Body mass index and mortality in patients with severe coronary artery diseases: A cohort study from China

Background and aimsIt is still controversial whether obesity and overweight increase the risk of mortality for patients with coronary artery disease. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality in patients with triple-vessel disease (TVD).Methods and resultsFrom April 2004 to February 2011, 8943 patients with angiographically confirmed TVD were consecutively enrolled. Patients were divided into five groups according to BMI: underweight (<18.5 kg/m²), normal weight (18.5–23.9 kg/m²), overweight: (24–27.9 kg/m²), mild obesity (28–31.9 kg/m²), and severe obesity (≥32 kg/m²). The primary end point was all-cause death. Subgroup analysis was performed for treatment strategies: revascularization and medical treatment alone. During a median follow-up of 7.5 years, lower risks of mortality were observed in patients with overweight (adjusted HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75–0.97) and mild obesity (adjusted HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.69–1.00) compared to those with normal weight. Polynomial Cox regression suggested a U-shape association between BMI and adjusted mortality risk. In the revascularization subgroup, there was a significantly higher mortality risk in patients with severe obesity (adjusted HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.03–2.40) than in those with normal weight. While in the medical treatment subgroup, mortality risk decreased as BMI increased, with the lowest risk being observed in patients with severe obesity.ConclusionThere is a U-shape relationship between BMI and all-cause death in patients with TVD, with increased risks among both underweight and severely obese patients. This relationship may be influenced by treatment strategies.     

Association of body mass index with all-cause mortality in the elderly population of Taiwan: A prospective cohort study

Background and aimsThe nutritional status of the elderly is different from that of young people. Body composition changes as people age, for example, fat mass increases, muscle mass decreases, and body fat distribution is changed. We aimed to investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) with cause-specific mortality in the elderly population.Methods and resultsThe data of annual health examination for the older citizens (≥65 years old) from 2006 to 2011 in Taipei City Hospital were used. Information on baseline demographics, lifestyle behaviors, medical, and drug usage were collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Cause-specific mortality was ascertained from the National Registration of Death. Individuals were followed up until death or December 31, 2012, whichever was earlier. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses were applied to investigate the association between BMI and all-cause mortality. Among 81,221 older people included in the analysis, 42,602 (52.45%) were men. The mean age was 73.85 ± 6.32 years. Among the 81,221 participants, 3398 (4.18%) were underweight, 36,476 (44.91%) were normal weight, 25,708 (31.65%) were overweight, and 15,639 (19.25%) were obese. Those in the BMI category 27 ≤ BMI<28 kg/m² had the lowest all-cause mortality risk. The BMI of lowest cause-specific mortality was between 27 kg/m² and 28 kg/m² in infection mortality, between 28 kg/m² and 29 kg/m² in circulation mortality, between 29 kg/m² and 30 kg/m² in respiratory mortality, and between 31 kg/m² and 32 kg/m² in cancer mortality.ConclusionsThe current study found a J-shaped relation between BMI and cause-specific mortality in the elderly population of Taiwan.     

Obesity paradox in associations between body mass index and diabetes-related hospitalization and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: Retrospective cohort studies

AimDiabetes is a primary cause of hospitalization and in-hospital mortality. However, studies exploring the relationships between body mass index (BMI) and hospitalization-related and mortality-related outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes are lacking.MethodsOur data were obtained from two independent retrospective cohort studies, namely, the Taiwan Diabetes Study (Taiwan DS), providing hospitalization outcome measures, and the Taichung Diabetes Study (Taichung DS) that can be linked with the National Death Registry dataset. BMI and hospitalization, in-hospital mortality, and all-cause and cause-specific death events were analyzed by Cox proportional hazard regression model.ResultsA total of 3,541, 38,779, and 10,399 patients died during hospitalization, hospitalized for all-cause and diabetes-related events, respectively, in the Taiwan DS cohort. Moreover, 685 deaths were identified in the Taichung DS cohort. Compared with patients with increasing-but-acceptable-risk obesity, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of in-hospital mortality, all-cause hospitalization, hospitalization due to diabetes, hypoglycaemia, and renal failure for patients who were underweight were 2.09 (95% confidence interval 1.73, 2.51), 1.39 (1.28, 1.50), 1.69 (1.49, 1.90), 1.87 (1.34, 2.61), and 1.55 (1.26, 1.91). Adjusted HRs of all-cause mortality and non-expanded CVD-related mortality in patients with underweight were 2.02 (1.28, 3.21), and 2.27 (1.28, 4.03).ConclusionsThe BMI associated with the best survival and less hospitalization was the higher-high-risk obesity (≥ 27.5 kg/m²) category. We observed obesity paradox for mortality outcomes, which should be addressed by further research, particularly on whether randomized controlled trials of adopting a healthy lifestyle for patients with obesity can improve type 2 diabetes patients’ survival.     

