超急性期脑梗塞的影像学诊断分析

目的:分析超急性期脑梗塞影像学特点。材料与方法:回顾性分析138例超急性期脑梗塞,56例行头颅CT平扫;82例行头颅MRI,其中59例为MRI平扫(T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR序列、矢状位T1WI)+弥散加权像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI),23例为MRI平扫+DWI+灌注成像((perfusion-weighted imaging,PWI);比较不同检查检出情况。结果:头颅CT阳性检出率为10.71%,常规MRI平扫阳性检出率为13.41%,无显著差异;DWI、PWI阳性检出率皆为100%,且异常信号定位与临床症状体征皆一致;DWI、PWI检查的23例中,16例PWI异常信号区域明显大于DWI,7例PWI与DWI大小类似;CT平扫与DWI+PWI检查阳性检出率比较,具有显著性差异。结论:在超急性期脑梗塞的影像学诊断方面,CT的优势在于排除脑出血,以及扫描快捷、易于实施;在阳性检出率方面,CT平扫与常规脑MRI平扫皆无优势;MRI弥散加权像、灌注成像具有强大诊断敏感性,能发现其它检查不能发现的阳性征象,其中灌注成像意义更重要。     

64排螺旋CT灌注成像在超急性期脑梗死的应用

目的探讨64排螺旋CT脑容积灌注成像在超急性期脑梗死的应用价值。方法对2例缺血性卒中患者,于发病6h内行CT平扫及CT脑容积灌注成像,分析平扫及灌注表现,测量缺血区的灌注参数值,并应用灌注扫描图像重建Willis环动脉。结果2例患者常规CT平扫未发现异常;而CT脑容积灌注成像发现与临床症状相对应的灌注减低区,表现为脑血流量及脑血容量减低、平均通过时间延迟;重建Willis环动脉图像均显示左侧大脑中动脉闭塞。结论CT脑容积灌注成像能够快速、准确反映缺血部位及范围,重建血管成像可以判断闭塞血管,对早期诊断缺血性卒中和指导溶栓治疗有重要价值。     

16层螺旋CT灌注成像和CTA在超急性期脑梗塞诊断中的应用

目的探讨螺旋CT灌注成像和CTA对脑梗塞的超急性期诊断、缺血半暗带的判断及判断缺血部位的应用。方法对30例临床怀疑为超急性期脑梗塞患者在发病后6小时内行16层螺旋CT平扫、灌注成像及CTA成像,观察CT平扫表现及灌注图像、CTA重建图像,所有病例均在发病后1周复查CT平扫。结果5例CT平扫发现可疑脑缺血区,25例平扫未发现异常。30例CT灌注图上均发现与临床症状相对应的脑缺血区。CTA发现大脑中动脉闭塞10例,大脑中动脉狭窄5例,大脑前动脉狭窄3例,大脑后动脉狭窄2例,颈内动脉狭窄5例,未发现异常5例。结论16层螺旋CT灌注成像诊断超急性脑梗塞具有较好的特异性和敏感性,能发现缺血半暗带存在并提示临床预后。16层CTA能发现缺血病变的原因,为临床进一步治疗提供确切依据。     

CT血管造影和弥散加权成像在不同起病时间急性期脑梗死诊断中的应用

目的分析CT血管造影(CTA)、MRI的弥散加权成像(DWI)在不同起病时间急性期脑梗死(ACI)临床诊断中的应用价值。方法我院收治的100例ACI患者,根据起病时间分为超急性期(6 h) 20例、急性期(6～24 h) 38例、亚急性期(24～72 h) 42例,均自愿配合完成CTA或DWI检查及图像、相关数据采集,对比分析不同起病时间患者CTA、DWI检查结果。结果超急性期常规CT、MRI检查未发现明显异常,大部分急性期、亚急性期常规CT扫描提示存在早期脑梗死,常规MRI扫描提示T2WI上可见大片高信号病灶。共83例接受CTA检查,其中超急性期、急性期、亚急性期分别为15例、29例、39例,CTA显示颅内血管病变率为53. 33%、78. 95%、100%,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。共69例接受DWI检查,其中超急性期15例,DWI提示13例显著高信号,ADC呈现显著低信号,另2例DWI信号未见明显异常;急性期18例,可见DWI呈现高信号、ADC低信号;亚急性期36例,均表现为DWI等/稍高信号、ADC等/稍低信号;超急性期、急性期、亚急性期患者患侧ADC值依次逐渐提高,且与对应健侧ADC值比较差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 CTA和DWI可有效显示不同起病时间的ACI患者脑血管病变、梗死病灶及脑实质情况,二者均可为ACI的早期诊断提供可靠依据。     

MRI（DWI）、CT对超急性期脑梗死的诊断价值对比分析

[目的]探讨MRI与CT成像分别对超急性期脑梗死的诊断价值,为临床早期诊断及治疗提供明确依据.[方法]收集经临床综合诊断证实的病例30例超急性期脑梗死.所有病例均行常规MRI及弥散成像检查和CT扫描,比较两者对病灶检出率和临床关系.[结果]30例超急性期脑梗死灶在弥散成像上均清晰明确显示,在常规MRI均未明确显示,仅小部分病例可显示间接征象 CT像上均未见明显异常改变.[结论]MRI弥散加权成像对超急性期及急性期脑梗死病灶的诊断有很大的临床价值和明显优势,特别是对于早期大面积脑梗死灶的诊断具有明确优势.     

