2005—2006年镇江市医院内镜消毒效果监测结果分析

目的了解2005—2006年镇江市各级医院内镜消毒效果。方法按卫生部2004年版《内镜清洗消毒技术操作规范》和卫生部2002年版《消毒技术规范》进行检测和评价。结果两年共监测医院28家（次），共监测镇江市医院内镜及其相关用品291件，合格149件，合格率为51．2％。乡镇级、县区级、市级医院的消毒合格率分别为30．6％（26／85）、55．4％（46／83）和62．6％（77／123），不同级别医院间检测合格率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。不同内镜消毒效果监测结果是：腹腔镜合格率为100．0％（12／12），胃镜和肠镜的检测合格率较低，分别为55．6％（15／27）和33．3％（3／9）。使用中消毒剂有效成分含量合格率低，为50．0％（18／36），清洗消毒槽、清洗用水污染严重，合格率分别为38．6％（44／114）和52．4％（22／42）。结论镇江市医院内镜消毒效果不理想，样品不合格情况严重，应加强内镜消毒质量的控制与管理，消除医院内感染的隐患。     

邯郸市市级医院胃镜清洗消毒现状调查

[目的]了解邯郸市市级医院胃镜清洗消毒现状以及对卫生部《内镜清洗消毒操作技术规范(2004版)》的执行情况,及时发现医院感染隐患,预防医院感染的发生,减少医疗纠纷。[方法]2007年4~6月期间对10所市级医院进行了胃镜清洗消毒现状调查,对21件胃镜和12件活检钳进行了消毒效果的采样检测,对正在使用的12份戊二醛消毒液进行了微生物污染检测。[结果]9家医院使用2%戊二醛进行消毒,1家使用高氧化还原电位酸性水(E-OW)与自动清洗消毒机;共检测胃镜21件,17件合格,合格率为81.0%;检测活检钳10件,9件合格,合格率为90.0%,检测使用中的戊二醛消毒液12份,9份合格,合格率为75.0%。[结论]医院贯彻执行卫生部《内镜清洗消毒操作技术规范(2004版)》力度不够,必须进一步整改,减少医院感染隐患。     

西安市二级以上医疗机构胃镜消毒效果监测

目的了解西安市医院胃镜消毒现状,控制胃镜引发的医院感染。方法按卫生部《内镜清洗消毒技术操作规范》(2004版)和《消毒技术规范》(2002版)要求,对西安市属二级以上医院2005年4~12月胃镜的清洗消毒效果等进行监测,检测细菌总数、致病菌、无菌试验、消毒/灭菌剂有效含量等。结果监测的胃镜镜腔合格率62.5%,高压灭菌的附件,消毒/灭菌剂有效含量、无菌试验合格率100%。监测中发现部分医院胃镜的清洗消毒重视不够,胃镜供需矛盾,时间安排欠合理,消毒灭菌工作不规范,消毒灭菌知识欠缺等问题。结论西安市胃镜消毒灭菌工作还有待进一步规范。建议严格按照《消毒技术规范》和《内镜清洗消毒技术操作规范》要求进行内镜的清洗消毒/灭菌操作;加强内镜消毒/灭菌效果监测;提高医院领导和医务人员对胃镜清洗消毒工作的认知水平;加强胃镜诊疗各环节的质量控制工作;卫生行政部门加强胃镜监督管理。     

宁波市某三甲医院消毒与灭菌效果监测分析

目的了解宁波市某三甲医院消毒质量现状,为进一步加强医院消毒质量分级监测管理及提高消毒质量提供依据。方法 2013年1月-2016年12月通过现场采样和微生物检测方法对医院室内空气、医务人员手、物体表面、医疗器械、内镜清洗、压力蒸汽灭菌器、血透液和医院污水进行采样监测,并对监测结果进行分析。结果2013-2016年共采样1295份,合格1199份,总体合格率为92.59%,各年合格率分别为93.23%、95.10%、90.72%和91.12%。Ⅰ类环境合格率为98.18%高于Ⅱ~Ⅳ类环境69.23%;共监测134条内镜,其中胃镜86条,肠镜32条,支气管镜13条,膀胱镜3条,内镜清洗消毒效果监测结果均合格;四年中监测医护人员手卫生合格率为85.56%,其中外科手合格率为91.55%(65/71)高于卫生手合格率为80.40%(160/199)(P0.05);医疗器械清洗效果ATP监测合格率为35.62%,年度波动较大;二氧化氯法监测污水合格率78.43%,2015-2016年低于2013-2014年;四年间医疗器械清洗效果监测采用肉眼裸视合格率为100.00%,放大镜合格率为99.65%。结论医院消毒与灭菌效果总体状况良好,但手卫生、医院污水和医疗器械清洗效果的合格率相对较低,应加强重视,以进一步提高医院消毒灭菌质量。     

