改善APP/PS1小鼠认知功能障碍的潜在作用机制。方法:将APP/PS1小鼠随机分为模型组、针刺组和益生菌组;C57BL/6小鼠为正常组。针刺组选取百会穴、印堂穴与双侧足三里穴进行针刺;益生菌组予以益生菌灌胃。上述干预1次/d,共56 d。采用Morris水迷宫评估小鼠的空间学习和记忆能力;采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术检测小鼠肠道菌群的多样性、组成和功能。结果:与正常组比较,模型组小鼠逃避潜伏期显著增加(P<0.01),穿台次数、目标象限游泳时间比及路程比均显著降低(P<0.01);肠道菌群多样性显著降低,肠道菌群的组成和功能显著改变(P<0.01)。针刺和益生菌治疗能够逆转上述变化(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:“通督启神”针法能够良性调节APP/PS1小鼠的肠道菌群紊乱,进而提升其学习记忆能力。     

肝复方对原发性肝癌模型小鼠肠道菌群影响的实验研究

目的:探讨肝复方对原发性肝癌(PHC)模型小鼠肠道菌群的影响,为肝复方治疗PHC的作用机制提供实验依据。方法:于92只ICR小鼠中取32只,随机分为正常1组与模型1组,每组16只,观察PHC小鼠造模前后肠道菌群的变化。另60只随机分为正常2组、模型2组、益生菌组、肝复方组,每组15只。肝复方组给予肝复方灌胃,剂量为15.6mg/(kg·d),模型2组、正常2组分别给予等量无菌水灌胃,益生菌组给予益生菌VSL#3灌胃,剂量为6mg/(kg·d)。每天灌胃1次,灌胃剂量均为临床等效剂量,连续用药14d。观察肝复方对PHC小鼠肠道菌群的影响。结果:PHC小鼠造模后双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肠球菌数量均多于造模前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与模型2组比较,肝复方组、益生菌组所研究肠道菌群数量均下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);肝复方组的肠道细菌及益生菌组的乳酸杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肠球菌与正常2组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);肝复方组的乳酸杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肠球菌与益生菌组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:PHC模型小鼠存在肠道菌群失衡情况,肝复方能有效调节紊乱的PHC模型小鼠的肠道菌群。     

痛风宁对高尿酸血症脾虚湿盛证模型小鼠肠道菌群及肠道尿酸代谢的影响

目的 探讨痛风宁治疗高尿酸血症（HUA）脾虚湿盛证的可能作用机制。方法 60只小鼠中随机选取10只作为正常组常规饲喂，其余50只予高脂高糖饲料联合劳倦过度+次黄嘌呤联合氧嗪酸钾混悬液构建HUA脾虚湿盛证病证结合动物模型。造模成功后为更好地观察痛风宁对模型小鼠肠道菌群的影响，在维持病证结合造模的基础上，采用混合抗生素混悬液灌胃，诱导加重模型小鼠肠道菌群紊乱。造模成功的50只小鼠随机分为模型组、痛风宁组、别嘌醇组、益生菌组、别嘌醇+益生菌组，每组10只。痛风宁组以19.11 g/（kg·d）痛风宁药液灌胃，别嘌醇组以78 mg/（kg·d）别嘌醇混悬液灌胃，益生菌组以3 g/（kg·d）双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片混悬液灌胃，别嘌醇+益生菌组以78 mg/（kg·d）别嘌醇及3 g/（kg·d）双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片混悬液灌胃，正常组、模型组以19.11 ml/（kg·d）生理盐水灌胃；均连续干预21天。为了维持稳定的高血尿酸状态，除正常组外，其余各组小鼠在给药干预的同时均继续进行造模。比较各组小鼠脾虚证候积分，血尿酸水平，菌群结构的变化，肠道灌洗液中乙酸、丁酸含量，小肠组织中腺苷脱氨酶（A...     

