亚健康与非亚健康状态的情绪障碍、应对方式和社会支持对比研究

目的探讨亚健康与非亚健康状态之间的焦虑抑郁情绪、应付方式和社会支持及其性别差异,旨在为临床实践提供依据。方法采用亚健康、医院用焦虑抑郁、应付方式以及社会支持问卷对2335名居民自愿者进行评定,然后以亚健康-16问卷评分≥30分的划为两组进行分析,同时在性别之间比较。结果亚健康状态组的焦虑抑郁、情绪缓冲性应付方式以及其"应付过程"的评分明显地高于对照组;而社会支持、问题定向性应付方式及其"应付过程",除了主观支持和女性中应付过程的"自信心"、"自我压抑"与"寻求支持"、"敏感化"评分之外,均较显著地降低;但亚健康状态的情绪、应付方式和社会支持评分无显著性别差异。结论两组应付方式、情绪障碍以及社会支持系统存在着差异,而亚健康状态的这方面的障碍无性别不同。     

汶川震区高中生创伤后心理亚健康的纵向研究

目的 了解2009-2010年汶川地震后高中生的心理亚健康状况,为心理援助及康复提供比较有针对性的依据.方法 采用儿童青少年创伤后应激症状量表、应付方式量表,先后2次对北川中学和什邡中学的196名高中生进行问卷调查.结果 ①2009-2010年汶川震区高中生创伤后心理应激与应付方式纵向比较有显著差异(t=-5.68,P＜0.01;t=-2.073,P＜0.05);②创伤后心理应激与应付方式具有显著的相关性(r=0.44,P＜0.01).结论 汶川震区高中生创伤后心理亚健康状况在2009-2010年有明显的变化.     

党政管理干部应激心理、自我效能感与主观幸福感的相关研究

目的 考察党政管理干部应激心理、自我效能感与主观幸福感的关系.方法 对307名党政管理干部进行团体用社会心理应激调查表、自我效能感、总体情感指数量表测量.结果 ①应激心理各方面(生活事件、情绪状态、应对方式、应激心理总分)与主观幸福感存在相关,自我效能感与主现幸福感显著正相关(r=0.289),②不同心理应激水平的主现幸福感差异显著(t=-2.425,P<0.05),不同自我效能感水平的主观幸福感差异显著(t=-47.41,P<0.001).结论 应激心理、自我效能感与主观幸福感存在相关.     

中学生视屏时间、心理亚健康与自伤行为

目的:调查我国中学生视屏时间及自伤行为现状,探讨在不同心理亚健康状态下视屏时间与自伤行为的关联.方法:选取沈阳、新乡、广州和重庆4个城市的中学生13817名,使用自伤行为及久坐行为调查问卷调查自伤行为和视屏时间,用青少年亚健康多维评定问卷评价心理亚健康状态.结果:学习日和周末视屏时间＞2 h/d者分别为2085人(15.1％)、8077人(58.5％),心理亚健康状态者2997人(21.7％),有自伤行为者3899人(28.2％).调整地区、性别、年级、吸烟、饮酒和年龄等混杂因素后,多因素logistic回归分析显示学习日视屏时间＞2 h/d在非心理亚健康状态的学生中与自伤行为无统计学关联,而在心理亚健康状态的学生中,学习日视屏时间＞2 h/d是自伤行为的危险因素(OR=1.27);无论中学生是否存在心理亚健康状态,周末视屏时间＞2 h/d均是自伤行的危险因素(OR=1.37、1.39).结论:较长视屏时间在中学生中普遍存在,且视屏时间较长、心理亚健康状态可能和自伤行为存在相关.     

应激情景对特质-状态焦虑及健康归因的影响

目的:探讨应激情景(SARS)中,特质焦虑的稳定性变化、状态焦虑的唤醒及健康状况的归因.方法:在自然发生的应激情景(SARS)中,用<状态-特质焦虑问卷>和<多维度健康状况心理控制源量表>对568名大学生进行问卷调查.结果:非应激期,被试的特质焦虑高于状态焦虑,应激情景中状态焦虑高于特质焦虑,不同时段之间特质焦虑水平差异显著(P＜0.001); 应激初期,低特质组的状态焦虑唤醒幅度大于高特质组, 差异明显(P＜0.001);被试间的健康状况心理控制源亦不相同.结论:应激情景下特质焦虑失去原有的稳定性,应激初期状态焦虑水平具有倾同性,但其健康归因各异.说明每一个人在重大应激事件中都需要社会的支持.     

