Augmentation of tendon-bone healing by the use of calcium-phosphate cement

The healing of a hamstring graft to bone is the weak link in the reconstruction of a cruciate ligament using this donor material. We therefore investigated the augmentation of healing at the tendon-bone interface using calcium-phosphate cement (CPC). We performed semitendinosus autograft reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament on both knees of 22 New Zealand white rabbits. The interface between the grafted tendon and the bone tunnel for one knee was filled with CPC. Six rabbits were killed at the end of the first and second post-operative weeks in order to evaluate the biomechanical changes. Two rabbits were then killed sequentially at the end of weeks 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 after operation and tissue removed for serial histological observation. Histological examination showed that the use of CPC produced early, diffuse and massive bone ingrowth. By contrast, in the non-CPC group of rabbits only a thin layer of new bone was seen. Mechanical pull-out testing at one week showed that the mean maximal tensile strength was 6.505 +/- 1.333 N for the CPC group and 2.048 +/- 0.950 N for the non-CPC group. At two weeks the values were 11.491 +/- 2.865 N and 5.452 +/- 3.955 N, respectively. Our findings indicate that CPC is a potentially promising material in clinical practice as regards its ability to reinforce the fixation of the tendon attachment to bone and to augment the overall effectiveness of tendon healing to bone.     

Patellarsehnenruptur 10 Jahre nach vorderem Kreuzbandersatz durch Patellarsehnen-Knochen-Transplantat

Autologous transplantation of the central third of the patella tendon with a bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) graft is one of the most commonly used techniques for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Frequently chosen alternative sources include semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autografts. The differences of opinion regarding graft sources mainly result from comparison of outcome and complications. Although higher donor site morbidity and postoperative extensor mechanism complications are postulated for bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts, patellar tendon ruptures following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are rarely reported in the literature. These predominantly occur during the early postoperative period. We present the case of a patellar tendon rupture in a healthy 36-year-old man, who suffered a skiing accident 10 years after uneventful ACL reconstruction with a BTB graft.     

膝关节持续被动活动对兔重建前交叉韧带腱骨愈合的影响

目的 通过兔半腱肌腱腱后固定方法重建前交叉韧带(ACL)实验动物模型,研究持续被动活动(CPM)对移植物隧道内腱骨界面的组织学转归影响.方法 对12只雄性新西兰大白兔右侧后肢膝关节行自体双股半腱肌腱移植重建ACL.术后随机分为两组:CPM组(n=6)术后第2天开始早期CPM康复6周;自由活动组(n=6)笼养.分别于术后第6、12、24周取材,采用HE和甲苯胺蓝染色观察腱骨愈合过程.结果 前侧腱骨界面纤维组织较多且较后侧腱骨界面宽;后侧腱骨界面的成骨细胞和类软骨细胞较多,新骨沉积较多.在骨道内口(关节腔入口),破骨细胞较多.与自由活动组比较,CPM组界面组织改建塑形更成熟、胶原排列更有序,潮线结构出现较早,类软骨细胞、成骨细胞和类似潮线的结构较多.结论 腱骨界面前侧张力较大,纤维较多;腱骨界面后侧压力较大,软骨较多.半腱肌腱重建ACL术后早期CPM加快移植物止点潮线结构恢复,增强移植物与骨组织之间整合.     

Immunohistochemical demonstration of growth factors at the tendon–bone interface in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a rabbit model