现代一体化内镜洗消中心内镜清洗消毒效果监测

目的观察现代一体化内镜洗消中心对内镜(胃肠镜)有效消毒灭菌效果。方法采用五槽清洗消毒法和内镜一体化洗消中心清洗消毒两种方法对内镜进行生物学监测。结果按卫生部《内镜清洗消毒技术规范》标准监测。48件使用五槽清洗消毒合格率为94%,72件使用内镜一体化洗消中心消毒合格率为100%。结论运用现代一体化内镜洗消中心对内镜进行清洗消毒,可以提高内镜消毒效果,提高内镜使用率。     

镇江市2006年医疗机构内镜消毒质量现况分析

[目的]掌握镇江市医疗机构的内镜清洗消毒质量,为控制院内感染提供科学依据。[方法]内镜及其相关用品的采样按照卫生部的《内镜清洗消毒技术操作规范》采样。[结果]监测市级医院5家、县级医院5家、乡镇卫生院15家共25家单位,内镜及相关物品监测297份,合格142份,合格率为47.81%,各级医疗机构合格率均较低,但市级医院明显好于县级和乡镇医院,县级医院好于乡镇医院(2χ=53.6,P﹤0.005)。[讨论]加强领导,健全制度,制定完善的内镜清洗消毒制度,加大内镜消毒质量监控的力度,确保内镜的消毒质量。     

广州市医疗机构内镜清洗消毒效果监测分析

目的了解广州市医疗机构内镜消毒质量现况,为消毒质量监测与院内感染控制提供依据。方法通过现场调查和采样检测,连续三年对各医疗机构内镜的清洗消毒效果进行监测。结果广州市各医疗机构内镜清洗消毒管理基本符合规范要求;三年共监测106份样品,内镜清洗消毒效果监测总合格率为90%,其中2012-2014年合格率依次为95.6%、85.2%、85.3%,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=2.960,P>0.05);在不同类型内镜中,胃镜、肠镜消毒质量合格率分别为83.3%、92.1%,差异无统计学意义;采用集成内镜洗消中心和使用四槽法或五槽法进行内镜清洗消毒,合格率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。使用中消毒剂的浓度和卫生质量均合格。结论广州市医疗机构的内镜消毒质量应加强消毒技术指导和监督监测,以预防和控制医院感染。     

消化内镜清洗消毒有效性研究

目的通过消化内镜有效的清洗消毒,防止因内镜检查引起的医院内交叉感染。方法采用四槽法清洗消毒,做好生物学监测。结果按卫生部标准监测,72件消化内镜外壁消毒合格率为100.0%,内腔消毒合格率为98.6%。结论采取有效防范措施,可以确保消毒效果。     

株洲县2006-2008年医疗机构消毒质量监测报告

目的 了解株洲县医疗机构消毒工作质量,加强消毒监测管理,为防止医源性感染、提高医疗质量管理水平提供科学依据.方法 按照卫生部<消毒技术规范>和<医院消毒卫生标准>,2006-2008年对全县医疗卫生机构的消毒效果进行现场采样监测.结果 共监测各类医疗机构335家,检测样品2 031份,合格1 123份,总合格率55.3%.2006-2008年全县各年度消毒检测合格率分别为48.2%、59.9%、59.2%,呈上升趋势(P<0.01).县级医院、乡镇卫生院、村卫生室、个体诊所均有统计学意义(P<0.01).各检测项目检测结果显示:一次性医疗用品类合格率最高,为100%;医疗用房空气合格率最低,为19.0%.结论 2006-2008年株洲县各医疗机构消毒质量有待提高,村卫生室和个体诊所消毒状况更是不容乐观.应加强监督与管理.     

加强内镜室的感染控制与护理

目的加强内镜室的规范化管理,防止因內镜清洗消毒不当引起医源性感染,提高内镜室护理人员对医院感染控制工作的自律性,使患者有一个安全的就医环境。方法对2008年7月-2009年7月消毒后内镜167份样品进行检测,同时对内镜室护理人员的操作、消毒隔离及内镜的清洗、消毒、灭菌工作进行质量监控。结果按卫生部标准监测,57件肠镜使用四槽清洗消毒,合格率为100.00%;110件胃镜完成手工清洗后使用全自动内镜清洗消毒机,合格率为99.09%。结论通过加强医务人员的素质教育,完善薄弱环节,规范清洗消毒流程,形成科学化的监测模式,使內镜消毒效果均符合卫生部标准,杜绝了医源性感染,保证了医疗安全。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.