降钙素原与小儿危重病例评分对脓毒症患儿预后的影响

目的 探讨脓毒症患儿血清降钙素原（PCT）与小儿危重病例评分（PCIS）的相关性及与预后的关系。方法 选取儿童重症监护病房脓毒症患儿61 例,按PCIS 评分标准分为非危重组（n=18）、危重组（n=20）和极危重组（n=23）。入院24 h 内检测患儿血清PCT、C 反应蛋白（CRP）、乳酸（LA）含量及血常规,比较上述指标在不同危重程度患儿中的差异;采用Pearson 相关分析检验PCT 与PCIS 及血清各指标相关性;再依据患儿的治疗结局,分为存活组（n=39）和死亡组（n=22）,比较PCT、PCIS 评分及其他血清指标在不同治疗结局患儿中的差异。结果 非危重组PCT 和CRP 水平均低于危重组和极危重组（均PPPr=-0.63,Pr=0.73,P=0.003）;死亡组PCT 和LA 水平明显高于存活组（均PP结论 血清PCT 和PCIS 评分具有较好的相关性,脓毒症患儿PCIS 评分越低,血清PCT 升高越明显,预后越差,两者联合是预测脓毒症患儿预后较为敏感的指标。     

血浆D-乳酸对小儿胃肠功能障碍评价的研究

目的探讨小儿危重症血浆D-乳酸的变化规律，评价D-乳酸对小儿危重症胃肠功能障碍的诊断价值。方法检测不同危重程度，胃肠功能障碍或衰竭时血浆D-乳酸的水平以及动态监测小儿危重症急性期和恢复期D-乳酸的变化。结果随着危重程度增加，血浆D-乳酸显著上升，不同危重程度组血浆D-乳酸水平相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；胃肠功能障碍或衰竭时患儿血浆D-乳酸水平与正常对照组及非胃肠功能障碍组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；危重组及极危重组患儿恢复期血浆D-乳酸水平较急性期明显下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01，P〈0．01）。结论血浆D-乳酸可作为小儿危重症胃肠功能障碍或衰竭的诊断指标以及胃肠功能恢复的指标。     

动态监测血乳酸与小儿危重病例评分的相关性

目的 探讨动态监测PICU患儿血乳酸与小儿危重病例评分(PCIS)的相关性.方法 对77例入住南通大学附属常州儿童医院儿科重症监护病房的患儿立即进行PCIS,根据评分结果分为极危重组(23例)、危重组(32例)、非危重组(22例).并检测患儿动脉血乳酸水平,每6 h监测1次,并测出乳酸峰值.比较各组间乳酸监测指标(入PICU乳酸水平、乳酸峰值)和PCIS,进行相关性分析,探讨其与患儿预后的相关性.结果 极危重组血乳酸水平:入PICU时乳酸[(5.28±3.69) mmol·L-1]、乳酸峰值[(8.54±4.32) mmol·L-1]明显高于危重组和非危重组(F=3.98,3.12,Pa<0.01),而PCIS[(65.79±2.34) 分]明显低于其他2组(F=4.23,P<0.01);死亡组 PCIS[(62.35±4.22) 分]低于存活组[(89.21±5.36) 分](t=3.15,P<0.01),而血乳酸水平[(5.31±4.05) mmol·L-1]高于存活组[(3.22±2.13) mmol·L-1](t=2.32,P<0.05);PCIS与血乳酸水平呈负相关(r=-0.889,P<0.01).结论 血乳酸升高的PICU危重患儿病情更重、预后更差,PCIS评分可有效评估患儿的病情和预后,并与乳酸水平存在显著负相关.动态监测血乳酸水平是反映危重病患儿病情严重程度和预测患儿转归的较好指标.     