Background The success of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using tendon grafts depends on biological integration between the tendon and bone. Growth factors play a significant role in this integration process, but few studies have defined the regulating mechanisms of these growth factors during tendon–bone healing. The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between the histological changes and the expression of endogenous growth factors at the tendon–bone interface. Methods Using intra-articular tendon transfer in rabbits to stimulate ACL reconstruction, the presence of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and BMP-7 at the interface between the tendon and bone was evaluated immunohistochemically. Histological and immunohistochemical investigations were performed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks after surgery. Results Fibrous integration of the tendon graft to the bone was observed immediately after tendon transfer and followed remodeling of the bone tunnel. Fibroblast and vascular growth factors were found in abundance at the tendon–bone interface in the first 3 weeks of graft incorporation, but were absent in the 12-week specimens. BMPs were found throughout the 12-week study period and were observed at high concentrations near the bone. Conclusions These results indicate that FGF-2 and VEGF contribute to fibrous integration between the tendon and bone during the early postoperative stage, and that BMP-2 and BMP-7 are specifically involved in bone remodeling leading to osseous integration. The early stages of tendon–bone healing might be important in controlling the integration process of the interface in ACL reconstruction surgery as seen in this rabbit model.     

Recombined bone xenografts enhance tendon graft osteointegration of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The objective of the study was to discover whether recombined bone xenograft (RBX), a porous solid material, could augment healing of the tendon-to-bone interface after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. ACL reconstruction was performed bilaterally in 25 skeletally mature rabbits using long digital extensor tendon grafts. RBX was implanted into the treated knee, with the contralateral knee serving as control. Three rabbits were killed at postoperative weeks two, six and 12 for routine histology. The remaining 16 rabbits were killed at weeks six and 12, and their femur-graft-tibia complexes were harvested for mechanical testing. The treatment and control groups produced different histological findings at the interface between the tendon and bone. In the treatment group, large areas of chondrocyte-like cells were noted around the tendon-bone interface two weeks after the operation. At six weeks, more abundant bone formation was observed around the tendon. At 12 weeks, an immature neoenthesis structure was seen. In biomechanical evaluation six and 12 weeks after the operation, the ultimate strength of tendon in the bone tunnel was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group. RBX can augment the osteointegration of tendon to bone after ACL reconstruction.     

保留残迹对前交叉韧带移植物腱骨愈合影响的实验研究

目的探讨保留残迹重建前交叉韧带对移植物腱骨愈合的影响。方法 32只新西兰兔一期行双侧前交叉韧带重建术,一侧保留残端纤维,对侧切除残端纤维。重建术后6、12、18及24周时,采用HE染色、甲苯胺蓝染色观测,分析移植物腱骨愈合变化情况。结果重建术后各观察时间点上,保留残迹组移植物腱骨界面组织构建更接近正常,术后24周时保留残迹组腱骨界面软骨细胞含量明显高于切除残迹组[（56.5±2.4）vs（45.7±2.7）,P〈0.05]。结论保留残迹重建前交叉韧带有助于移植物腱骨愈合。     

四股半腱肌腱重建兔前十字韧带骨道内的末端形成

目的观察兔四股半腱肌腱移植物重建前十字韧带后骨道内末端形成和转归的情况。方法成年健康新西兰白兔20只,体重2.9～3.5kg,平均3.2kg。行下肢双侧半腱肌腱反折四股重建右膝前十字韧带,按术后3、6、12、26、52周随机分组,按时间段处死实验动物,每组有2只取材成功后,剩余实验动物即进入下一时间段。实验动物处死后,取右膝关节,打开关节腔,取骨道部分标本常规固定、脱水、透明、包蜡、切片、HE染色,组织学观察骨道内移植物及腱骨交界处生长情况。结果3周时腱骨交界处形成一富含血管的纤维结缔组织;骨道内肌腱部分发生坏死,周边细胞已长入。6周时各处连接情况不十分平行,骨道内腱组织亦被替代。12周时界面组织不同部位也出现生长明显不平行情况。26周时界面组织的成熟程度比较平行,可以见到比较典型的直接止点结构。52周时界面组织基本以直接止点连接为主,但在骨道内仍有部分不成熟的腱,仍可见到不同束之间的界限。结论四股半腱肌腱作为前十字韧带的移植物,同样在骨道内通过界面组织的不断成熟,逐渐形成连接,并向直接止点过渡,但因不同股的存在而不平行。由于应力屏蔽的作用,骨道内部的移植物无法完全塑形,仍保留分束的状态。     

