女性控尿解剖机制的多层螺旋CT研究

目的 研究女性控尿解剖机制在16层螺旋CT上的表现和价值.方法 对正常控尿的20位女性的下尿路、盆底肌肉进行16层螺旋cT的横截位连续增强扫描.在层距1mm、层厚2mm、螺距1.5、床进速度4.5mm/s的条件下,注射优维显后28s～35s进行连续扫描.结果 在增强的16层螺旋CT影像上,可以区分女性尿道与阴道等尿道周围组织;与控尿有关的盆底肌肉也能够清楚显示;CT观察证实女性尿道的肌肉是独立的,与盆底其他肌肉并不相连.结论 增强的16层螺旋CT可作为观察女性尿道的影像学方法,具有一定的临床应用价值.     

多层螺旋CT尿道成像在尿道狭窄诊断中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT尿道成像技术在尿道狭窄诊断中的应用价值.方法 对20例因各种原因引起的尿道狭窄病例同时进行普通X线排尿造影和多层螺旋CT尿道成像枪查,观察尿道狭窄情况,与手术结果对照,并进行统计学分析.结果 多层螺旋CT尿道成像不仪能显示尿道狭窄部位和狭窄稃度,而且能显示尿道狭窄处与周围组织的关系,而后者在普通x线排尿造影中无法显示.结论 多层螺旋CT尿道成像分辨率高,较普通X线排尿造影显示尿道狭窄更具优势.     

运用计算机3dsMax技术构建男性膀胱尿道三维静态数学模型

目的：利用膀胱尿道CT影像材料通过计算机采集分析信息并利用软件3dsMax构建男性膀胱尿道三维数学模型。方法：采集24例成人男性膀胱尿道CT影像图片。通过DICOM浏览器扫描CT图像膀胱壁及男性尿道及副性腺与周围组织结构密度，运用计算机3dsMax软件构建男性膀胱的三维数学模型。结果：使用3dsMax计算机技术构建的3D男性膀胱、尿道、前列腺模型具有全方位，全视觉的特点．能够任意对不同的剖面进行分割，是用于教学及科研较好的数学模型。结论：计算机绘制三维匝建技术所构建的三维数学模型，能够进行男性膀胱尿道数字化。     

16层螺旋CT三维重建技术在泌尿系病变诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨16层螺旋CT三维重建技术在泌尿系病变增强延时扫描时的应用价值.方法 28例泌尿系病变病例行16层螺旋CT平扫、双期增强扫描以及延时尿路造影扫描,利用后处理技术对延时扫描资料进行三维重建处理,可以得到包括肾盏、肾盂、输尿管及膀胱在内的完整尿路三维成像.结果 16层螺旋CT延时尿路造影清晰显示了泌尿系的解剖结构,以及病变和尿路之间的空间关系.28例患者中,诊断肾盂输尿管重复畸形5例,肾位置异常2例,巨输尿管2例,腔静脉后输尿管3例,泌尿系结石8例,肾输尿管肿瘤8例,肿瘤病例均经手术病理证实.CT诊断与临床诊断符合率100%.结论 16层螺旋CT增强延时尿路造影扫描,对显示泌尿系病变部位、病因和尿路梗阻的程度具有高速、后处理快捷、安全可靠的特点,可提供高分辨尿路图像,可作为诊断泌尿系疾病的一种新型无创伤影像学方法.     

64排螺旋CT胆道成像对梗阻性黄疸诊断的临床价值

目的 探讨64排螺旋CT增强扫描胆道成像对梗阻性黄疸的临床诊断价值.方法 选择2008年5月至2010年5月期间住院的295例梗阻性黄疸患者,应用64排螺旋CT进行中上腹部的常规及增强扫描,同时行三维胆系重建成像,对胆道梗阻的原因进行定位和定性诊断,并与手术所见及术后病理结果进行对比.结果 181例胆总管结石患者,除3例阴性结石未显示外,其余178例术前64排螺旋CT增强扫描胆道图像重建均清晰显示结石所在,定位定性诊断准确率达98.34%.14例肝胆管结石症及3例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者均得到正确定位及定性诊断,诊断准确率达100%.87例胆管肿瘤或壶腹部肿瘤,86例64排螺旋CT增强扫描术前准确定位,定位诊断准确率达98.85%,81例患者得到正确定位及定性诊断,定性诊断准确率达91.95%.结论 64排螺旋CT增强扫描胆道成像对梗阻性黄疸诊断成像清晰,定位定性诊断准确,值得临床进一步研究应用.     