Joint association and interaction of birth weight and lifestyle with hypertension: A cohort study in UK Biobank

Low birth weight and unhealthy lifestyle are both associated with an increased risk of hypertension. The authors aimed to assess the joint association and interaction of birth weight and lifestyle with incident hypertension. The authors included 205 522 participants free of hypertension at baseline from UK Biobank. A healthy lifestyle score was constructed using information on body mass index, physical activity, diet, smoking status and alcohol intake. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the impact of birth weight, healthy lifestyle score and their joint effect on hypertension. The authors documented 13 548 (6.59%) incident hypertension cases during a median of 8.6 years of follow-up. The multivariate adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 1.12 (1.09, 1.15) per kg lower birth weight and 0.76 (0.75, 0.77) per score increment in healthy lifestyle score. Healthy lifestyle reduced the risk of hypertension in any category of different birth weight groups. The preventive effect of healthy lifestyle on hypertension was the most pronounced at lower birth weight with <2500 g and 2500–2999 g, respectively. Addictive interaction between birth weight and healthy lifestyle score was observed with the relative excess risk due to interaction of 0.04 (0.03, 0.05). Our findings emphasized the importance of healthy lifestyle for hypertension prevention, especially among the high-risk population with lower birth weight.     

Body mass index,cardiac surgery and clinical outcome. A single-center experience with 9125 patients

Background and AimThere is evidence for a J-shaped association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and all-cause mortality in general populations. In cardiac surgical patients, the effect of BMI on mortality and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) is not completely clear.Methods and ResultsWe investigated the effect of BMI on MACCE (primary endpoint), as well as intensive care unit (ICU)-related outcomes and mid-term mortality in 9125 consecutive patients who were operated on at our institution between July 2009 and July 2012. Of the study cohort, 3.0% were underweight (BMI < 20 kg/m²), 28.0% had a normal BMI (20–24.99 kg/m²), 43.1% were overweight (BMI 25–29.99 kg/m²), 19.3% were obese (BMI 30–34.99 kg/m²), and 6.6% were severely obese (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m²). Compared with overweight patients (lowest incidence of MACCE), the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio of MACCE in severely obese patients was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.03–1.87). Underweight and severely obese patients had the longest risk-adjusted duration of mechanical ventilator support and ICU stay (P-values 0.004–0.001). The red blood cell concentrates requirement was highest in underweight patients (P < 0.001). Compared with normal and overweight patients, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of 2-year mortality was higher in underweight patients (1.72 [95% CI: 1.26–2.36] and =2.07 [95% CI: 1.51–2.83], respectively), but did not differ significantly in severely obese patients.ConclusionData demonstrate that both severe obesity and underweight are independent risk factors for operative complications in cardiac surgical patients. With respect to mid-term survival, special attention should be paid to underweight patients scheduled for cardiac surgery.     

老年人体质指数与高血压和2型糖尿病的关系

目的 了解肥胖与老年人高血压、2型糖尿病的关系及其流行特点。 方法 随机抽取我市60～86岁居民健康体检资料2090例,以体质指数(BMI)作为指标,采用世界卫生组织国际高血压学会和美国糖尿病协会诊断标准进行诊断分组,分析肥胖与2型糖尿病、高血压发病的关系。结果 高血压组976例患者平均BMI、脉压、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)和空腹血糖(FBG)分别为(26.32±3.66)kg/m2、(16.28±13.21)mm Hg、(4.78±1.23)mmol/L、（1.79±1.36）mmol/L、(5.61±1.37)mmol/L,与非高血压组1114例(25.28±3.36)kg/m2、(11.37±9.39)mm Hg、(4.54±1.23) mmol/L、(1.52±1.12) mmol/L、(4.28±2.12) mmol/L相比差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为6.771、9.880、4.450、4.975、6.770,均P＜0.01）;糖尿病组272例平均BMI、舒张压、脉压、TC、TG分别为（26.29±3.24）kg/m2、(82.43±10.22)mm Hg、(18.77±10.11)mm Hg、(4.85±2.05) mmol/L、(1.76±1.76)mmol/L,与非糖尿病组1818例(24.13±3.42)kg/m2、(80.38±6.87)mm Hg、(12.26±9.56)mm Hg、（4.36±1.21）mmol/L、(1.52±1.21)mmol/L相比差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为9.780、4.266、10.395、5.588、2.851,均P＜0.01）;血脂正常组其收缩压、脉压与单纯高TC组比较差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;血脂正常组其FBG与单纯高TG组比较差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);血脂正常组其BMI、脉压、FBG与高TC和TG组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。 结论老年人体质指数的升高与高血压、2型糖尿病具有密切关系,预防肥胖是防治老年人高血压、糖尿病的重要举措。     