Two-stage reconstruction with autografts for knee dislocations

Traumatic knee dislocations are severe injuries that involve damage to the anterior cruciate ligament, the posterior cruciate ligament, and the lateral or medial ligamentous structures. There are no established methods of treatment. The objective of the current study was to report the clinical outcome of a two-stage autologous reconstruction on nine knees (eight patients). The mean followup was 40.1 months. The first stage of the reconstruction was done at a mean of 2 weeks after the injury, and the posterior cruciate ligament was reconstructed by an arthroscopically assisted technique using contralateral autogenous hamstring tendon as the graft material. Three months later, the second stage of the reconstruction was done for the ligaments that had not healed with conservative treatment. Arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was done on all of the knees using the ipsilateral autogenous hamstring tendon or bone-patellar tendon-bone as the graft material. At the same time, a medial collateral ligament reconstruction using an autogenous semitendinosus tendon was done on one knee, and reconstruction of the posterolateral ligamentous structures using a biceps tendon was done on three knees. Each of the knees that was reconstructed was capable of full extension, and the mean degree of passive flexion was 139.5 degrees +/- 5.2 degrees. The mean side-to-side difference in anteroposterior total laxity (KT-1000 arthrometer, manual maximum) was 2.3 +/- 1.9 mm. None of the knees had lateral or medial instability. All of the injured ligaments were able to be reconstructed with autografts, and severe contracture was able to be prevented. A good clinical outcome can be achieved when two-stage reconstruction is used for traumatic knee dislocations.     

兔自体半腱肌重建前交叉韧带拉伸断裂后组织学研究

目的观察骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)复合异体脱蛋白松质骨(DPB)行自体双股半腱肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带(ACL)术后移植物断裂部位及组织学形态。方法将64只骨骼成熟新西兰大白兔分成四组,其中一组为空白对照组,其他三组选取每只兔的左侧膝关节进行手术,术中于骨隧道内植入BMP结合DPB、BMP、DPB。分别于术后第3、6、12、24周取材,保留股骨下段及胫腓骨上段,包埋后行移植物抗拉测试,观察移植物完全断裂部位及断面组织学结构,采用苏木精-伊红染色观察其变化过程。结果术后第3周,移植物断裂部位DPB组及空白对照组位于股骨隧道内,断端仅为纤维组织,BMP组及BMP结合DPB组均位于隧道内口,断端可见少量软骨样组织。术后12周各组移植物断裂部位均位于关节腔内,断端均可见大量胶原纤维,空白对照组及DPB组胶原纤维排列不规则,BMP组及BMP结合DPB组胶原纤维较规则,纤维软骨细胞增多。术后第24周各组断裂部位位于关节腔内移植物中段或近止点处,BMP结合DPB组及BMP组断端胶原纤维排列整齐、规则,可见短杆状及椭圆形细胞,空白对照组及DPB组仅见胶原纤维排列较前规则,未见软骨细胞。结论术后第24周BMP结合DPB组较其他各组更早发生爬行替代,在组织学形态上与正常前交叉韧带更相似。     