数字化多层螺旋CT对骨关节创伤的评价

目的 探讨数字化多层螺旋CT对骨关节创伤的应用价值. 方法 对66例骨关节创伤患者行64层螺旋CT扫描,并进行二维多平面重建;23例患者行三维容积再现,对3例疑血管病变的患者行64层螺旋CT血管成像检查,对不同重建方法进行分析.结果 64层螺旋CT扫描成像对骨关节创伤显示清楚,诊断正确率为100%,二维多平面重建有助于骨折细节和错位的显示及软组织损伤的显示,三维容积再现有助于骨折和局部复杂的解剖结构直观的立体显示. 结论 数字化多层螺旋CT有助于创伤的正确分型和临床治疗方案的选择,可以对骨关节创伤做出正确的术前诊断并评价其疗效.     

640层CT动态容积排泄性膀胱尿道造影术对前列腺增生梗阻的研究

目的探讨640层CT动态容积排泄性膀胱尿道造影对前列腺增生(BPH)继发膀胱出口梗阻(BOO)的诊断价值。方法回顾分析2013年12月至2018年12月云南省第二人民医院就诊并接受CT排泄性膀胱尿道造影扫描的男性患者资料,经临床诊断为BPH继发膀胱出口梗阻BOO的患者60例,临床检查无膀胱出口梗阻的34例受检者作为对照组。所有数据导入minics生成三维图像,选取排尿期间尿道体积及截面最大一组图像进行测量。数据采用ROC曲线下面积分析和Logistic回归多变量分析。结果 Logistic回归多变量分析结果显示前列腺后叶厚度及尿道长度的改变是诊断前列腺增生导致梗阻的独立、有效指标。ROC曲线分析提示前列腺后叶厚度、尿道长度ROC曲线下面积分别为:0.984、0.961,诊断前列腺增生导致梗阻的敏感性分别为100%,93.1%,特异性分别为86.7%,93.3%。结论 640层CT动态容积排泄性膀胱尿道造影可以获得BPH患者在排尿过程中膀胱及后尿道全程影像数据,具有无创、清晰及可以任意方位重组观察等优点,能量化及直观判断BPH导致BOO引起的后尿道的形态改变。     

320排动态容积CT尿路成像技术在泌尿外科疾病诊断中的应用

目的探讨320排CT尿路成像技术在泌尿外科疾病诊断中的应用。方法收集本院在2009年以来有临床症状并行泌尿系统320排CT扫描的病例80例,扫描包括常规容积薄层平扫、动脉期、静脉期、延迟期扫描(CTU)。所有数据在后台随机的后处理软件进行MPR、CPR、SSD、VR及MIP等三维重建。结果所有病例均成功重建出显影的肾、输尿管和膀胱的三维图像,能旋转、切割、放大等清晰显示泌尿系统整体和局部细微结构、形状、走形及与周围组织关系。结论采用适当的扫描方法和重建方法,320排CT泌尿系统成像技术有显著的优势,可满足临床需要。     

螺旋CT仿真内窥镜技术在膀胱肿瘤分期诊断中的应用

目的 探讨螺旋CT仿真内窥镜(CTVE)对膀胱肿瘤分期诊断的作用。方法 对10例正常对照和40例经手术病理检查证实的膀胱肿瘤患者术前采用多层面螺旋CT机进行容积扫描,将所得扫描数据转入工作站利用三维重建检查软件进行后处理,获得膀胱CTVE三维图像。将重建图像分别与冠状或轴位CT扫描、膀胱镜检查所见、手术中所见及病理检查结果进行比较分析。结果 CTVE对膀胱肿瘤检出率及分期准确率分别为98％(39／40)和85％(33／39),直径≥0．5cm的肿瘤显示率为100%。可观察尿道内口及膀胱颈部病变,弥补膀胱镜视野盲区,但不能显示膀胱黏膜的表浅病变及进行活检。结论 CTVE具有无创优点,在膀胱肿瘤临床分期及膀胱镜视野盲区的肿瘤诊断方面是膀胱镜较好的替代和补充方法。     

多排螺旋CT三维重建在鼻骨外伤骨折诊断中的准确性及临床应用价值

目的:探讨多排螺旋CT三维重建在鼻骨外伤骨折诊断中的准确性及临床应用价值.方法:对28例面部外伤患者进行多排螺旋CT薄层扫描和三维后重建成像,得出影像诊断鼻骨骨折的直观性及准确性.结果:多排螺旋CT三维重建成像能够立体地显示骨折的位置、形态、范围和类型.结论:多排螺旋CT三维重建成像对于显示鼻骨骨折的空间关系具有重要的诊断价值.     