亚健康人群心率变异性特点的研究

目的 探讨亚健康状态人群自主神经功能的特点.方法 随机选取70例亚健康状态人员,75例健康状态人员分别接受短时(5分钟)心率变异性分析,以正常心动周期的标准差(SDNN)、总功率(TP)、低频功率(LF)、高频功率(HF)、低频功率与高频功率比值(LF/HF)为考察指标,记录并进行统计学分析.结果 亚健康状态人群正常心动周期的标准差和总功率都显著低于健康人群(t=-4.643,P=0.00;t=-3.492,P=0.002);同时与健康人群比较,亚健康状态人群的低频功率增高,但未达统计学意义(t=0.898,P=0.377);高频功率有所下降,亦未达到统计学水平(t=-0.899,P=0.376);亚健康状态人群的低频功率与高频功率比值(LF/HF)与健康人群没有差异(t=0.943,P=0.354).结论 亚健康状态人群心率变异性降低,自主神经系统功能减退.     

中学生的亚健康状况与应激性生活事件、应对方式

目的:探讨中学生亚健康状况与应激性生活事件、应对方式的关系。方法:采用方便抽样的方法抽取4480名中学生,用自编一般情况问卷、青少年亚健康多维评定问卷(MSQA)、中学生生活事件多维评定问卷(MLER)和特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)进行测评。结果:根据MSQA的症状检出率,将样本分为健康组(n=2241)、亚健康症状组(n=1762)和亚健康状态组(n=477)。亚健康状态组学生M LER各维度评分以及TCSQ消极应对方式因子得分均高于健康组和亚健康症状组(均P0.05)。M LER各维度评分和TCSQ消极应对因子得分与MSQA阳性症状数之间呈正相关(r=0.35～0.37,均P0.01),TCSQ积极应对因子得分与M SQA阳性症状数呈负相关(r=-0.15,P0.01)。回归分析显示M LER中家庭生活、学校生活、同伴关系和健康成长4个维度以及TCSQ积极应对、消极应对2个因子与MSQA阳性症状数之间回归关系成立,存在一定关联(β=0.07～0.21,P0.01);且应对方式在应激性生活事件和亚健康状况之间存在中介作用。结论:本研究提示,中学生的生活事件应激量越大,亚健康状况可能越严重,且应对方式可能起一定的中介作用。     

亚健康状态综合评估问卷心里测量学指标初探

目的:初步建构中国人亚健康状态的诊断评估系统.方法:按比率随机抽取1200名被试进行施测,包括自编的中国人亚健康状态诊断评估量表;MMPI中文版的简式量表以及躯体疾病筛查表.结果:亚健康状态包括躯体、心理(认知、情绪、行为、自我)和社会(工作与学习角色的胜任情况、家庭角色的胜任情况及人际关系问题)三个部分.总量表及各因子的α系数在0.85-0.96之间;结构效度的模型拟合指数均达到要求.结论:本研究所编制的中国人亚健康状态诊断评估系统具有较好的心理测量学品质,可以进行下一步的常模建构工作.     

面部表情反馈对大学生心理亚健康影响的实验研究

目的 通过面部表情反馈实验,探索面部表情的调节对心理亚健康的影响.方法 运用亚健康自评量表和症状自评量表(SCL- 90)进行问卷调查筛选,选取21名被试通过匹配分成实验组1、实验组2、控制组进行面部表情反馈实验研究.结果 实验组1与控制组的后侧比较,实验组1在躯体化,人际敏感,焦虑和精神病性上显著低于控制组(t=-2.25,-2.45,-2.42,-2.39;P＜0.05);实验组2与控制组的后侧比较,实验组2在躯体化上,人际敏感和焦虑显著低于控制组(t=-2.06,-2.16,-2.23;P＜0.05);而实验组1和实验组2相比没有显著差异.结论 面部表情反馈对大学生心理亚健康有明显的影响.     

大学生心理亚健康及心理症状的相关研究

目的 了解大学生心理亚健康及心理症状的情况及主要影响因素.方法 运用亚健康自评量表和症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行问卷调查,采用Excel建立数据库,并用SPSS 16.0对数据进行统计分析.结果 样本中心理亚健康及心理症状的发生频率为61.8％;性别对大学生的心理亚健康影响较大;偏执在来自农村或城镇上有显著差异(t...     