银杏叶提取物对实验性高脂血症血脂水平及肠道正常菌群的影响

目的：观察银杏叶提取物对高脂血症大鼠血脂代谢及肠道正常菌群的作用,同时进一步研究调脂机制。方法：将30只大鼠随机分为三组,空白组用普通饲料喂养,模型组和治疗组用高脂饲料喂养28天后,模型组连续灌胃生理盐水,治疗组连续灌胃给药28天后,测定各组大鼠血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白一胆固醇（HDL—c）、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（LDL—c）的含量及测定肠道益生菌（肠杆菌、肠球菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌）的数量。结果：（1）经银杏叶提取物治疗后,治疗组较模型组TC、TG、LDL—c均明显降低（P〈0．05）,HDL-c明显升高;（2）模型组较空白组肠道益生菌显著降低（P〈0．01）;（3）治疗组较模型组肠道益生菌是显著升高（P〈0．05）。结论：高脂血症大鼠其肠道菌群紊乱,银杏叶提取物可能通过扶植肠道有益菌,调整肠道菌群数量,增强益生菌对脂质吸收及代谢的影响,发挥调节血脂的作用。     

藏族药二十五味松石丸调控肠道菌群改善非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的作用机制研究北大核心CSCD

探究藏族药二十五味松石丸(Ershiwuwei Songshi Pills,ESP)对非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)小鼠肠道菌群的影响。将48只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为空白组(control),模型组(MCD),藏族药二十五味松石丸高(ESP 0.8 g·kg^(-1))、中(ESP 0.4 g·kg^(-1))、低(ESP 0.2 g·kg^(-1))剂量组和吡格列酮组(pioglitazone,PGZ 10 mg·kg^(-1)),每组8只。空白组普通饲料喂养,其余5组蛋氨酸-胆碱缺乏(methionine-choline-deficient,MCD)饲料喂养5周构建非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)模型,造模的同时灌胃(ig)给予相应的药物进行干预;实验过程中记录小鼠体质量、日饮水量及日摄食量的变化;实验结束后收集肝组织,苏木精-伊红染色(HE)染色观察肝脏病理变化,油红O染色观察肝脏脂肪堆积情况,检测血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和肝组织中甘油三酯(TG)的含量;采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术检测小鼠肠道菌群的变化。结果显示,与模型组相比,二十五味松石丸高、中、低剂量组和吡格列酮组血清中的AST、ALT和肝组织中TG含量显著降低,对肝细胞脂肪变性和肝脏中脂肪堆积均有改善作用。16S rRNA测序结果显示,模型组肠道菌群丰度和多样性指数降低,二十五味松石丸组小鼠肠道菌群的丰度和多样性指数升高,并且在门水平上降低了厚壁菌门Firmicutes与拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes的比例;在改变肠道菌群组成方面,降低了肠道菌群中Erysipelotrichia和Faecalibaculum的丰度,提高了Desulfovibrionaceae、Rikenellaceae、Lachnospiraceae和Ruminococcaceae的丰度。该研究发现藏族药二十五味松石丸对MCD饮食诱导的NASH具有保护作用,其作用机制可能是通过调节肠道菌群的变化,改变肠道菌群的组成,抑制肠道菌群的失调,进而改善NASH。     

隔药饼灸对动脉粥样硬化兔肠道菌群的影响

目的 观察隔药饼灸对高胆固醇饮食诱导的动脉粥样硬化（AS）兔肠道菌群的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法 36只健康雄性纯种新西兰兔随机分为空白组、模型组、益生菌组和隔药饼灸组,每组9只。空白组予正常饲料喂养,模型组予高胆固醇饲料喂养,益生菌组予高胆固醇饲料+乳杆菌喂养,隔药饼灸组喂食高胆固醇饲料同时予隔药饼灸,取穴Ⅰ组为“巨阙”、双侧“天枢”“丰隆”,Ⅱ组为双侧“心俞”“肝俞”“脾俞”,2组穴位隔日交替施灸,连续8周。ELISA检测兔血清总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量,HE染色观察腹主动脉病理变化,16S rDNA测序分析肠道菌群多样性。结果 与空白组比较,模型组兔血清TC、TG、LDL-C含量显著增加（P<0.01）,腹主动脉内膜受损,可见明显脂质沉积及斑块;与模型组比较,益生菌组和隔药饼灸组兔血清TC、TG、LDL-C含量显著减少（P<0.01）,腹主动脉内膜结构损伤有不同程度改善。α多样性结果表明,隔药饼灸可调节AS兔肠道菌群丰富度与多样性;β多样性结果显示,隔药饼灸对肠道菌群具有良性调节作用;物种差异分析结果表明,隔药饼灸...     