三维CT全脑灌注血容量成像在超急性期脑梗死的初步应用

目的 探讨三维CT全脑灌注血容量成像在超急性期脑梗死的应用价值.方法 对25例发病6 h以内的超急性期脑梗死患者行常规螺旋CT平扫及CT血管造影(CTA)检查,分析CT平扫表现,并使用Siemens三维NeuroPBV软件对CTA源图像和CT平扫图像进行减影处理,获得三维彩色PBV图像.比较CT平扫与PBV图像对急性脑缺血灶的检出率.全部病例于发病后2～7 d复查CT平扫.对PBV图像显示的脑灌注异常区体积与复查CT平扫显示的梗死灶体积进行比较分析,并采用Spearman相关分析方法对其进行相关性检验.结果 25例患者首次头颅CT平扫12例发现早期脑梗死征象,13例未发现异常,重建三维PBV图像均发现与临床症状相对应的脑灌注异常区.复查CT平扫图像上25例患者最终梗死灶体积与PBV图像上灌注异常区体积存在显著正相关(rs=0.837,P<0.001).结论 PBV图像能够三维显示急性脑缺血全脑灌注信息,对早期发现脑缺血、全面评价缺血范围、避免病灶漏诊有重要价值.     

320排容积CT全脑灌注成像在急性缺血性脑血管病中的应用

目的探讨320排容积CT全脑灌注成像在急性缺血性脑血管病(AICVD)中的应用价值。方法对20例临床拟诊为AICVD患者,于发病24h内行头颅CT平扫和全脑CT灌注(CTP)成像检查,获得脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)、达峰时间(TTP)等参数,同时获得动态CT血管成像(4D-CTA)图;于CTP检查后24h内复查MR,分析其CTP、4D-CTA及MRI表现。结果常规CT平扫示8例有脑缺血病灶,12例未见明显异常。全脑CTP20例患者共发现与临床症状相对应的32个缺血灶,MRI发现26个病灶表现为梗死灶。4D-CTA显示责任血管不同程度狭窄或闭塞,20例患者中14例血管狭窄,2例闭塞,4例正常。结论 320排容积CT全脑灌注成像可同时获得CTP、4D-CTA图像,实现对AICVD的全面评价。     

CT灌注成像和磁共振弥散成像在急性脑梗死诊断中的应用价值

目的:探究CT灌注成像(CTPI)和磁共振弥散成像(DWI)在急性脑梗死诊断中的应用价值。方法:将2015年3月—2017年9月在我院接受诊治的68例急性脑梗死患者作为研究对象,这些患者中,超急性期有25例,急性期43例,并对所有患者进行磁共振弥散加权成像扫描,超急性期患者同时进行CT灌注成像扫描。结果:超急性期患者有23例CT灌注成像显示异常灌注,21例磁共振弥散加权成像DWI序列显示高信号,ADC呈低信号,而急性期患者磁共振弥散加权成像全部显示高信号。其中,23例异常灌注的感兴趣区脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、峰值时间(TTP)在病灶中心、病灶周边上检测的三项数值分别为8.62±1.23m l/100g min,2.68±1.21m l/g,13.29±1.31s;39.18±3.12ml/100g min,9.56±1.68ml/g,11.89±1.74s。数据经检验具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。讨论:CT灌注成像和磁共振弥散加权成像能够更快的诊断出超急性脑梗死疾病,从而提高患者早期治疗的时间窗,为临床溶栓及取栓提供有力依据,有利于患者早期恢复,支持在医学上广泛使用。     

64层螺旋CT脑灌注成像诊断急性脑缺血性疾病

目的探讨64层螺旋CT脑灌注成像在急性脑缺血性疾病中的诊断价值。材料与方法20例急性脑缺血性疾病的患者行64层螺旋头颅CT平扫、CT脑灌注成像(CT perfusion,CTP)检查,将CT平扫图像与CTP图像及各参数比较,同时梗死区与周围半暗带及健侧各CTP参数比较。结果首次头颅CT平扫发现脑梗塞病灶12例,复查头颅CT检出腔隙性脑梗塞2例;CTP发现18例病灶,2例腔隙性脑梗塞CTP未见异常。在灌注异常的CTP图像中,测定病灶中央、周围区及健侧的脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、对比剂平均通过时间(MTT)及达峰时间(TTP),病灶中央与周围区、病灶与健侧对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论64层螺旋CT脑灌注成像能提高急性脑缺血性疾病病灶的检出率。分析CTP各参数可区分脑梗死区及缺血半暗带,有助于临床对治疗方案的选择及对预后的判断。     