Morphological aspects of the female pig bladder neck and urethra: quantitative analysis using computer assisted 3-dimensional reconstructions

PURPOSE: To investigate whether the pig is a suitable model for studies of lower urinary tract function and dysfunction, we sought to determine the morphology of the female pig bladder neck and urethra. Computer assisted 3-dimensional (D) reconstructions from step serial histological sections were used for visualization of the spatial relationships between neighboring urethral wall components, and the quantification of these components in the bladder neck and along the urethra. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Step serial histological paraffin sections from the bladder neck and urethra of 6 female pigs, stained with Masson's trichrome, were used to generate computer assisted 3-D reconstructions using MacStereology (Ranfurly MicroSystems Ltd., Airdrie, United Kingdom) as the 3-D software package. RESULTS: The bladder neck and urethral anatomy revealed well defined smooth and striated muscle layers that varied in location, regional distribution and orientation. Circular smooth muscle was maximally developed in the mid urethra, at which point maximal urethral pressure was observed. The longitudinal smooth muscle layer appeared continuous with the detrusor, implicating a possible role in urethral shortening at the onset of voiding. A small circular and longitudinal striated muscle component was present in the distal urethra. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical differences exist between the female pig and human bladder neck and urethra, which were successfully highlighted using computer assisted 3-D reconstructions from step serial histological paraffin sections.     

Two cases of giant female urethral stone in long-term bedridden elderly

A 78-year-old female suffering from a cerebral infarction and subdural hematoma was referred to us due to a hard mass in the anterior vaginal wall which was disclosed during gynecological examination. An abdominal X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that a large spindle-shaped stone, 60 x 42 mm in size, was impacting the urethra. It was impossible to catheterize the urethra. The stone gradually projected through the external urethral meatus and was removed by grasping and drawing with forceps. Another 83-year-old female with senile dementia was referred to us because of macrohematuria. An abdominal X-ray and CT showed the presence of two oval bladder stones, 32 x 24 mm and 30 x 21 mm in size. During a follow-up, one of the stones projected partially through the external urethral meatus and was removed by drawing with forceps. After a week, the other stone impacted the urethra and was removed in the same way. Both women were frail, bedridden institutionalized elderly with severe dementia, and their urination had been managed with diapers for years. As the proportion of elderly people in Japan rapidly increases, female urethral stones migrating from the urinary bladder, once very rare, may increase in number, to which we must pay attention.     

Evaluation of the efficacy of 2- versus 3-dimensional computed tomography.

Simulated 3-dimensional (3-D) representation of computerized data is a valuable diagnostic tool in evaluation of tumors of the central nervous system. Several reports exist regarding the clinical value of 3-D imaging, but there is little objective evidence to quantify improved performance from the images. The purpose of this study was to quantify the efficacy of simulated 3-D versus 2-D image interpretation in a nonclinical model. A 3-tiered, 3-D model was constructed, and objects were placed in varied positions. CT was then performed on each of the models. Fifty-three subjects were shown the CT images and asked to reconstruct the model as depicted by either 2-D or simulated 3-D images. Performance between subject groups was different depending on clinical experience. In addition, it was found that the 3-D representation of data allowed for a significantly faster performance of the task of image interpretation and reconstruction of the model.     

THE FEMALE URETHRAL SPHINCTER: A MORPHOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL STUDY

Purpose

We reassess the anatomy and topography of the female urethral sphincter system and its innervation in regard to urethra sparing anterior exenteration and other surgical procedures.

Materials and Methods

Anatomical and histological studies were performed on 9 fetal specimens and 4 adult cadavers. Using graphics software the anatomical structures of the true pelvis were reconstructed based on computerized tomography cross sections and digitized histological sections. On the adult cadavers anterior exenteration was performed to study the implications of the isolated urethra and its sphincter mechanism.

Results

Strata of connective tissue were found to divide the smooth muscles of the proximal two-thirds of the female urethra into 3 layers. Computer guided 3-dimensional reconstruction of digitized histological sections showed that thin fibers of the pelvic plexus course to this part of the urethra. The majority of these fibers may be preserved by carefully dissecting the bladder neck and the proximal portion of the urethra, leaving the lateral vaginal walls intact. The striated rhabdosphincter, which is innervated by fibers of the pudendal nerve, was in the caudal third of the urethra.

Conclusions

A well-defined sphincteric structure or sphincter could not be anatomically recognized in the bladder neck region. The majority of rhabdosphincter fibers were found in the middle and caudal thirds of the urethra. Thus, in patients undergoing removal of the bladder neck and part of the proximal portion of the urethra continence can be maintained by the remaining urethral sphincter system, provided that innervation remains essentially intact.     