理中汤对抗生素相关性腹泻模型构建中肠道菌群变化的影响

目的:观察抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)模型构建过程中肠道菌群结构变化及理中汤对AAD模型肠道菌群结构的影响。方法:先选取81只雄性BALB/c小鼠进行预实验,用高、中、低剂量(5,1,0.5 g·kg-1)氨苄青霉素构建肠道菌群紊乱模型,再灌胃艰难梭菌(1.6×108CFU)构建AAD模型,并用高、中、低剂量(7.5,5.5,3.5 g·kg-1)理中汤进行治疗。按动物表型变化得出最佳造模及治疗条件,再选取20只雄性BALB/c小鼠,随机分为4组(各组n=5):空白组、肠道菌群紊乱组、AAD组、理中汤治疗组(7.5 g·kg-1)按最优化步骤进行造模及治疗,各组粪便混合为样品XL1,XL2,XL3,XL4,应用16S rRNA高通量测序技术研究其菌群变化。结果:AAD模型构建的表型变化符合AAD临床表现。XL1~XL4 4组样品菌群基于最小操作分类单元(OTUs)的变化为:860,282,385,394个;基于门水平的丰度变化为:变形菌门(6.94%,41.77%,1.99%,2.89%),厚壁菌门(44.34%,34.89%,36.82%,32.11%),拟杆菌门(46.6%,22.74%,60.8%,64.49%);基于属水平的数量变化为:88,58,52,59个,各组间菌群变化明显,(P0.05)。结论:AAD模型构建过程中肠道菌群结构变化剧烈,多样性及丰度均下降;理中汤能改变AAD模型肠道菌群结构,增加菌群多样性。     

APP/PS1小鼠肠道菌群特点及补肾法干预对其的影响

目的:探究不同月龄APP/PS1双转基因模型小鼠的肠道菌群特点及补肾法对其肠道菌群失衡的影响。方法:将8只6个月龄雄性APP/PS1小鼠随机分为模型组和补肾组;4只6个月龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠作为正常对照组。补肾组小鼠给予补肾法中药灌胃3个月,模型组和正常对照组小鼠均予以等体积羧甲基纤维素(CMC)溶液灌胃。留取小鼠灌胃干预前后的粪便,运用16SrDNA技术检测各组肠道菌群的组成结构。从肠道微生态方面,探讨补肾中药对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠肠道菌群构成的影响。结果:6个月龄时模型组和正常对照组小鼠的肠道菌群差异无统计学意义;与9个月龄正常组比较,模型组小鼠肠道内芽孢杆菌纲丰度明显升高。与模型组比较,补肾组肠道内芽孢杆菌纲丰度明显下降,疣微菌门丰度呈上升趋势。结论:APP/PS1小鼠体内均存在肠道菌群失衡的情况,主要与芽孢菌纲、疣微菌门的丰度水平的变化相关。补肾法可以通过降低芽孢菌纲、升高疣微菌门的丰度来进一步改善AD小鼠肠道菌群失衡状态。     

金樱根、金樱茎多糖对小鼠肠道菌群失调的调整作用

目的:研究金樱根、金樱茎多糖对肠道菌群失调小鼠的调整作用。方法:用盐酸林可霉素15 g.kg-1ig,2次/d,连续3 d,建立小鼠肠道菌群失调模型,用含生药100 g.kg-1的金樱根、金樱茎多糖进行ig治疗,连续6 d,于第10天取新鲜粪便检测肠道正常菌群(肠杆菌、肠球菌、双歧杆菌和乳杆菌)的变化。CFU.g-1粪便=每一稀释度平均菌落数×稀释倍数/滴种体积(mL)。结果用1 g粪便中菌数的对数表示(lg10n.g-1)。同时设正常对照、阳性对照、模型对照及自然恢复组。结果:6 d治疗后,全樱根多糖组小鼠肠道主要菌群的数量基本恢复,其中肠球菌、肠杆菌、双歧杆菌优于自然恢复组(P<0.05);金樱茎多糖组仅乳杆菌数量高于模型组(P<0.01)。结论:金樱根、金樱茎多糖对正常小鼠肠道菌群失调有一定调整作用,且金樱根多糖效果优于金樱茎多糖。     