血浆D-乳酸对小儿胃肠功能障碍评价的研究

目的探讨小儿危重症血浆D-乳酸的变化规律,评价D-乳酸对小儿危重症胃肠功能障碍的诊断价值。方法检测不同危重程度,胃肠功能障碍或衰竭时血浆D-乳酸的水平以及动态监测小儿危重症急性期和恢复期D-乳酸的变化。结果随着危重程度增加,血浆D-乳酸显著上升,不同危重程度组血浆D-乳酸水平相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);胃肠功能障碍或衰竭时患儿血浆D-乳酸水平与正常对照组及非胃肠功能障碍组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01);危重组及极危重组患儿恢复期血浆D-乳酸水平较急性期明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.01)。结论血浆D-乳酸可作为小儿危重症胃肠功能障碍或衰竭的诊断指标以及胃肠功能恢复的指标。     

重症肺炎患儿血清电解质水平变化与预后的关系

目的 探讨重症肺炎患儿血清电解质水平与预后的关系.方法 对268例肺炎患儿进行小儿危重症评分,以危重病例和极危重病例为重症肺炎组,非危重病例为对照组.测定所有患儿血清钠、钾、钙和氯水平,分析电解质水平变化与预后的关系.结果 重症组血钠、钙和氯水平明显低于对照组(P<0.01),而血钾水平无明显差异(P＞0.05).重症组中,痊愈与好转患儿、疗效不明显与死亡患儿血清钠、钾、钙和氯比较差异均无统计学意义(Pa＞0.05),而疗效不明显与死亡患儿血清钠、钾、钙和氯水平均明显低于痊愈和好转患儿(Pa<0.01).结论 重症肺炎患儿血清电解质水平与病情危重程度和预后密切相关,检测血清电解质水平对于及时正确评估病情和指导治疗具有重要意义.     

重症肺炎合并脓毒症患儿炎症因子及凝血指标与危重症评分相关性分析

目的 探讨重症肺炎合并脓毒症患儿炎症因子和凝血指标与危重症评分的相关性。方法 选择2010年1月至2012年11月在福建省妇幼保健院PICU入住24 h以上,符合重症肺炎合并脓毒症诊断的患儿为研究对象。根据小儿危重病例评分法分为极危重组（<70分）、危重组（~80分）和非危重组（>80分）。检测炎症因子（血WBC、PLT和CRP、IL-6）和凝血指标（D-二聚体和可溶性P-选择素）水平,采用多元线性逐步回归分析炎症因子、凝血指标与危重症评分的相关性。结果 101例患儿进入分析,男47例,女54例。非危重组53例,危重组42例,极危重组6例。①随着危重症评分分值降低,IL-6、D-二聚体和可溶性P-选择素水平逐渐增高,组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);CRP水平亦随危重症评分降低而逐渐增高,在非危重组和危重组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;PLT计数则随危重症评分降低呈降低趋势,组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);血WBC在各组间差异均无统计学意义(P均﹥0.05)。②IL-6、可溶性P-选择素和D-二聚体水平与危重症评分呈正相关,PLT计数与危重症评分呈负相关,血WBC和CRP与危重症评分无相关性。结论 IL-6、可溶性P-选择素、D-二聚体和PLT水平与儿童重症肺炎合并脓毒症的严重程度相关。     

早期血乳酸清除率判断危重新生儿预后的初步观察

目的初步探讨早期血乳酸清除率在危重新生儿预后判断中的作用。方法选择东南大学附属中大医院NICU2008年6月至2009年12月收治的、胎龄28周或出生体重1000g,且存活时间6h的危重新生儿。以患儿入住NICU为研究起点(0h),进行新生儿危重病例评分(NCIS),行动脉血气分析并测定血乳酸水平;在治疗6h再次观测上述指标,计算6h乳酸清除率。以痊愈出院或死亡为研究终点,将患儿分为存活组和死亡组,以6h动脉血乳酸清除率分为高乳酸清除率(乳酸清除率≥10%)组和低乳酸清除率(乳酸清除率10%)组。分别比较各组间的病死率、NCIS评分、6h血乳酸清除率、血乳酸水平和pH差异。组内均数比较采用配对t检验,组间均数比较采用独立样本t检验,分类资料采用χ2检验。结果 126例危重新生儿进入分析,其中男74例,女52例。进入研究时平均日龄(2.54±2.9)d,平均胎龄(33.5±3.9)周;出生体重(2281±816)g。存活组102例,死亡组24例;高乳酸清除率组96例,低乳酸清除率组30例。存活组6h血乳酸清除率(32.3%±12.2%)显著高于死亡组(18.3%±1.9%),t=3.41,P0.05;高乳酸清除率组病死率(9.4%,9/96例)显著低于低乳酸清除率组(50%,15/30例),χ2=22.5,P0.05。存活组和死亡组、高乳酸清除率组和低乳酸清除率组0hNCIS评分、动脉血乳酸水平和pH值差异均无统计学意义;各组间6h血乳酸水平差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),NCIS评分差异无统计学意义。结论 6h血乳酸清除率可以作为危重新生儿预后判断的一个良好指标,为进一步深入研究血乳酸清除率与预后的相关性提供了线索。     

