有效肝血流量对慢加急性肝功能衰竭短期预后评估

目的探索有效肝血流量(EHBF)对慢加急性肝功能衰竭(ACLF)短期预后评估价值。方法回顾性分析63例ACLF患者的临床资料,以3个月内死亡为终点,在确诊ACLF后24 h内采用脉搏染料光密度法测定EHBF、ICGR15值,同时记录24 h内各项临床化验指标。结果 63例患者中21例死亡;EHBF与ALT、TBil、DBil、Alb、GGT有较好的相关性(r=-0.26、-0.37、-0.34、-0.29、0.48);提示EHBF是影响ACLF预后的主要相关因素之一,EHBF ROC曲线下面积为0.669(95%CI:0.539~0.782),与MELD评分0.711(95%CI:0.510~0.758,P=0.07)相比无显著差异,而明显优于CTP分级的0.581(95%CI:0.495~0.738,P0.01)和KCH标准0.554(95%CI:0.458~0.722,P0.01);EHBF ROC曲线截断值对预后预测也有一定价值,当EHBF≤0.221时病死率为44.7%,EHBF0.221时为16%(χ2=5.6,P=0.018)。结论 EHBF能较准确预测ACLF患者的短期预后。     

终末期肝病模型及Child-Pugh分级对肝硬化患者的短期预后分析

评价终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分、Child-Pugh(CTP)及包含血肌酐值的CTP(CrCTP)分级对肝硬化患者的短期预后的意义.分别计算104例肝硬化患者的MELD、CTP及CrCTP分值,运用ROC曲线及曲线下面积(AUC)比较MELD评分、CTP及CrCTP分级判断肝硬化患者3个月生存率的准确性.在判断患者3个月生存率的ROC曲线AUC比较中,MELD评分＞CrCTP分级＞CTP分级(P＜0.05).提示在CTP中引入血肌酐值可以提高CTP分级对肝硬化患者短期预后的判断准确性;MELD评分在判断肝硬化患者的短期预后方面优于CTP及CrCTP.     

终末期肝病模型评估肝硬化失代偿期患者的短期预后

目的评价终末期肝病模型（MELD）、MELD-Na、Child-Turcotte-Pugh（CTP）和包含血肌酐值的CTP（CrCTP）评分对肝硬化失代偿期患者短期预后的价值。方法选择265例具有完整住院资料和随访结果的肝硬化失代偿期患者为研究对象,分别计算每例患者人院后首次MELD、MELD-Na、CTP及CrCTP评分,并了解其3个月内的病死率。以受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）下面积（AUC）衡量各评分系统判断患者3个月生存的能力。结果 3个月内有58例死亡。死亡组MELD、MELD-Na、CTP及CrCTP分值（分别为22.15±5.67、31.45±8.50、11.60±2.70、12.72±2.54）均高于生存组（分别为12.35±3.56、17.24±4.75、8.73±2.35、9.05±2.50）（P〈0.01）,两组在MELD分值和CTP分级的分布上差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。MELD、MELD-Na、CTP及CrCTP评分对肝硬化失代偿期患者3个月预后评估的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.875、0.868、0.758、0.794,MELD评估患者短期预后价值优于CTP评分（P〈0.05）,MELD与MELD-Na、CrCTP评分差异无统计学意义。结论 MELD、MELD-Na、CTP及CrCTP模型均可有效预测肝硬化失代偿期患者的短期预后;MELD评估患者短期预后价值优于CTP;在CTP中引入血肌酐值即CrCTP评分可以提高对患者短期预后判断力。     

血清胱抑素C联合总胆红素对慢加急性肝衰竭患者短期预后的预测价值

目的探讨血清胱抑素C(CysC)联合总胆红素(TBil)对乙型肝炎相关慢加急性肝衰竭(HBV-ACLF)患者短期预后的预测价值。方法入选2012年1月至2016年1月在西京消化病医院住院且资料完整的HBV-ACLF患者,统计患者入院24 h内的一般资料、各项临床检测指标、Child-Turcotte-Pugh评分(CTP评分)、终末期肝病模型评分(MELD评分),所有患者均随访90 d,根据转归分为生存组和死亡组,Logistic多因素回归分析影响患者预后的独立危险因素。结果 162例患者中死亡78例,血清CysC、TBil是影响HBV-ACLF患者生存的独立危险因素。血清CysC与血肌酐(Cr)、MELD评分呈正相关,Spearman相关系数分别为0.400、0.416,均P0.01。联合血清CysC与TBil组成的预后模型(PM)的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.833,其早期预测HBV-ACLF患者90 d死亡与否的价值高于CTP评分、MELD评分(P0.05)。高危组(PM≥3.07)90 d生存率为23.8%,低危组(PM3.07)为79.3%(P0.01)。结论血清CysC联合TBil建立的预后模型是一个简单易用的评分模型,且对HBV-ACLF患者90 d病死率的预测作用优于CTP和MELD评分。     