丹参药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量测定

[目的]对不同产地的丹参药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量进行测定,为高品质丹参药材的筛选提供某种依据,并为中药材质量标准的建立提供一定的参考价值.[方法]样品经湿法消解后,用原子吸收分光光度法进行检测.[结果]超标率为:铅6.25%;镉100%;砷0;汞0;铜31.25%.[结论]不同产地的丹参药材中砷、汞含量较低,铅和铜的含量个别超标,镉含量严重超标.     

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic activities of Galium mexicanum

Ethnopharmacological relevance

To study the potential benefit of the traditional Mexican medicinal plant Galium mexicanum Kunth (Rubiaceae). Hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts as well as various fractions from these extracts were tested to determine antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic or anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.

Materials and methods

Aerial parts of the plant were extracted with various solvents and fractionated accordingly. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed on nine bacterial and four fungal strains. Leishmania donovani was used as a protozoan strain for antiparasitic activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was investigated by measuring the secretion of interleukin-6 when macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide.

Results

Various extracts and fractions obtained from this plant exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Of special interest was the hexane fraction HE 14b, which show antibacterial (ranging between 67 and 666 μg/ml) and antifungal (at concentrations of 333 μg/ml) activities. Also the hexane fraction HE 5 exhibited antiparasitic activity (at concentrations of 260 μg/ml), whereas the methanol fraction ME 13-15 showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity when compared to dexamethasone. Chemical analyses of the chloroform extract show the presence of triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and glucosides, but no tannins were detected in the assayed extract.

Conclusions

The benefit of Galium mexicanum as a traditional medicinal plant was confirmed using antibacterial and antifungal assays in vitro. We also report for the first time, and to the best of our knowledge, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant.     

Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G: glycans of Eleutherococcus senticosus roots

Intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous extract of the crude drug "shigoka" (Siberian ginseng), Eleutherococcus senticosus roots, remarkably diminished plasma-sugar level in mice. Fractionation of the extract by monitoring the activity yielded seven glycans, eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, which exerted marked hypoglycemic effects in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice.     

反相高效液相色谱同时测定苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和槐胺碱的含量

目的 :建立同时测定苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和槐胺碱的 HPL C方法。方法 :用 VP-ODS150 mm× 4.6mm,5μm色谱柱 ,柱温 50℃ ,以甲醇 -水 -三乙胺 (55∶ 45∶ 0 .2 )为流动相 ,紫外检测波长 2 15nm,流速 0 .8ml/ min。结果 :在所确立的色谱条件下 4种生物碱得到很好地分离 ,标准曲线显示在 0 .1～ 0 .7μg范围内具有良好的线性关系 ,平均回收率为98.5%～ 10 1.0 %。结论 :该方法简便、快速、准确 ,可用于生药及制剂中苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和槐胺碱的同时测定     

电感耦合等离子质谱法测定热毒宁注射液中有害元素铅砷镉汞铜的含量

目的: 建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 测定热毒宁注射液中铅(Pb),砷(As),镉(Cd),汞(Hg),铜(Cu)5 种元素同时的方法。 方法: 样品经微波消解后,以ICP-MS同时测定上述5种元素,其中Cu,As以铬(Ge)作为内标, Cd以铟(In)作为内标,Hg,Pb以铋(Bi)作为内标进行定量以改善基体效应和干扰。 结果: 各元素的检出限在0.009~0.113 μg ·L^-1; 各元素的线性关系良好,Pb,As,Cd,Cu,Hg线性范围分别为0~20,0~20,0~10,0~200,0~5 μg ·L^-1。r均≥ 0.999;精密度RSD<1.9%;重复性良好,回收率在97.8%~110.9%,RSD<4.3%。20批样品中5种元素的含量均符合规定。 结论: 该方法操作简便,分析速度快,灵敏度高,各项分析性能指标均达到要求,适用于热毒宁注射液中Pb,As,Cd,Hg,Cu元素的测定。     