危重患儿血糖与胰岛素水平的临床分析

目的 分析危重患儿血糖和胰岛素水平变化,探讨危重患儿高血糖发生相关机制.方法 检测2007年1至12月我院PICU收治的51例危重患儿入院时血糖和胰岛素水平变化,并与15例健康体检儿检测结果进行对照分析.结果 (1)各种基础疾病下的危重患儿入院24 h内血糖均值均高于正常范围,以感染性休克组为最高[(11.35±6.21)mmol/L];患儿入院5 d内每日血糖均值波动情况以入院当天为最高,其后持续高于正常.(2)人院24 h内肺部感染、颅内感染和感染性休克患儿血胰岛素水平分别为(17.65±16.85)mU/L、(13.45±7.33)mU/L、(16.24±12.41)mU/L,均高于对照组[(8.70±6.57)mU/L],而先天性心脏病组[(6.75±3.22)mU/L]略低于正常组,但各组间差异无显著性(F=0.356,P=0.127);入院当天和第3天、第5天患儿血胰岛素平均水平均高于正常对照组[(8.70±6.57)mU/L];根据血糖水平,将患儿分为血糖正常组和高血糖组,两组血胰岛素水平分别为(5.44±3.38)mU/L、(14.22±12.29)mU/L,高血糖组胰岛素水平明显高于对照组.(3)患儿危重评分(PIM Ⅱ)均值为12.69±16.82,共死亡8例,病死率为15.6%;死亡患儿血糖和胰岛素水平均明显高于存活患儿(P＜0.05).(4)血糖和血胰岛素水平间无明显线性关系;危重症评分和血胰岛素水平无线性相关性;血糖和危重症评分间线性相关性不显著.结论 危重症患儿常出现高血糖和高胰岛素血症,两者在一定程度上间接反映疾病严重程度,也是判断预后的间接指标;高血糖与胰岛素相对不足或(和)胰岛素抵抗有关,至于其确切的关系需要进一步研究证实.     

乳酸和早期乳酸清除率预测严重脓毒症患儿预后的临床价值

目的探讨动脉血乳酸及早期乳酸清除率在严重脓毒症患儿预后判断中的临床意义。方法选取2008年6月-2011年6月南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院PICU 145例严重脓毒症患儿,以患儿入住PICU为研究起点(0 h),进行小儿危重病例评分(PCIS)、测定其动脉血乳酸水平;治疗6 h后再次测定其动脉血乳酸水平,计算6 h乳酸清除率。以6 h乳酸清除率分为高乳酸清除率(乳酸清除率≥10%)组和低乳酸清除率(乳酸清除率<10%)组,比较2组患儿的病死率;根据预后将患儿分为存活组和死亡组,比较2组动脉血乳酸水平及6 h乳酸清除率;以入院时乳酸水平(<2.0 mmol·L-1、2.0～3.9 mmol·L-1、≥4.0 mmol·L-1)分为3组,比较3组间的病死率、PCIS。结果高乳酸清除率组患儿病死率显著低于低乳酸清除率组(χ2=41.01,P<0.01);死亡组与存活组乳酸水平和6 h乳酸清除率比较差异均有统计学意义(t=6.77、9.23,Pa<0.01);不同乳酸水平组间病死率和PCIS比较差异均有统计学意义(χ2=18.996,P<0.01;F=58.660,P<0.01)。结论早期检测乳酸水平和6 h乳酸清除率可有效判断严重脓毒症患儿病情的危重程度和预后。     