术前MRI测量腘绳肌腱横截面积与前交叉韧带重建中移植物的相关性研究

目的:探讨测量MRI腘绳肌腱横截面积在行前交叉韧带重建术前与前交叉韧带重建中移植物的相关性。方法:收集2021年11月至2022年3月在骨关节科拟行前交叉韧带重建术的50例患者的MRI资料,男32例,女18例,年龄19～48(31.1±8.7)岁。术前对半腱肌和股薄肌腱进行MRI测量并记录,然后在关节镜下行前交叉韧带重建术,术中取股薄肌腱与半腱肌腱来制备最终所需移植的肌腱,并且在术中测量已制备好的最终移植物的直径。最后使用统计学软件分析得到数据。结果:MRI测量半腱肌肌腱横截面积、股薄肌肌腱横截面积、半腱肌肌腱与股薄肌肌腱横截面积之和与前交叉韧带术中所需移植物的直径大小呈显著正相关,r值分别为0.858、0.728、0.842(P<0.001),半腱肌肌腱与股薄肌肌腱横截面积之和的曲线下面积(area uder curve,AUC)、灵敏度、和特异性分别为0.925、90.48%、85.71%。结论:在进行前交叉韧带重建术的患者中,术前MRI测量与术中腘绳肌移植直径大小有具有较强的统计学相关性,半腱肌肌腱与股薄肌肌腱横截面积之和对于前交叉韧带重建术中移植物的直径大小有较高的预测价...     

胭绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带后半腱肌腱再生的B超研究

目的研究腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带后半腱肌腱再生的情况.方法随访15 例行四股绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的病例,以高频B超在屈膝30°观察取腱部位,并以对侧正常膝作对照.结果随访15 例患者中均可见到半腱肌腱的再生,平均随访10个月,信号与对侧正常肌腱相似,关节内侧水平线上4 cm处横断面大小与对侧比较无显著性差异,再生肌腱附着点与对侧相比偏近端3.1 cm.结论绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带后可有类似于正常肌腱的半腱肌腱再生,横断面与正常肌腱相似,但附着点偏近端.     

Effect of tibial tunnel dilation on pullout strength of semitendinosus-gracilis graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

This biomechanical cadaver study evaluated the effect of tibial tunnel dilation on the pullout strength of semitendinosus and gracilis tendon grafts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Fourteen grafts were harvested, and the anterior cruciate ligament was reconstructed in the tibial and femoral tunnels. All femoral tunnels were reamed to the diameter of the graft. In seven knees, the tibial tunnels were reamed to the diameter of the graft. In the remaining seven knees, the tibial tunnels were reamed 2 mm smaller than the diameter of the graft and then serially dilated to the graft size using cannulated smooth dilators. Mechanical testing to graft failure was conducted. All grafts failed by graft pullout from the tibial tunnel. However, mean peak load was significantly higher for the dilated tibial specimens (616 +/- 263 N) than for the reamed specimens (453 +/- 197 N) (P = .0025).     

Effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on tendon graft and tendon-bone integration in bone tunnel: biochemical and histological analysis in rabbits.

Despite moderate success in clinical applications, outcome of tendon grafts employed for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remains unsatisfactory. This study investigated the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on neovascularization at the tendon-bone junction, collagen fibers of the tendon graft, and the tendon graft-bony interface incorporated into the osseous tunnel in rabbits. Forty rabbits were assigned to two groups. The HBO group was exposed to 100% oxygen at 2.5 atmospheres pressure for 2 h daily, 5 consecutive days in a week. The control group was maintained in cages exposed to normal air. Histological studies of 12 rabbits were performed postoperatively at 6, 12, and 18 weeks. Biomechanical studies of 24 rabbits were conducted postoperatively at 12 and 18 weeks. Electron microscopy (EM) analyses of four rabbits were performed postoperatively at 18 weeks. Experimental results demonstrated that a higher number of Sharpey's fibers bridged the newly formed fibrocartilage and graft in the HBO group than in the control group. In addition, HBO treatment increased neovascularization and enhanced the incorporation of the progressive interface between tendon graft and bone. Biomechanical analysis showed that the HBO group achieved higher maximal pullout strength than the control group. Examination by EM showed that HBO treatment resulted in regenerated collagen fibers with increased compaction and regularity. Based on experimental results, HBO treatment is a treatment modality that potentially improves outcome following ACL reconstruction.     

