平衡膳食改善儿童锌缺乏的研究

观察了平衡膳食在改善儿童锌缺乏中的作用。实验结果表明，锌缺乏儿童食用平衡膳食８周后，该组儿童的身长、体重、发锌等指标均比两组食用普通膳食儿童增加显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）。食用平衡膳食组儿童锌的吸收量、吸收率也高于两组普通膳食儿童（Ｐ〈０．０１）。提示平衡膳食是目前纠正儿童锌缺乏的有效手段。     

儿童锌营养指标的研究

对３１８名３～６岁儿童进行膳食调查与体格检查，在排除膳食影响及各种感染性疾患条件下，以血浆锌划分锌缺乏组（１４０人）和对照组（１６６人）。测试两组儿童的尿锌／尿肌酐比值，血清ＡＬＰ活性，血清胆固醇水平及上述指标在给锌缺乏儿童补锌治疗前后的变化。结果表明：锌缺乏组与对照组相比较，尿锌／尿肌酐比值下降（Ｐ＜０．０５），血清ＡＬＰ活性降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；血清胆固醇稍低（Ｐ＞０．０５）。锌缺乏组儿童补锌治疗后，９７．９％儿童血浆锌升高３８２．８％儿童尿锌／尿肌酐比值升高；１００．０％儿童血清ＡＬＰ活性升高；８９．６％儿童血清胆固醇水平下降，这些指标在补锌治疗前后有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。因此，我们认为：血浆锌和血清ＡＬＰ同时低可以预示儿童体内锌缺乏，需要补锌治疗；尿锌／尿肌酐比值能效敏感地反映儿童的锌营养状况；胆固醇与锌营养之间的关系值得进一步研究．     

5—6岁儿童锌营养需要量的基础研究

对哈尔滨市两所幼儿园５～６岁儿童的膳食营养素摄入情况和锌营养水平进行调查，并在不加干预的自然生活、饮食条件下，利用代谢平衡法观察儿童的锌代谢情况。结果表明：Ａ、Ｂ两园儿童膳食锌和蛋白质摄入量分别为５１４ｍｇ／日、３３７ｇ／日和２８４ｍｇ／日、２８１ｇ／日，均未达到膳食供给量标准；Ａ园儿童生长发育水平高于我国同龄儿童标准（Ｐ＜００５），Ｂ园则有低于此标准的趋势；Ａ园儿童的锌排出量、储留量及表观吸收率高于Ｂ园（Ｐ＜００５）。综合Ａ园儿童的锌营养水平和代谢情况，本文初步确认中国５～６岁儿童的锌营养需要量为５～６ｍｇ／人／日。本研究测定出５～６岁儿童每日发锌排出量（经由头发的锌损失量）为３～１１μｇ／日。     

儿童边缘性锌缺乏症综合判断的研究

对沈阳市某幼儿园９９例３～６岁锌缺乏儿童的营养调查和生物样品（血液、尿液和毛发）的分析发现：同对照组儿童相比，锌缺乏儿童除Ｆｅ、维生素Ａ外，其他主要营养素的摄入明显不足；缺锌儿童的发锌、ＲＢＣ锌水平、血清ＡＬＰ活性、尿锌／尿肌酐比值均明显低于对照组。经补锌治疗后血浆锌水平、血清ＡＬＰ活性、尿锌／尿肌酐比值显著升高。应用临床诊断实验的评价方法分析发现结合血浆锌水平，联合使用发锌，血清ＡＬＰ和尿锌／尿肌酐比值３项指标可以准确判断儿童边缘性锌缺乏，这时并联的灵敏度为９６．１８％，串联的特异度可高达到１００％（血清ＡＬＰ活性＜１０４ＩＵ／Ｌ，同时发锌含量＜１１０ｐｐｍ．尿锌／尿肌酐比值＜０．３μｇ／ｇ）。     

儿童锌缺乏敏感指标的评价

目的 为评价反映儿童锌缺乏的敏感指标。方法 我们对３００名３－６岁儿童进行膳食调查与体格检查，同时测定了锌缺乏组和对照儿童的尿肌酐比值。血清ＡＬＰ活性，血清胆固醇水平及锌缺乏儿童补锌治疗前后上述指标的变化。结果 锌缺乏组与姐尿锌与民酐幽会血清ＡＬＰ活性有显著性差异。锌缺乏组儿童血浆锌、尿锌与尿肌酐比值，血清ＡＬＰ活性，血清胆固醇水平在补锌治疗前后有显著性差异。结论 血浆锌和血清ＡＬＰ同时降低可以预     