In vitro alpha-adrenoceptor autoradiography of the urethra and urinary bladder of the female pig, cat, guinea-pig and rat

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptors in the urethra and urinary bladder of the female pig, cat, guinea-pig and rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The binding distributions of an alpha1-adrenoceptor ligand (3H-prazosin) and an alpha2-adrenoceptor ligand (3H-rauwolscine) were determined using in vitro autoradiography. Autoradiograms were analysed by combining computer-based image analysis and light microscopy. RESULTS: In the pig, guinea-pig and rat urethra 3H-prazosin binding was highest in the muscle layer. In the cat urethra 3H-prazosin binding could not be analysed due to a negative chemography artefact. In the pig, cat and guinea-pig urethra 3H-rauwolscine binding was highest in the urothelium, followed by the sub-mucosa, with low levels in muscle. Little 3H-rauwolscine binding was observed in the rat urethra. In the urinary bladder of all species 3H-prazosin binding was low. In the rat bladder, binding was higher in the trigone than in the dome. In the pig, cat and guinea-pig bladder 3H-rauwolscine binding was highest in the mucosa. with little binding in muscle or lamina propria. In the rat bladder, there was little binding and no regional differences. CONCLUSIONS: Alpha1-adrenoceptors were predominantly located in urethral smooth muscle, indicating their contractile importance in maintaining continence. Alpha2-Adrenoceptors were present in the urethral submucosa and bladder mucosa, but not in muscle, suggesting a role in regulation of blood flow, urethral lubrication and tumescence, but not in contraction.     

Bladder dysfunction after proximal urethrolysis in female dogs.

BACKGROUND: Functional changes in the bladder after proximal urethrolysis are not recognized, despite the development of neuroanatomical studies of the female urethra or functional studies of the urethra after cystectomy. The aim of the present pilot study is to investigate possible functional changes in the bladder after proximal urethrolysis in female dogs. METHODS: The bilateral nerve branches to the urethra were resected by separating the urethra from the anterior vaginal wall in 10 female dogs. Pre- and postoperative cystometrograms were recorded under anesthesia and the bladder capacity, threshold pressure for micturition and bladder stiffness (the inverse of compliance) were compared. RESULTS: Fourteen days postoperatively, the bladder capacity significantly decreased and the threshold pressure and bladder stiffness significantly increased. Eight weeks after surgery, the threshold pressure and bladder stiffness remained high, but the bladder capacity tended to return to baseline values. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that proximal urethrolysis with bilateral sections of the nerve branches to the urethra produces a low-compliant bladder in the early postoperative period and suggest that afferent stimuli from the urethra may participate in maintaining a compliant bladder during filling.     

Virtual 3-dimensional preoperative planning with the dextroscope for excision of a 4th ventricular ependymoma.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Advances in computer imaging and technology have facilitated enhancement in surgical planning with a 3-dimensional model of the surgical plan of action utilizing advanced visualization tools in order to plan individual interactive operations with the aid of the dextroscope. This provides a proper 3-dimensional imaging insight to the pathological anatomy and sets a new dimension in collaboration for training and education. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The case of a seventeen-year-old female, being operated with the aid of a preoperative 3-dimensional virtual reality planning and the practical application of the neurosurgical operation, is presented. This young lady presented with a two-year history of recurrent episodes of severe, global, throbbing headache with episodes of projectile vomiting associated with shoulder pain which progressively worsened. She had no obvious neurological deficits on clinical examination. CT and MRI showed a contrast-enhancing midline posterior fossa space-occupying lesion. INTERVENTION: Utilizing virtual imaging technology with the aid of a dextroscope which generates stereoscopic images, a 3-dimensional image was produced with the CT and MRI images. A preoperative planning for excision of the lesion was made and a real-time 3-dimensional volume was produced and surgical planning with the dextroscope was made and the lesion excised. CONCLUSION: Virtual reality has brought new proportions in 3-dimensional planning and management of various complex neuroanatomical problems that are faced during various operations. Integration of 3-dimensional imaging with stereoscopic vision makes understanding the complex anatomy easier and helps improve decision making in patient management.     

Three cases of urinary retention caused by uterine leiomyoma

Three females with urinary retention caused by uterine leiomyoma are reported. The patients were 35, 48 and 50 years old. In each patient, transabdominal ultrasonography showed a large and homogeneous mass located in the retrovesical space, compressing the bladder. Pre-operative computed tomographic (CT) scan and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed uterine leiomyoma which severely compressed the bladder from the posterior wall to the urethra. The urinary symptoms completely resolved in all patients following total hysterectomy, and postoperative uroflowmetry demonstrated normal voiding.