Enhancement of tendon-bone healing of anterior cruciate ligament grafts by blockage of matrix metalloproteinases

BACKGROUND: The use of soft-tissue grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction delays the healing process. This delay may be due to biochemical and/or biomechanical insults. We hypothesized that the blocking effect of alpha2-macroglobulin on synovial matrix metalloproteinase activity may enhance the healing of tendon graft in a bone tunnel. METHODS: The study was performed on twenty-eight healthy, skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits. Each rabbit underwent bilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with use of the ipsilateral semitendinosus tendon. Alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha2-macroglobulin) was injected into the knee joint in one limb, and the contralateral limb served as a control. The rabbits were killed two weeks (fourteen rabbits) or five weeks (fourteen rabbits) after the operative procedures. The presence of matrix metalloproteinases in synovial fluid, and the blocking effect of alpha2-macroglobulin on them, were determined with enzymatic assays. Healing between the tendon and the bone tunnel was assessed morphologically by determining the presence of fibrovascular tissue and collagen fibers. Healing also was assessed quantitatively by measuring the ultimate load to failure of the reconstructed complex. RESULTS: There was an increase in matrix metalloproteinases in the control group; in contrast, there was a decrease in the study group (p < 0.05). In the control specimens, the fibrovascular tissue at the bone-tendon interface had developed into dense connective tissue with poor vascularization. In the treated specimens, the bone tunnel had more areas of denser connective-tissue ingrowth. The interface tissue was more mature and contained numerous perpendicular collagen bundles (Sharpey fibers). The ultimate load to failure was significantly greater in the alpha2-macroglobulin-treated specimens than in the untreated controls at both two and five weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that alpha2-macroglobulin blockade of matrix metalloproteinases can enhance bone-tendon healing. This effect of alpha2-macroglobulin could occur through its effect solely on collagenase or on a subset of matrix metalloproteinases that are present at the healing interface.     

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

The bone-patellar tendon-bone has been widely used and considered a good graft source. The quadriceps tendon was introduced as a substitute graft source for bone-patellar tendon-bone. We compared the clinical outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions using central quadriceps tendon-patellar bone and bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts. We selected 72 patients who underwent unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone between 1994 and 2001 and matched for age and gender with 72 patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadriceps tendon-patellar bone. All patients were followed up for more than 2 years. We assessed anterior laxity, knee function using the Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee scores, and quadriceps strength, the means of which were similar in the two groups. More patients (28 or 39%) in the bone-patellar tendon-bone group reported anterior knee pain than in the quadriceps tendon-patellar bone group (six patients or 8.3%). Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the central quadriceps tendon-patellar bone graft showed clinical outcomes comparable to those of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the patellar tendon graft, with anterior knee pain being less frequent in the former. Our data suggest the quadriceps tendon can be a good alternative graft choice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III Therapeutic study.     

骨-髌腱-骨自体移植重建前十字韧带的研究

目的探讨使用骨-髌腱-骨自体移植重建前十字韧带(ACL)术后1年内重建物生物力学性能和组织学变化。方法在39只成年犬单侧后肢行骨-髌腱-骨自体移植重建ACL手术。术后分别在4、8、12、26和52周时处死动物,对正常对照侧ACL和手术侧重建物在屈膝90°行拉力试验直到完全断裂,记录断裂位置,计算横断面积、强度、刚度和应力,观察关节内和隧道内韧带转化过程及隧道内骨块-隧道壁、髌腱-隧道壁和骨块-髌腱三个界面的组织学愈合过程。结果术后隧道内骨块-隧道壁界面4周时愈合;髌腱-隧道壁界面52周时有Sharpey样纤维跨过,出现潮线,软骨细胞有成行排列的趋势;术后骨块-髌腱界面未钙化的纤维软骨层消失,52周时仍未重现;韧带在关节内和隧道内部分的转化过程相似,其结构均于26周时与正常ACL相似。生物力学试验显示所有重建物均在韧带部断裂。52周时,移植髌腱的强度、刚度和应力分别为对照侧的38%、58%和50%,差异有统计学意义。骨隧道内的骨-骨界面术后4周时愈合,早于骨-腱界面;骨-腱界面52周时表现为间接止点,界面出现成行排列趋势的软骨细胞,界面的愈合过程仍在继续。结论用挤压螺钉固定的重建物在手术4周以后,力学薄弱处始终位于韧带本身,在指导患者进行康复锻炼时不必担心固定止点的力学性能。挤压螺钉固定的止点不仅在术后即刻稳定,而且在止点愈合、韧带化过程中仍然保持力学性能可靠。术后1年时虽然韧带在组织学上与正常ACL相似,但力学性能显著低于正常,在剧烈活动时患者需配带支具等进行保护。     