Psychological distress and work and home roles: a focus on socio-economic differences in distress

BACKGROUND: Home and work factors have been linked to psychological status, but less is known about their contribution to social inequalities in psychological status. We examine whether social inequalities in psychological distress can be explained by work-home factors and whether the impact of these potential explanatory factors is similar for men and women. METHODS: Data are from the 1958 British birth cohort study. We sought to explain social class differences in psychological distress at age 33. Explanatory factors were classified as work-home roles: i.e. employment, marital status, domestic responsibility, children and elderly care; and work-home characteristics: i.e. job-strain, insecurity, unsocial working hours, youngest child's age, number of children and level of involvement in childcare. RESULTS: A social gradient in psychological distress was found: odds ratios for classes IV and V v. I and II were 2.65 (men) and 3.02 (women). Work factors had consistently stronger associations with psychological distress and with social class among men than women. Work factors had a greater impact on class differences in psychological distress in men. Associations for home roles and characteristics were less consistent and their combined effect on class differences in distress was negligible for both sexes. CONCLUSION: Explanations for the social gradient differ for men and women. Work may be more important for men than women, but the impact of home factors was not strong during the early adulthood of this cohort.     

中学毕业班教师性别间职业紧张及心理健康的对比分析

目的 探讨职亚紧张人群在相同职责条件下性别与职业紧张及心理健康的关系.方法 以中学毕业班任职教师为对象进行职业紧张因素、缓解因素、心理健康等因素的研究.结果 无论是否担任班主任,男性教师对工作相关因素控制程度、职务提升机会高于女性,而躯体不适、抑郁症、获得家庭支持是女性高于男性.在班主任教师中,男性的工作责任高于女性,...     

舟曲泥石流5年后居民PTSD与社会支持、心理弹性关系

目的:了解舟曲泥石流5年后受灾居民创伤后应激障碍状况与社会支持、心理弹性的关系,为灾后的远期心理援助工作提供参考依据。方法:采用创伤后应激障碍检查量表平民版(PCL-C)、社会支持评定量、心理弹性量表对舟曲244名受灾居民进行调查。结果:泥石流5年后受灾居民创伤后应激障碍阳性者有82例(33.61%),女性显著高于男性(χ2=21.049,P0.001);PTSD阳性者社会支持与心理弹性得分均低于PTSD阴性者,且有显著性差异(P0.05)。PTSD与社会支持、心理弹性总分呈负相关(r=-0.423,P=0.000;r=-0.158,P=0.014)。结论:泥石流给受灾居民的心理健康造成持续影响,创伤后应激障碍与社会支持、心理弹性有着密切的联系,应重视居民远期心理援助。     

Gender differences in the psychological adjustment to type 1 diabetes mellitus: an explorative study

This study examined gender differences in (1) the psychological adjustment to diabetes and (2) the relation between psychological adjustment and metabolic control in patients with type 1 diabetes. The 280 adult patients attending the outpatient diabetes clinic completed psychological self-rating questionnaires evaluating coping, depression, marital satisfaction, cognitive and emotional adjustment to diabetes. Glycaemic control was measured with HbA(1c)-values. This study revealed that men used significantly more active coping, less avoiding, less social support seeking and less depressive coping. Despite these differences, glycaemic control was not significantly better in men than in women. Women reported more depressive symptomatology than men did and more women were depressed. Significant gender differences were also found in psychological adjustment to diabetes. The psychological factors negatively related with the psychological adjustment to diabetes in men and women are depressive coping and depressive symptomatology.     

Marital status transitions and psychological distress: longitudinal evidence from a national population sample

BACKGROUND: Evidence is conflicting as to whether the association between marital status and psychological distress is due to selection (i.e. distress influences marital status) or causation (marital status influences distress). We investigate: (i) whether differences in psychological distress pre-date marital transitions; (ii) whether levels of distress change following transitions; and (iii) potential mediating and moderating factors. METHODS: Data on psychological distress (indicated by the Malaise Inventory) and marital status at ages 23 and 33 were analysed for 4514 men and 4842 women from the 1958 birth cohort. RESULTS: Higher levels of distress were found among the divorced and lower levels among the single and the married. Selection was seen in the lower initial mean symptoms of those who married (1.69 for men; 2.84 for women) compared to those remaining single (2.41 for men; 3.26 for women). Causation was indicated by the relative deterioration in distress of those who divorced compared to the continuously married (an increase of 0.31 and 0.03 respectively for men), especially in women (a decrease of 0.18 versus 0.71). This was most evident in women who were downwardly mobile and those with children. Recently separated men and women showed especially large increases in distress. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between marital status and psychological distress involves selection and causation. Findings failed to support ideas of marriage being protective (through social support), or detrimental (through family roles). Divorce increased distress, with both acute and longer-term components moderated by secondary factors such as childcare and declining socioeconomic status.     