儿童锌营养综合评价的研究

对３组（６２７例）不同锌营养状况的３－６岁儿童的发锌，血清锌，身高，体重，血红蛋白进行测定分析和膳食调查，并对１１５例缺锌儿童进行了３个月的补锌治疗。结果表明膳食锌摄入不足，尤其是动物性食物摄入不足是儿童缺锌的主要原因。发锌与血清锌无密切相关（ｒ＝０．０２６，Ｐ＞０．２５），单纯以发锌或清锌不能全面评价儿童锌营养状况。本文提出了结合临床体征，膳食调查及发锌，血清锌水平的综合评价方法。     

沈阳市3～6岁儿童锌营养状况的调查分析

为了解沈阳地区儿童锌的营养状况，我们在沈阳市选取各项幼儿设施处于中等水平的幼儿园，对其全园儿童进行膳食调查，体格检查及发锌和血浆锌的测定，旨在为有效地防治儿童锌缺乏提供基础资料。1对象与方法1．1选取沈阳市某幼儿园（其各项幼儿设施处于全市中等水平），对全国318名3～6岁儿童（男童190名，女童128名）进行膳食调查、体格检查及发锌和血浆锌的测定。1．2膳食调查：在幼儿园内采用称重记帐法，由经过培训的专人负责；在家零食部分，由家长填写带有详细说明的膳食调查表；连续3日。数据用IBM-PC微机处理分析。1．3体格检查：…     

学前儿童膳食植酸摄入量及对锌生物利用率的影响

用改良的离子交换法测定了学龄前儿童膳食植酸的摄入量,并用植酸/锌摩尔比值及人体代谢平衡实验评价和观察植酸抑制锌吸收利用的程度。 膳食植酸平均摄入499mg/d,植酸/锌摩尔比值平均为6.66。当摄取植酸含量高的食物时,植酸/锌摩尔比值也仅达到10.6。而抑制锌吸收的临界比值范围为10～20。代谢平衡实验未观察到锌的生物利用率受到抑制。 因此,在我国目前的膳食条件下,锌缺乏与植酸关系不大。     

儿童锌缺乏敏感指标的评价

为评价反映儿童锌缺乏的敏感指标.方法 我们对300名3～6岁儿童进行膳食调查与体格检查,同时测定了锌缺乏组和对照组儿童的尿锌与尿肌酐比值,血清ALP活性,血清胆固醇水平及锌缺乏儿童补锌治疗前后上述指标的变化.结果 锌缺乏组与对照组尿锌与尿肌酐比值,血清ALP活性有显著性差异.锌缺乏组儿童血浆锌,尿锌与尿肌酐比值,血清ALP活性,血清胆固醇水平在补锌治疗前后有显著性差异.结论 血浆锌和血清ALP同时降低可以预示儿童体内锌缺乏,需要补锌治疗;尿锌与尿肌酐比值能较敏感地反映儿童的锌营养状况;胆固醇与锌营养之间的关系值得进一步研究.     

哈尔滨市7—9岁儿童发中锌,铁,钙元素分析

为了解小学低年级学生体内锌、铁、钙元素含量水平，我们对哈市一所小学7～9岁儿童的发样进行了锌、铁、钙元素的测定，以便掌握本地区儿童体内几种微量元素的含量，为调整和补充某些元素提供参考。1对象与方法在哈市一所普通小学校随机抽取7～9岁）L童273名。于1994年4月份作此调查。在枕部路头皮3cm之间内取发祥1克，用原子吸收光谱仪测定其发样中锌、轶、钙三种元素的含量。2结果与分析2．1本组儿童发锌测定结果（见表1）。表1显示：7～9岁3个年龄组的锌缺乏率为51．6％，与幼儿园5～6岁儿童的锌缺乏率基本相似。7岁组儿童锌缺乏率最高…     