Phytochemistry, Metabolism, and Metabolomics of Ginseng

Ginseng, as a medicinal plant, has been used for thousands of years in China, Korea, and Japan, and the study on ginseng is a hotspot in the research field as evidenced by about 7000 scientific papers in PUBMED. In recent decades, many ginseng studies focused on the metabolism and metabolomics of ginseng or its active ingredients using modern bioanalytical technologies. To date, more than 200 ginsenosides and non-saponin constituents have been isolated and identified. In the past decades, rapid development of analytical technologies has facilitated the advancement of ginseng research in many ways. In this review, we focus on the advances of ginseng research in chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolomics. We also provide the comments on the significance as well as challenges of metabolomics-based ginseng studies.     

Ethnobotanical survey of antidiarrhoeal plants of Parinche valley,Pune district,Maharashtra, India

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Maharashtra is the third largest state in India with a large tribal population. Documentation of traditional knowledge through ethnobotanical studies is important for conservation and utilization of indigenous knowledge. Diarrhoeal diseases are the second largest cause of morbidity in rural India. Medicinal plants given by the traditional healers of Parinche in Pune district, Maharashtra are known to be efficacious for many common ailments, including diarrhoeal diseases.

Aim of the study

Ethnobotanical survey of antidiarrhoeal plants from Parinche valley towards the documentation and conservation of traditional knowledge.

Materials and methods

Interviews and inquiries were conducted amongst traditional healers, indigenous communities and village elders.

Results

One hundred and eighty two plants used by tribes and natives for different ailments were documented of which 28 flowering plants were for diarrhoea. Leaf was the most preferred plant part. Amongst the 28 plants, antidiarrhoeal activity of five plants viz., Caesalpinia sepiaria, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Launaea pinnatifida, Syzygium rubicundum and Ziziphus jujuba has not been reported previously. Two species viz., Ziziphus xylopyra and Syzygium rubicundum are endemic to India.

Conclusion

Parinche valley is an ethnobotanically rich area with abundant availability and knowledge of medicinal plants that can serve as a model for low cost health care.     

血竭含药血清对雪旺氏细胞NGF,BDNF,CNTF,LNGFR,TrkA,GDNF,GAP-43和NF-H表达的影响

目的:观察血竭含药血清对雪旺氏细胞NGF,BDNF,CNTF,LNGFR,TrkA,GDNF,GAP43和NF-H表达的影响,探讨其促进周围神经再生的可能机制.方法:SD大鼠随机分为血竭给药组(灌服血竭的香油溶液)和空白对照组(等体积香油),制备血竭含药血清和空白对照血清.选取出生3 dSD大鼠双侧坐骨神经制备雪旺氏细胞;将培养的雪旺氏细胞分为血竭组和空白对照组,分别用10％血竭含药血清和空白对照血清干预培养.48 h后应用RT-PCR法检测各组雪旺氏细胞NGF,BDNF等基因mRNA表达水平.结果:镜下观察到大部分雪旺氏细胞呈双极梭形,细胞呈肩对肩或端对端排列,免疫细胞化学鉴定均呈阳性;与空白组比较,血竭组NGF,LNGFR,GDNF和GAP43 mRNA表达上调(P＜0.01),BDNF mRNA表达下调(P＜0.05),CNTF和TrkA的mRNA均下调(P＜0.01),NF-H mRNA无显著差异.结论:中药血竭可能是通过上调NGF,LNGFR,GDNF,GAP-43的mRNA的表达,同时下调BDNF,CNTF,TrkA mRNA来发挥其促进神经修复作用.     

从热毒湿瘀虚辨治小儿IgA肾病

IgA肾病病理机制复杂,热邪为IgA肾病诱发和加重的始动因素,湿毒内蕴是IgA肾病关键病机,瘀血为IgA肾病病理基础,气阴两虚为IgA肾病的根本病机。设立总治则为祛邪扶正,常用治疗方法有清热解毒、清热利湿、活血化瘀、益气养阴。