Psychosocial indexes and cardiovascular risk factors in a community sample

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial characteristics might contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular disease as it is increasingly recognised that biomedical risk factors do not fully explain its dynamics. This study aimed to describe psychometric indexes in a Portuguese community sample relating them to known cardiovascular disease risk factors. METHODS: Anthropometric, blood pressure, serum measurements and information on demographic, social, medical and behavioural characteristics were obtained for 215 women and 156 men. Self-administered questionnaires were used for the psychometric evaluation (Bortner scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Hopkins Symptom Distress Checklist 90-Revised, Psychological General Well-Being and the Nottingham Health Profile, NHP). RESULTS: There were significant differences according to gender regarding almost every psychometric dimension assessed. After adjusting for the presence of different biomedical risk factors, significant decreasing mean behaviour pattern scores were found with increasing age. Mean depression scores were significantly higher in women and in individuals with lower educational level. As to general psychological well-being, the highest scores were obtained for men and individuals with higher educational level. For the assessed dimensions of quality of life, as well as indexes of psychopathology, men scored better than women. No significant differences in mean scores of behaviour pattern, depression, psychological general well-being and dimensions of NHP were found according to the presence of an increasing number of cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the clustering of multiple biomedical risk factors does not result in additive deleterious psychological effects and that psychometric indexes are mainly dependent on gender and education, common confounders in most studies evaluating cardiovascular risk factors.     

Stress and Well-Being in the Aftermath of the World Trade Center Attack: the Continuing Effects of a Communitywide Disaster

In this study, we examine the relationship between exposure to the World Trade Center disaster (WTCD) and the well-being of adults living in New York City (NYC) at the time of the attacks by using a stress process model. One year after the attacks, we conducted a telephone survey of a cross-sectional random sample of city residents with an oversample of residents who had received mental health treatment since the attacks (N = 2,368). The survey gathered information about respondents' demographic characteristics, exposure to the WTCD, other stressful events, and social psychological resources. The dependent variable (health status) was measured by using the Short Form-12 (SF-12) mental health and physical health scales. Overall, the greater the exposure to the events surrounding the WTCD, the poorer the person's psychological well-being, even after controlling for demographic characteristics, other stressors, and social psychological resources. Exposure was only weakly related to physical well-being, once other factors were taken into account. The findings clearly show that individuals who experienced greater exposure to the WTCD have more psychological problems than those who had less exposure 1 year after the attacks. Exposure did not seem to have such severe consequences for physical well-being. Thus, our study supports the continuation of mental health services to survivors of a community disaster well beyond the first year post disaster.     

600例香港人群亚健康状态的流行病学调查

目的了解香港地区亚健康的发生率、临床症状分布等情况,为香港地区亚健康的防治提供依据。方法首先采用现场调查的方式,让受调查者现场填写亚健康状态调查问卷,然后根据被调查者填写的内容,结合查体结果 ,参考中华中医药学会亚健康专业委员会制定的《亚健康中医临床指南》,判断受调查者的亚健康状态,并统计分析香港地区人群亚健康状态的发生率、一般情况、临床症状等。结果亚健康现患率为68.4%。女性发病率高于男性（χ2=7.899,P〈0.01）;年龄在70岁以上者亚健康状态现患率最低,30～50岁者亚健康发生率最高,健康人群比例亦依次递减,疾病人群比例却依次递增（χ2=303.939,P〈0.01）。亚健康临床症状复杂多样。结论香港地区人群健康状况不容乐观,应采取各种干预措施加以改善。     

Combining care and work: Health and stress effects in male and female academics

This study contributed to an explanation of mixed results (beneficial vs. detrimental health effects) in studies on multiple roles. We hypothesized that self-reported health in working parents might be good, whereas their heavy total workload might be reflected in relatively high scores on more unobtrusive stress measures. Participants were 54 university workers including a group with children (16 women and 18 men; mean age 39) and one without children (8 women and 12 men; mean age 34). Questionnaires were administered reflecting self-reported health and psychological stress responses (e.g., mood states, cognitive failures). In addition, a physiological measure of stress, cortisol in saliva, was taken. The group with children reported more psychological complaints than the group without children; no differences were found in number of somatic complaints. Women with children reported more negative mood states and cognitive failures than women without children; men with children manifested slightly less psychological stress than men without children. No systematic group differences were found regarding physiological stress. It was concluded that combining work and care coincides with relatively good self-reported health but clearly has a burden side, particularly in women, in terms of more unobtrusive psychological stress responses.     

Life events, risk factors, and coronary disease.

Are high levels of stress from life events correlated with increased levels of smoking, blood pressure, and cholesterol? The authors used a life events questionnaire to determine the level of presumptive stress in a sample of 575 middle-aged men who were initially selected for inclusion in the larger, collaborative Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Significant differences in stress levels were found only between smokers and nonsmokers. Therefore, the authors suggest that smoking behavior be included as a variable in studies of the relationship between psychological stress and illness.