危重新生儿高渗血症临床探讨

目的 观察危重新生儿高渗血症的发生及其临床意义。方法 对所有入院的危重新生儿即进行电解质、血糖、尿素氮、血气等测定，按公式计算出血渗透浓度。结果 152例危重新生儿发生高渗血症48例，极危重组（新生儿危重症评分≤70分）的高渗血症患儿有19例，一般危重组（新生儿危重症评分70～90分）有29例，极危重组患儿血糖、血渗透浓度和病死率较一般危重组患儿明显升高，P〈0．01．而其pH值比一般危重组低，P〈0．05，两组比较有统计学意义。血渗透浓度〉320mmol／L组病死率为66．67％．较290～320mmol／L组明显升高，P〈0．01。结论 危重新生儿高渗血症有其临床特点，高糖血症参与的高渗血症比例高，设危重组高渗血症及血渗透浓度〉320mmol／L的患儿预后差。     

Serum anion gap in the differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis in critically ill newborns

OBJECTIVES: To determine in critically ill newborn infants (1) the range of the serum anion gap without metabolic acidosis and (2) whether the serum anion gap can be used to distinguish newborns with lactic acidosis from those with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. STUDY DESIGN: Umbilical arterial blood gases and serum electrolyte and lactate concentrations were measured simultaneously in 210 samples from 63 infants over the first week of life. Metabolic acidosis was defined as a blood base deficit (BD) >4 mmol/L. The anion gap was calculated as [Na(+)] - [C1(-)] - [TCO (2)]. Lactic acidosis was defined as a serum lactate concentration >2 SD above the mean serum lactate concentration in samples without metabolic acidosis. RESULTS: In 89 blood samples with BD <4 mmol/L, serum lactate concentration decreased with postnatal age (r = 0.51). The upper limit of serum lactate concentration was 3.8 mmol/L at less than 48 hours, 2.4 mmol/L between 48 and 96 hours, and 1.5 mmol/L for infants greater than 96 hours of age. The mean serum anion gap +/- 2 SD in 174 samples without lactic acidosis was 8 +/- 4 mmol/L; in 36 samples with lactic acidosis it was 16 +/- 9 mmol/L (P <.0001). Serum anion gap and lactate concentration were poorly correlated for samples without lactic acidosis (r = 0.04) but highly correlated in those with lactic acidosis (r = 0.81, P <.0001). None of the 85 samples with metabolic acidosis but without lactic acidosis had an anion gap >16 mmol/L; only 4 of 36 samples with lactic acidosis had an anion gap <8 meq/L. However, 25 of 36 samples with lactic acidosis had serum anion gaps of 8 to 16 mmol/L. CONCLUSION: In the presence of metabolic acidosis, a serum anion gap >16 mmol/L is highly predictive of lactic acidosis; a serum anion gap <8 is highly predictive of the absence of lactic acidosis; an anion gap = 8 - 16 mmol/L has no use in the differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis in the critically ill newborn.     

儿童创伤性脑损伤后血清皮质醇的变化及对预后的影响

目的 研究儿童创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)后血清皮质醇的变化规律,以及对预后的影响.方法 2014年6月至2015年12月伤后24 h内入住南京市儿童医院外科ICU的52例TBI患儿,按照格拉斯哥昏迷评分(glasgow coma scale,GCS)分为轻度损伤组(19例,GCS评分≥13分)、中度损伤组(16例,8分相似文献   

Non-islet-cell tumor hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis in a child with congenital HIV and Burkitt's lymphoma