大鼠摄取不同饲料蛋白质水平对蛋白质和锌,铁,铜代谢的影响

Ｗｉｓｔａｒ纯品系断奶雄大鼠３２只，随机分成４组，喂纯合成饲料。第１、２、３、４组饲料含蛋白质分别为５％、１０％、２０％和１０％，其他成分相同，第５０天只有第４组改喂以无氮饲料并与其它３组同样收集５天粪、尿，测定氮及锌、铁、铜的代谢量，第５６天处死大鼠，测毛和肝、肾、脑、睾丸、胫骨中锌、铁、铜的含量。结果表明：低蛋白水平组影响大鼠体重增长和蛋白质代谢，机体组织锌、铁、铜含量降低，经粪尿排出锌、铁量增加，锌和铁的吸收与存留显著降低，本文还对蛋白质营养水平不同所致的锌、铁、铜营养状况缺乏时，毛中锌、铁、铜含量作为诊断指标的意义进行了探讨。     

宝安区小儿发锌和钙等元素的测定

目的通过对宝安区小儿发锌、钙、铅元素水平的测定与分析，探讨预防和治疗措施。方法采用原予吸收分光光度计测定237名0．5～12岁小儿的头发标本。结果锌、钙、铅三元素含量与年龄有关，其中发钙含量有性别差异。四组中铅高（73．42％）占第一位，其次为钙缺乏（54．85％）和锌缺乏（8．43％）。有害元素发铅阳性率依次为幼儿、学龄前、婴儿和学龄组；但学龄组发铅较高率显著性高于其他组（X^2〉11．94，P〈0．01）。幼儿组钙缺乏率最高，且钙缺乏率有随年龄降低的趋势。锌缺乏率无组问差异，但有随年龄增高的趋势。结论高铅和钙营养不足是本地区小儿最主要的健康问题。幼儿和学龄前儿童是防治铅高和钙缺乏的重点对象，应采取均衡营养、科学饮食和合理补充等综合防治措施以降低微量元素缺乏或过多给儿童生长发育带来的危害。     

锌对镉所致胚胎毒性的保护作用研究

实验用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠，分为正常组、低锌组、低锌染镉组、正常染镉组和染镉高锌保护组，分别饲养，其中三组在孕８和１０天注射镉（２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）。妊娠第２０天处死动物，取血，并剖腹检查孕鼠内脏和胎鼠畸形情况。研究发现：与正常对照组相比，单纯缺锌即可引起胎鼠的吸收率增高和畸形的发生；而染镉（２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）也可引起胎鼠的吸收胎和迟死胎显著增加，并可引起皮下水肿、卷尾等外观畸形。在孕期缺锌的同时，给予孕鼠２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重的镉，孕鼠在整个孕期体重呈负增长，胚胎不能形成；如给予孕鼠高锌饲养（２２７ｍｇ／ｋｇ），胎鼠可得到较好的保护，其吸收胎、死胎率明显下降，存活率显著上升，且胎鼠体重、身长也与对照组相差无几。提示孕鼠缺锌可引发胎儿畸形，缺锌染镉加重胚胎毒作用，而高锌膳食能拮抗镉所造成的胚胎毒作用。     

深圳市不明原因成人脱发患者发中微量元素分析

目的 :分析深圳市不明原因成人脱发患者头发中微量元素含量与脱发的关系。方法 :采用原子吸收光谱法 ,对 5 7名不明原因脱发患者和 4 8名体检正常的健康成人的头发进行微量元素含量的测定 ,并对两组数据进行统计处理。结果 :脱发患者发中铜、铁含量及Cu/Zn比值明显低于健康成人组 ,而铅、锌、锰、钙、镁的含量无明显差异。结论 :这类患者铜 /锌比值的降低主要是由于铜低造成 ,铜、铁营养不良是其脱发发生的重要原因     