Logistic预测模型对失代偿期肝硬化预后的临床价值研究

目的评价Logistic模型及3个传统肝硬化预后模型(MELD模型、MELD-Na模型及CTP评分)对失代偿期肝硬化患者3个月及1年预后的预测价值。方法回顾性分析南昌大学第一附属医院消化科2003年1月至2008年12月期间住院且病历资料及随访结果完整的失代偿期肝硬化1086例,记录1086例患者入院第1天的MELD-Na、MELD、CTP积分,随访患者在3个月及12个月内生存情况。通过Logistic单因素及多因素回归分析,得出对失代偿期肝硬化患者3个月内预后有影响的因素,并建立Logistic模型;应用ROC及其AUC比较Logistic模型、MELD-Na、MELD、CTP评分预测肝硬化患者预后的准确性。结果4种模型对失代偿期肝硬化患者3个月及1年内预后预测均有较好价值。Logistic模型在预测失代偿期肝硬化患者3个月预后方面优于MELD模型及CTP(P<0.05),与MELD-Na模型对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但AUC大于MELD-Na模型;Logistic模型在预测失代偿期肝硬化患者1年预后方面优于CTP(P<0.05),与MELD-Na及MELD模型对比无统计学差异,但AUC大于MELD-Na及MELD模型。结论4种模型均能较好地预测失代偿期肝硬化3个月及1年预后情况,Logistic模型、MELD-Na模型优于CTP,其中Logistic模型预测该类患者预后的AUC最大。     

CTP、MELD、MELD—Na、iMELD评分系统对酒精性肝硬化患者短期预后价值的比较

目的比较Child．Turcotte．Pugh评分（CTP评分）、终末期肝病模型（MELD）评分系统、MELD-Na评分系统、integratedMELD（iMELD）评分系统对酒精性失代偿期肝硬化患者短期预后的预测价值。方法分别计算105例酒精性失代偿期肝硬化患者的CTP、MELD、MELD—Na和iMELD分值,采用Kaplan-Meier法比较生存率,运用ROC曲线及曲线下面积（AUC）比较4种评分系统判断酒精性肝硬化患者短期预后的价值。结果105例患者随访3个月内死亡49例,死亡组MELD-Na评分[（19．42±9．32）分]与生存组[（8．79±4．34）分]比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,死亡组与生存组的CTP、MELD以及iMELD评分比较差异亦有统计学意义。ROC曲线AUC比较,iMELD评分（0．854）〉MELD—Na评分（0．844）〉MELD评分（0．839）〉CTP评分（0．762）。结论CTP、MELD、MELD—Na和iMELD评分均可有效地预测酒精性失代偿期肝硬化患者的短期预后,且MELD、MELD—Na和iMELD评分对短期评估效率优于CTP评分,能更准确地反映病情的轻重,更具有临床应用价值。     

Child-Turcotte-Pugh评分差值对肝硬化患者短期预后的预测价值

目的评估Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP)评分近期变化对肝硬化患者短期预后(5个月)的预测价值。方法选择228例肝硬化患者,计算患者入院时和入院1个月后的CTP评分,以及终末期肝病评估模型(MELD)评分,两次CTP评分的差值即△CTP评分。通过Kaplan-Meier生存分析,计算不同CTP、△CTP、MELD评分的患者的5个月生存率。通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC),比较CTP、△CTP、MELD评分预测肝硬化患者5个月生存率的准确性。结果对CTP、△CTP、MELD评分各组之间进行生存分析对比,CTP A级组与B级组、MELD10组与10≤MELD20组生存曲线之间的差异无统计学意义,其余各组5个月生存曲线之间的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。绘制ROC曲线,CTP、△CTP、MELD评分的AUC分别为0.884、0.938、0.827,△CTP评分的AUC最大,提示其预测的准确性最高。结论△CTP评分是预测肝硬化患者短期预后的有效指标,其预测准确性高于CTP和MELD评分,可作为肝硬化患者预后的有效预测指标之一。     