BACKGROUND: Non-islet-cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) is a rare cause of hypoglycemia associated with tumors of mesenchymal, epithelial, or hematopoietic origin. Lactic acidosis is likewise an uncommon complication of hematological malignancy associated mainly with leukemia and lymphoma. Most cases of NICTH and lactic acidosis have been described in the adult population. We report a child with congenital HIV and AIDS who developed Burkitt's lymphoma, lactic acidosis and NICTH. PATIENT: An 11 year-old boy with AIDS, cerebral palsy and seizure disorder presented with intractable hypoglycemia 12 days after diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma. He had persistent hypoglycemia (serum glucose 20-40 mg/dl; 1.1-2.2 mmo/l) despite glucose infusion rate of 6 mg/kg/minute and trial of diazoxide treatment. Critical sample obtained at time of hypoglycemia showed insulin at 1.78 microU/ml (normal <5 microU/ml), pro-insulin 5.6 pmol/l (<18.8 pmol/l), IGF-I <25 ng/ml (80-723 ng/ml), IGF-II 422 ng/ml (610-1,217 ng/ml), lactate 15.6 mmol/l (normal: 0.5-2.2 mmol/l), cortisol 21 microg/dl (580 nmol/l; normal >10 microg/dl; 276 nmol/l), and negative insulin antibodies. He remained alert and seizure free despite profound hypoglycemia. A 1 mg glucagon stimulation test showed a rise in serum glucose of 29 mg/dl (>1.6 mmol/l). Continuous glucagon infusion at 0.15-0.3 mg/h maintained euglycemia until the time of his demise (1 month after admission) due to complications of his underlying illness. CONCLUSION: We present a case of lactic acidosis and NICTH in an 11 year-old boy with AIDS and Burkitts's lymphoma. We review the mechanism of hyperlacticacidemia in supporting cerebral function during profound hypoglycemia. NICTH and lactic acidosis in association with malignancy carries a poor prognosis. In this patient, continuous glucagon infusion was a successful alternative to corticosteroid treatment in maintaining euglycemia.     

Defining acidosis in postoperative cardiac patients using Stewart's method of strong ion difference.

OBJECTIVE: To define the true incidence and nature of acidosis in pediatric patients postcardiac surgery, using Stewart's direct method of measuring strong ion difference. We also wished to compare the ability of standard indirect methods (base deficit, lactate, anion gap, and corrected anion gap) to accurately predict tissue acidosis. DESIGN: A single-center prospective observational study. SETTING: A pediatric intensive care unit in a tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Pediatric patients who had undergone cardiac surgery were studied in the immediate postoperative period. Patients who had undergone both open and closed cardiac surgery were included. INTERVENTIONS: Routine arterial blood gas analysis and laboratory electrolyte measurements were made in patients immediately on admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) after cardiac surgery and each morning until discharge from the PICU. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Figge's equations were used to calculate strong ion difference and total tissue acids (unmeasured acids and lactate). These direct methods then were compared to indirect measurements: base deficit, lactate anion gap, and anion gap corrected for albumin. We collected 150 samples from 44 patients. Tissue acidosis occurred overall in 60 of 150 samples. This was due to raised unmeasured acids alone in 44 of 60 (73.3%), raised lactate alone in six of 60 (10%), and a combination of the two in ten of 60 (16.6%). Hyperchloremia occurred in 19 of 150 samples overall and 12 of 25 (48%) samples immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass. Measured base deficit showed a poor correlation with true tissue acidosis (r = -.48, p <.001) and the worst discriminatory ability (area under the curve, 0.72; 0.62-0.82). Anion gap corrected for albumin had the best correlation (r =.95, p <.001) and highest area under the curve (0.90; 0.85-0.95). CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic acidosis occurs frequently postcardiac surgery and is largely due to raised unmeasured acids and less commonly raised lactate. Hyperchloremia is common, particularly after cardiopulmonary bypass. Base deficit correlates poorly with true tissue acidosis, and corrected anion gap offers the most accurate bedside alternative to Stewart's method of tissue acid calculation.     