多层螺旋CT成像对早期及超早期脑缺血性疾病的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT灌注成像(MSCTPl)技术在早期及超早期脑缺血性疾病中的诊断价值方法对72例发病24h内(其中26例发病时间少于6h的急性脑血管疾病的患者,进行CT平扫。对其中34例CT平扫阴性者进行螺旋CT灌注成像(MSCTPl),结果34例患者CT平扫阴性者(其中发病时间少于6h患者20例,14例患者发病时间24h时)行多层螺旋CT注成像,可见34例患者中30例观察ROI区域的Perrusion(灌注),PEI(峰值增强),TTP(对比剂峰值时间),BV(脑血容量),MTT(对比剂平均通过时间)等指数异常变化,与临床表现和48h或MRI复查脑梗塞部位大致相符。结论多层螺旋CT灌注成像(MSCTPl)技术对早期及超早期脑缺血性疾病有一定的诊断价值。     

Assessment of acute phase proteins in acute ischemic stroke

Acute phase proteins (APPs) have been implicated to play important roles during both acute and chronic inflammatory processes in different diseases including ischemic stroke. Though there are several studies showing the importance of APPs as inflammation markers in acute ischemic stroke (AIS), the time course of these proteins during acute phase of AIS is not well known. Thus, the aim of this study was to show the changes in plasma levels of six APPs (i.e., haptoglobin [Hp], ceruloplasmin [Cp], high-sensitive C-reactive protein [h-CRP], fibrinogen, complement 3 [C3] and complement 4 [C4]) during the first 10 days after acute stroke. The study group consisted of 34 female and 19 male patients (n = 53; mean age 65 +/- 12 years), who had first acute ischemic stroke (AIS). An age-matched control group (n = 53; 32 female and 21 male subjects, mean age 62 +/- 6 years) was also included. To evaluate the plasma levels of six APPs, the blood samples of patients with AIS were withdrawn on admission (day 1), and after 3, 5 and 10 days, whereas only one measurement was performed in the control group. In addition, several cerebrovascular risk factors were determined. The peak levels of APPs were higher in the AIS group than the control group (p < 0.0001). In serial measurements, the levels of h-CRP, Hp, C3 and C4 showed alterations during 10 days after AIS (p < 0.0001, p < 0.05, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, respectively). The alterations in levels of fibrinogen and Cp were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). After stroke, h-CRP, C3 and fibrinogen reached their highest values on the third day, Cp and C4 on the fifth day, and Hp on the tenth day. The plasma levels of h-CRP correlated positively with other five APPs studied (p < 0.05). These findings support the importance of inflammation processes after stroke. We suggest that the differences in levels of APPs could be used in predicting the outcome of stroke patients.     

Imaging in acute stroke

Introduction: Stroke is the third leading cause of death and disability in Canada. In the hyperacute stroke setting, the treating physician must make a time critical decision on the treatment of each patient. Recent advances in imaging help the treating physician identify the subgroup of patients eligible for acute treatment of ischaemic stroke.

Areas covered: In this review we will discuss Non-Contrast Computed Tomography (NCCT), CT-Angiography (CTA), and CT-Perfusion (CTP) in assessment of patients with acute ischaemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage. Intravenous tPA was the only proven therapy for acute ischaemic stroke presenting within 4.5 hours, until the five recent trials proved the efficacy of EVT for acute ischaemic stroke with proximal arterial occlusion. Imaging played a major role in patient selection in all five trials.

Expert commentary: The challenge of rapid clinical assessment, review of imaging and timely treatment will continue to be made easier as the development and understanding of imaging progresses.     

Neuroimaging in acute stroke

This article reviews the various imaging modalities available for the evaluation of patients presenting with a potential stroke syndrome, specifically acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. It reviews the various computed tomography (CT) modalities, including noncontrast brain CT (NCCT), CT angiography, and CT perfusion. It discusses multimodal magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of patients with acute stroke, including diffusion-weighted imaging, T2-weighted sequences/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, magnetic resonance angiography, perfusion-weighted imaging, and gradient-recalled echo. At the end of this article, a brief review on how to read an NCCT geared toward the emergency physician is included.     

Immunoreactivity in acute bronchitis

In 20 patients with acute bronchitis (AB) the results of the investigations of cellular and humoral immunity and the phagocytic system were compared with a clinical and bronchoscopic picture of disease. The acute period of disease was characterized by considerable activation of the majority of immunoreactivity indices. Complete normalization of the immune status and clinical findings was observed only 3-4 mos after recovery.