Contribution of the cecum and colon to zinc absorption in rats

We examined the role of the large intestine in zinc absorption in rats in three separate experiments. In the first experiment, we examined apparent zinc absorption in rats fed diets containing graded levels of zinc carbonate (0.015-0.535 mmol Zn/kg diet) and evaluated zinc status on the basis of the zinc concentrations in serum and several tissues. The zinc absorption and the serum zinc concentration increased with the zinc content of the diet up to 0. 153 mmol Zn/kg diet. Femoral and pancreatic zinc levels increased linearly up to 0.229 mmol Zn/kg diet. In the second experiment, a zinc carbonate suspension was administered into the cecum via an implanted cannula or into the stomach via an orogastric tube, and the rats were fed diets with or without a highly fermentable fiber, guar gum hydrolysate (GGH, 50 g/kg diet), with coprophagy prevention. The amount of instilled zinc corresponded to the amount of zinc ingested as a component of the diet by the rats of a control group, 0.229 mmol Zn/kg diet. Apparent absorption of cecally instilled zinc was approximately half that observed when zinc was administered into the stomach in both diet groups. Serum and femur zinc concentrations in the cecum-administered groups were approximately 50 and 25% lower, respectively, than those in rats administered zinc into the stomach. The results demonstrate that, in vivo, the absorptive efficiency in the large intestine is not sufficient to satisfy the rat's zinc requirement and does not change when the luminal environment is substantially altered by feeding GGH. In Experiment 3, the effects of cecocolonectomy on zinc absorption were examined in rats with gastric acid suppression. In the cecocolonectomized groups, serum zinc concentration was lower as a result of treatment with a proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, than in vehicle-treated rats, but not in sham-operated groups. These findings suggest that the cecum and colon contribute to zinc absorption when absorption in the small intestine is impaired.     

Interaction of zinc and essential fatty acids in the rat.

Three experiments were performed to investigate the possibility of a physiological relationship between zinc and essential fatty acids (EFA). Male weanling rats were fed diets low in zinc, EFA or both and their growth rates, dermal scores and tissue fatty acid profiles determined. In experiment 1, a basal soybean protein diet containing 7 ppm of added zinc and approximately 300 ppm EFA was used in a 2 X 2 factorial design: low Zn-low EFA; adequate Zn-low EFA; low Zn-adequate EFA and adequate Zn-adequate EFA. The low zinc status accentuated signs of EFA deficiency, including dermal lesions and growth rate, but it had no significant effect on the fatty acid profile in plasma. In experiment 2, a basal casein diet containing approximately 25 ppm of EFA and less than 1 ppm of zinc, was used in a similar design. For 7 weeks two groups of weanling rats were fed ad libitum either a diet adequate in Zn and low in EFA or a diet adequate in all nutrients. From 7 to 12 weeks zinc was removed from one-half of each group and all were pair-fed to the intake of the low zinc-low EFA group. Zinc deficiency accentuated dermal lesions in the group deprived of EFA and caused enlarged joints suggestive of an arthritic-like syndrome. In experiment 3, an egg albumin based diet containing approximately 25 ppm EFA and less than 1 ppm of zinc was used in a 2 X 2 factorial design. No signs of fatty acid deficiency occurred in 5 weeks with adequate zinc. Zinc and EFA deficiency accentuated dermal scores and severely depressed growth. Zinc deficiency increased the proportion of arachidonic acid in foot skin especially in the EFA deficient group. It is concluded that there is a physiological interaction between Zn and essential fatty acids.     

某些酶活性变化对评价生长发育期大鼠锌营养的意义

雄性断乳大鼠随机分为低锌组、高锌组、正常锌组和低锌组的高锌饲料对饲组。喂相应饲料２０天后,低锌组的部分大鼠改喂高锌饲料（低 高锌组）,高锌组的部分大鼠改喂低锌饲料（高 低锌组）。分别于实验期０、２０、５０和７０天时处死。测定血浆碱性磷酸酶、５′ 核苷酸酶和铜 锌型超氧化物歧化酶活性、血浆锌及肾脏锌含量变化,以考核它们对评价锌营养状况的意义。结果表明：碱性磷酸酶、５′ 核苷酸酶以及血浆锌浓度变化对缺锌或／和补锌反应敏感。短期缺锌时（２０天）碱性磷酸酶活性就显著降低,并随缺锌时间延长该酶活性持续降低,而短期补锌（３０天）后又能显著增加其活性。受锌营养状况影响,血浆５′ 核苷酸酶活性也有类似的变化趋势。但这些酶活性又受增龄因素的影响,即随实验期增加,正常锌组碱性磷酸酶活性呈降低趋势,而５′ 核苷酸酶活性则呈增加趋势。长期严重缺锌可以影响铜 锌型超氧化物歧化酶活性;补锌后在实验期内未见到它的活性显著增加。随实验期增加,低锌组血浆锌持续降低,５０天时,显著低于高锌组;７０天时,低锌组和高 低锌组的血浆锌也显著低于高锌和低 高锌组。这些结果提示,碱性磷酸酶和５′ 核苷酸酶的活性及血浆锌变化对评价大鼠锌营养状况有一定的意?     