3种儿童危重评分在重症监护室脓毒症患儿预后评估中的作用

目的探讨儿童危重病例评分(PCIS)、儿童器官功能障碍评分2(PELOD-2)、儿童多器官功能障碍评分(P-MODS)在儿童重症监护室(PICU)脓毒症患儿预后评估中的作用。方法回顾性分析2016年6月至2018年6月广东医科大学附属医院PICU收治的516例脓毒症患儿的临床资料,根据入院28 d结局将患儿分为存活组和死亡组。绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),采用ROC曲线下面积(AUC)评价PCIS、PELOD-2、P-MODS在PICU脓毒症患儿预后评估中的作用。结果存活组488例,死亡组28例。死亡组PCIS评分明显低于存活组[86(82,88)分比89(84,92)分],PELOD-2及P-MODS评分均明显高于存活组[PELOD-2:6.5(4.0,8.0)分比0(0,2.0)分,P-MODS:3(2,6)分比1(1,2)分],差异均有统计学意义(Z=3259.500、14.228、4.688,均P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,PCIS、PELOD-2、P-MODS 3种评分评估PICU脓毒症患儿预后的AUC分别为0.761、0.916、0.761(Z=6.127、14.228、4.688,均P<0.05)。结论PCIS、PELOD-2、P-MODS均可较好地预测PICU脓毒症患儿的预后,尤以PELOD-2评分更加显著。     

早产儿振幅整合脑电图的影响因素

目的探讨早产儿振幅整合脑电图(aEEG)的影响因素。方法在出生12 h内采用NicoletOne脑功能监测仪对71例早产儿进行aEEG描记。根据aEEG背景活动的方式及有无惊厥样活动,将aEEG结果判断为正常和异常aEEG(包括轻度异常及重度异常)。床旁颅脑超声监测脑损伤的发生。分析胎龄、出生体质量、窒息、低氧血症、辅助通气及脑损伤对早产儿aEEG的影响。结果 1.早产儿71例中,正常aEEG 40例,异常aEEG 31例。2.胎龄<34周者54例,正常aEEG 25例,异常aEEG 29例(53.7%);≥34周者17例,正常aEEG 15例,异常aEEG 2例(11.8%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.245 2,P<0.01)。3.出生体质量<1.5 kg者25例,正常aEEG 8例,异常aEEG 17例(68.0%);出生体质量≥1.5 kg者46例,正常aEEG 32例,异常aEEG14例(30.4%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.291 9,P<0.001)。4.产时有窒息者36例,正常aEEG 15例,异常aEEG 21例(58.3%);无窒息者35例,正常aEEG 25例,异常aEEG 10例(28.6%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.390 4,P<0.05)。5.低氧血症24例,正常aEEG 16例,异常aEEG 8例(33.3%);无低氧血症者47例,正常aEEG 24例,异常aEEG 23例(48.9%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.572 4,P>0.05)。6.辅助通气者19例,正常aEEG 8例,异常aEEG 11例(57.9%);未辅助通气者52例,正常aEEG 32例,异常aEEG 20例(38.5%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.136 4,P>0.05)。7.有脑损伤者51例,正常aEEG 24例,异常aEEG 27例(52.9%);无脑损伤者20例,正常aEEG 16例,异常aEEG 4例(20.0%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.337 5,P<0.05)。结论胎龄和出生体质量对早产儿aEEG有显著影响。小胎龄、低出生体质量以及出生时窒息和脑损伤的早产儿异常aEEG的发生率高。在分析早产儿aEEG时应考虑胎龄、出生体质量、窒息及脑损伤等生理病理因素的影响。     

An algorithmic approach to diagnosis of hypoglycemia

An algorithm has been devised to facilitate the diagnostic approach to the causes of hypoglycemia. This systematic approach enables the physician to reach the final diagnosis in a logical way without subjecting the child to unnecessary and possibly hazardous investigations. The algorithm is based on the following measurements as required by each patient: concentrations of blood glucose, lactate, ketone bodies, and glucose-regulating hormones. These measurements are performed with the patient in the fasting state and after loading tests (glycerol and galactose) as needed. If indicated, an enzymatic test is performed to establish the final diagnosis. Eighteen children aged 1 month to 7 years who had persistent or recurrent hypoglycemia have been examined according to this algorithm. The correct diagnosis was arrived at in 17 patients. The diagnosis was not reached in one neonate who had glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency and initially did not have lactic acidosis; once lactic acidosis developed, his illness fitted perfectly into the algorithm.