终末期肝病模型评估失代偿期肝硬化患者预后的价值

目的: 评价终末期肝病模型(model for endstage liver disease,MELD)对肝硬化患者短期预后预测的价值.方法: 对肝硬化失代偿期患者203例进行回顾性分析,随访患者在3、6及12 mo内的预后. 记录每例患者入院第1天的MELD及Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP)评分. 应用接受者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)及其曲线下面积(AUC)比较MELD、CTP评估患者生存时间的准确性. 依据ROC曲线的截断值绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,应用非参数秩相关即Spearman等级相关检验分析MELD与CTP评分的相关性.结果: 3、6及12 mo内分别死亡23、39、85例,MELD评分与CTP评分均显著相关( r = 0.76,0.69,0.71,均P<0.01). 3、6及12 mo内MELD与CTP对住院患者预后预测的AUC分别为0.886和0.775( P<0.01)、0.892和0.876( P>0.05)、0.873和0.866( P>0.05). 生存分析表明2评分系统均可有效预测3、6及12 mo内患者可能的生存率和死亡率( P<0.01).结论: MELD模型可预测失代偿肝硬化患者12 mo内的生存率,3 mo内MELD模型优于CTP评分,但6 mo及12 mo内MELD模型和CTP评分相比没有明显优势.     

终末期肝病模型评分动态变化对评估失代偿期肝硬化患者预后的价值

目的评估终末期肝病模型评分动态变化（delta MELD）对失代偿期肝硬化患者短期和中期生存预测的价值。方法以97例临床资料完整的住院失代偿期肝硬化患者为研究对象，分别计算每例患者人院当天及入院1个月后的MELD评分与Child-Turcotte-Pugh（CTP）评分，两次MELD评分的差值为delta MELD，以受试者工作曲线（ROC）下面积衡量delta MELD、MELD、CTP预测患者预后的能力，所有患者随访1年。结果97例患者随访3个月内有10例患者死亡，死亡组delta MELD（3．23±2．77）与生存组（0．15±0．39）比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）；随访第1年内有18例患者死亡，死亡组delta MELD（3．00±2．54）与生存组（0．12±0．42）比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）；delta MELD、MELD、CTP评分对3个月预后评估的ROC曲线面积分别为0．835，0．782，0．745，对1年预后评估的ROC曲线下面积分别为0．812，0．768，0．721，delta MELD对肝硬化患者短期及中期预后评估价值显著优于初始MELD及CTP评分（P〈0．01）。结论delta MELD可确切地预测肝硬化患者的短期和中期预后，且其评估价值优于初始MELD及CTP评分，值得扩大病例数作更客观评价，以期临床推广应用。     

血清前白蛋白和MELD评分对失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者预后的预测价值

目的研究应用血清前白蛋白(PA)水平联合终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分预测失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者预后的临床价值。方法 2015年12月～2016年12月我院治疗的失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者231例,随访6个月。常规检测血清PA水平、计算MELD评分和Child-Pugh评分(CTP评分),在MELD评分的基础上,加入PA项目的评分,建立MELD联合PA评分模型。应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析各指标对患者死亡的预测效能。结果在随访的6个月里,死亡83例;死亡组血清PA水平为(32.2±9.3)mg/L,显著低于生存组的[(47.3±26.4)mg/L,P0.05];死亡组MELD评分为(24.1±5.6)分,明显高于生存组的[(18.0±6.7)分,P0.05];死亡组CTP评分为(11.8±1.2)分,明显高于生存组的[(9.0±2.0)分,P0.05];ROC曲线分析结果显示,MELD评分预测死亡的ROC下面积(AUC)为0.868(95%CI:0.823～0.912),显著高于CTP评分的[0.753(95%CI:0.690～0.816),P0.05]或血清PA的[0.675(95%CI:0.606～0.743),P0.05];进一步采用MELD联合PA评分分析的AUC为0.896(95%CI:0.857～0.935),显著高于MELD评分(P0.05)。结论应用血清PA联合MELD评分对失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者6个月内死亡的预测效能显著高于MELD评分或CTP评分,其临床应用价值还需要扩大验证。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.