应激对缺锌大鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 观察应激和缺锌双重因素作用下机体免疫功能的变化，并初步了解机体在不同锌水平下的应激反应能力。方法 将Wistar大鼠胺体重随机分为缺锌组（ZD），缺锌应激组（SZD）；对喂组（PF），对喂应激组（SPF）；常锌组（CT），常锌应激组（SCT）。缺锌组以缺锌饲料9锌含量2.0mg/kg），对喂组和常锌组饲以正常饲料（锌含量38.5mg/kg）。喂养1周后，各应激组大鼠接爱光－电刺激，连续15d。然后，取血测定血清皮质醇，取胸腺和脾脏称重，并制备脾脏细胞以测定T细胞增列反应。结果 缺锌或应激时皮质醇含量均明显上升，以缺锌应激组最为明显。缺锌级大鼠食欲减退，生长发育迟缓，出现缺锌体征。应激和非应激条件下，缺锌均可以使胸`腺脾脏萎缩，脏体指数明显下降；各应激组珉春对应的非应激组比较，上述免疫器官的重量和指数均有不同程度的下降，其中，SZD组的胸腺重量和指数、脾脏指数，SPF组的胸腺指数均明显低于对应的非应激组。应激时T细胞增殖能力下降，以缺锌组最为明显。结论 应激和缺锌均可使机体的免疫功能下降；机体锌营养不良使得应激对其免疫功能的损害更为严重。     

缺锌对大鼠脑组织和血液中乙酰胆碱和5—羟色胺含量的影响

目的：研究缺锌对大鼠脑组织和血液中乙酰胆碱（ACh)和5－羟色胺（5－HT）含量的影响。方法：采用85克左右的Wistar大鼠,随机均分为3组;缺锌组（ZD）,饲喂缺锌饲料,对喂组（PF）,饲喂加锌饲料,但饲喂量与ZD组一致;缺锌补锌组（ZS）,先饲喂缺锌饲料,21天以后改为加锌饲料,给料量与ZD组一致。结果：缺锌组血液中ACh明显升高;皮质中ACh与其他组差异无显性。血液中5－HT显升高,大脑皮质中5－HT显升高,结论：提示缺锌可影响脑组织和血液中乙酰胆碱和5－羟色胺的代谢。     

Somatomedin-C and zinc status in rats as affected by Zn, protein and food intake

1. The objective of the present experiment was to study the level of plasma somatomedin-C (SM-C) and the status of zinc in rats as affected by three levels of Zn given in combinations with two levels of protein. 2. Six groups of rats were fed, for 21 d, on six different diets based on combinations of two levels of dietary protein (low protein, 75 g/kg; high protein, 200 g/kg) and three levels of zinc (low Zn, 0.9 microgram/kg; moderate Zn, 55 micrograms/kg; high Zn, 110 micrograms/kg). All groups were pair-fed with the group receiving the low-Zn-low protein diet. An additional group of six rats served as an ad lib.-fed control group and was fed on a diet that contained 55 micrograms Zn/kg and 200 g protein/kg ad lib. 3. Body-weight gain and food intake were recorded daily. Rats were killed at the end of the experimental period (21 d). Zn was assayed in plasma, tibia and liver by atomic absorption technique. Plasma SM-C was assayed by radioimmunoassay. 4. In rats given the low-Zn-low-protein diet, the level of plasma SM-C increased in response to the increase in the amount of Zn or Zn and protein in the diet. However, no change was observed when the level of protein alone was increased. 5. Among all groups tested, ad lib.-fed rats showed the highest level of plasma SM-C. Thus it may be concluded that a balanced diet combined with adequate food intake is necessary to maintain an optimal level of plasma SM-C.