Impact of body mass index on the development of pocket hematoma: A retrospective study in Chinese people

BackgroundPocket hematoma is one of the major complications associated with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices （CIEDs） implantation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of body mass index （BMI） on the occurrence of pocket hematoma after CIEDs implantation.MethodsThe study is a retrospective review of 972 patients receiving CIEDs implantation between 2008 and 2012 in a tertiary hospital.ResultsTwenty two patients （2.2%） developed severe pocket hematoma requiring re-intervention. The hematoma rate （4.6%,n = 15） of patients with a BMI of 〈 23 kg/m2 was significantly higher compared with that of patients with a BMI of≥23 kg/m2 （1.1%, n = 7,P〈 0.001）. In multivariate regression analysis, a BMI 〈 23.0 kg/m2 may be associated with the development of severe pocket hema-toma. An increase of 1.0 kg/m2 in BMI was associated with lower incidence of hematoma formation （OR： 0.84; 95% CI： 0.74-0.95;P = 0.006）.ConclusionBMI 〈 23 kg/m2 was associated with a higher incidence of pocket hematoma, requiring re-intervention. The data sup-port that great care must be taken when patients were with a lower BMI received CIEDs implantation.     

不同体质指数的2型糖尿病患者血管性血友病因子水平和胰岛素抵抗的临床研究

目的了解不同体质指数（BMI）的2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的血管性血友病闪子（vWF）水平以及胰岛素抵抗（IR）程度。方法依据BMI将134例T2DM患者分为正常体重组（50例）、超重组（50例）与肥胖组（34例）,分别测定血浆vWF水平,并评估、比较各组IR程度。结果肥胖组的vWF水平、HOMAIR高于正常体重组（P〈0．05）;各组间胰岛素作用指数（IAI）及定量胰岛素敏感性指数（QUICKI）有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;HOMAIR、IAI及QUICKI各指标间呈正相关。结论肥胖的T2DM患者血浆vWF水平升高、IR程度明最加重。     

Body mass index in young adulthood and mid-life cardiovascular risk factors in South Asian American adults: The MASALA study

The association of self-reported BMI at age 20, at age 40, the highest BMI within the past 3 years, and current BMI with current mid-life cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery calcium (CAC) was evaluated among 1148 South Asian American participants (mean age 57 years) in the MASALA study. A 1 kg/m² higher BMI at age 20 was associated with higher odds of hypertension (aOR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03–1.12), pre-diabetes/diabetes (aOR 1.05 [1.01–1.09]), and prevalent CAC (aOR 1.06 [1.02–1.11]) in mid-life. Associations were similar for all BMI measures. Weight across young adulthood is associated with mid-life cardiovascular health in South Asian American adults.     

Association of body mass index with risk of prediabetes in Chinese adults: A population‐based cohort study

Aims/IntroductionOverweight and obesity in adults are strongly associated with an increased risk of prediabetes, and this study set out to gain a better understanding of the optimal body mass index (BMI) range for assessing the risk of prediabetes in the Chinese population.Materials and MethodsThe cohort study included 100,309 Chinese adults who underwent health screening. Participants were divided into six groups based on the cut‐off point for BMI recommended by the World Health Organization (underweight: <18.5 kg/m², normal‐weight: 18.5–24.9 kg/m², pre‐obese: 25.0–29.9 kg/m², obese class I: 30.0–34.9 kg/m², obese class II: 35.0–39.9 kg/m², and obese class III ≥40 kg/m²). The association of BMI with prediabetes and the shape of the correlation were modeled using multivariate Cox regression and restricted cubic spline regression, respectively.ResultsIn the multivariate Cox regression model, with normal weight as the control group, underweight people had a lower risk of developing prediabetes, whereas obese and pre‐obese people had a higher risk of prediabetes. Additionally, in the restricted cubic spline model, we found that the association of BMI with prediabetes follows a positive dose–response relationship, but does not conform to the pattern of obesity paradox. Among the general population in China, a BMI of 23.03 kg/m² might be a potential intervention threshold for prediabetes.ConclusionsThe national cohort study found that the association of BMI with prediabetes follows a positive dose–response relationship, rather than a pattern of obesity paradox. For Chinese people with normal weight, more attention should be paid to glucose metabolism when BMI exceeds 23.03 kg/m².