骨形态发生蛋白-2对肌腱悬吊固定后在骨隧道内愈合方式的影响

目的研究骨形态发生蛋白-2（BMP-2）对悬吊固定后肌腱在骨隧道内愈合方式的影响。方法采用兔膝关节半腱肌重建前十字韧带悬吊固定模型,对照组为假手术组而试验组在隧道内植入骨形态发生蛋白-2。分别于手术后4、8、12周采取组织,采用苏木精-伊红染色、天狼猩红染色,观察骨隧道和肌腱移植物间的界面组织学特殊变化,分析腱-骨愈合。结果4周对照组腱-骨间有腱-骨分离,BMP-2组腱-骨间充满结缔组织;8周BMP-2处理组形成Sharpey纤维;12周时BMP-2组形成大量Sharpey纤维,对照组12周时开始出现Sharpey纤维,各组在12周时均无直接连接形成。结论悬吊固定腱-骨愈合发生在隧道深部,BMP-2可以加速腱-骨悬吊固定后腱-骨之间的愈合,腱-骨之间以间接连接方式愈合。     

富血小板血浆复合物对腱-骨愈合界面力学性能影响的组织学研究

目的通过对健康成年新西兰大白兔行生物力学拉伸试验后标本的腱骨界面、移植物及其断裂层面进行组织学及组织化学观察,评价富血小板血浆(platelet rich plasma,PRP)复合异体脱蛋白骨(deproteined bone,DPB)对前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)重建后腱骨愈合的影响。方法 36只成年新西兰大白兔,随机分为3组,每组12只:富血小板血浆复合异体脱蛋白骨组(PRP+DPB组),异体脱蛋白骨组(DPB组),空白对照组。建立双侧自体单股半腱肌肌腱重建ACL模型,前2组骨隧道内分别植入PRP凝胶与DPB复合物、DPB,空白对照组行单纯ACL重建。术后4、8、12、24周取材行生物力学测试(单一轴向的拉伸试验)后,采用HE、Alcian blue、Masson染色及VEGF免疫组织化学观察各组腱骨愈合、移植物及其断裂层面组织学特点,分析各自的力学薄弱点。结果行拉伸试验后,术后4、8周各组标本肌腱移植物均从股骨隧道内断裂拉出,但PRP+DPB组术后8周时标本肌腱断裂处靠近股骨隧道内口,DPB组及空白对照组断裂部位位于隧道中段。术后12周时PRP+DPB组6个标本中有5个肌腱断裂部位在关节腔内部分,另2组仍从隧道内断裂拉出。术后24周时各组标本均在关节腔内部分断裂。组织学观察:术后4周时PRP+DPB组HE染色见断裂层面在腱骨结合部,可见少许疏松的纤维组织,Alcian blue染色未见细胞异染,Masson染色见肌腱断端纤维排列紊乱,VEGF免疫组化染色见较多阳性细胞表达;DPB组及空白对照组断裂层面在腱骨界面,断端见瘢痕组织。术后8周时PRP+DPB组HE染色见断裂层面在隧道内口处腱骨结合部,可见较致密的纤维结缔组织,Alcian blue染色未见细胞异染,Masson染色见肌腱断端纤维排列较前规则,VEGF免疫组化染色仍有较多阳性细胞表达,但较之前少;DPB组及空白对照组在靠近隧道中段处腱骨界面断裂,断端见疏松纤维组织。术后12周时PRP+DPB组肌腱断端见胶原纤维排列较前有序,梭形细胞散在分布,Alcian blue染色见断端有少量细胞异染,VEGF免疫组化阳性细胞数量少;DPB组及空白对照组在靠近隧道内口处腱骨界面断裂,断端见较致密的纤维组织,肌腱断端纤维排列紊乱,Alcian blue染色未见异染。术后24周时各组断端纤维排列整齐,PRP+DPB组可见椭圆形细胞,Alcian blue染色呈异染,较另2组明显,VEGF免疫组化3组均难以检出。术后4、8、12周,PRP+DPB组VEGF表达与DPB组、空白对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05),即表达增强;DPB组与空白对照组各时间点VEGF表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后24周3组标本的VEGF表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 ACL重建术后早期(8周以内)的薄弱点在腱骨界面,晚期在于移植肌腱。PRP可以提高腱骨间骨向肌腱内长入,从而增加腱骨愈合后的抗拉伸力。     

富血小板血浆复合物促进兔前交叉韧带重建后腱骨愈合的组织学研究

目的探讨富血小板血浆(PRP)复合小牛脱蛋白松质骨(DPB)对兔前交叉韧带(ACL)重建术后腱骨愈合的影响。 方法取36只成年新西兰大白兔,随机分为3组：PRP+ DPB组,PRP组,空白对照组,每组12只。建立右侧膝关节ACL完全断裂模型,行白体半腱肌重建ACL。于PRP+ DPB组和PRP组骨隧道内分别植入PRP凝胶结合DPB和PRP凝胶,空白对照组骨隧道内单纯植入肌腱。术后6、12、18周行大体观察、组织学、免疫组化评价腱骨愈合情况。 结果大体观察术后各个时间点,与其他2组比较,PRP+ DPB组移植肌腱与骨隧道壁纤维组织连接更为致密。HE染色显示PRP+DPB组在各时间点腱骨界面的胶原纤维连接及纤维组织分级结果均优于其他2组。PRP+ DPB组、PRP组及空白对照组标本术后6周时TGF-β1表达量平均分别为119.5±9.3、93.0±7.3、73.3±5.4,12周时平均分别为76.8±5.7、48.0±6.7、26.8±4.7;术后6周时VEGF的表达量平均分别为117.5±8.4、90.5±8.2、69.8±5.8,12周时平均分别为76.6±5.7、48.0±6.7、26.8±4.7,以上指标3组之间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),PRP+DPB组优于其他2组。术后18周时3组标本TGF-β1及VEGF的表达量差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。 结论在兔膝关节ACL重建模型中,PRP复合DPB能促进术后的腱骨愈合。     

The effect of shock wave treatment at the tendon-bone interface-an histomorphological and biomechanical study in rabbits.

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the effect of shock wave treatment on the healing at tendon-bone interface in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six New Zealand White rabbits were used in this study. The anterior cruciate ligament was excised and replaced with the long digital extensor. The right knees (study group) were treated with 500 impulses of shock waves at 14 kV, while the left knees (control group) received no shock waves. Histomorphological studies were performed in 24 rabbits at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks. Biomechanical studies were performed in 12 rabbits at 12 and 24 weeks. RESULTS: There was significantly more trabecular bone around the tendons noted in the study group compared with the control group at different time intervals after 4 weeks (P<0.05). The contacting between bone and tendon was significantly better in the study group than the control group after 8 weeks (P<0.05). The tensile strength of the tendon-bone interface was significantly higher in the study group than the control group at 24 weeks (P=0.018), whereas similar modes of graft failure were noted between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Shock wave treatment significantly improves the healing rate of the tendon-bone interface in a bone tunnel in rabbits. The effect of shock waves appears to be time-dependent.