中国4省(区市)早产儿和足月儿乙型肝炎疫苗免疫应答多中心比较研究

目的 分析早产儿和足月儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(HepB)抗体免疫应答。方法 按照多中心研究方法, 以北京、山东、江苏、广西4省(区市)为研究现场, 选取按照0-1-6程序、使用5ng重组HepB(酿酒酵母)(HepB-SC)或10ng重组HepB(汉逊酵母)(HepB-HP)完成HepB初免的7~12月龄婴儿;以其中全部早产儿作为早产儿组, 按照I:1随机选择其中Hq>B种类、月龄、性别和居住地相同的足月儿作为足月儿组。对所有研究对象进行问卷调查, HepB免疫史根据接种卡确定;同时采集静脉血2ml, 使用化学发光微粒子免疫分析法检测血清HBV表面抗体(抗-HBs);比较两组婴儿抗体应答率和抗体水平。结果 4省(区市)共调査648对婴儿。早产儿组初免无应答率、低应答率、正常应答率和髙应答率分别为1.39%, 8.64%、45.83%和44.14%, 足月儿组分别为1.08%、9.26%、44.91%和44.75%, 两组4项指标差异均无统计学意义(口>0.05);两组初免后抗-HBs几何平均浓度(GMT)分别为755.14和799.47mlU/ml, 差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素条件logistic回归分析显示, 排除出生体重、分娩方式、胎次、产程损伤和父母乙肝病毒表面抗原状态后, 是否早产与HepB抗体应答率无关(P>0.05)。结论 早产儿和足月儿HepB免后抗体应答无明显差异.可以按照相同的HepB免疫策略进行接种。     

乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性母亲所生早产儿和低体重儿4剂次乙型肝炎疫苗和第1剂疫苗与乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白联合免疫的免疫原性

目的评价乙型肝炎(乙肝)表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性母亲所生早产儿/低出生体重儿4剂次乙肝疫苗(HepB)和第1剂HepB与乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)联合免疫的免疫原性。方法选择保定市2018-2020年HBsAg阳性母亲所生早产儿/低体重儿,按照"0-1-2-7月龄"程序接种4剂HepB,并在首剂接种时注射1剂HBIG,检测联合免疫后28-34d血清乙肝病毒标志物,分析乙肝表面抗体(HBsAb)阳性率和几何平均浓度(GMC)。结果共纳入83名研究对象,HBsAg、HBsAb、乙肝e抗原(HBeAg)、乙肝e抗体(HBeAb)和乙肝核心抗体(HBcAb)阳性率分别为0.0%、98.8%、0.0%、8.4%、36.1%;HBsAb GMC为9 755.1mIU/mL,高应答(1 000mIU/mL)占74.7%(62名)。结论 4剂HepB和HBIG联合免疫在HBsAg阳性母亲所生早产儿/低出生体重儿中具有良好的免疫原性,未发生乙肝病毒母婴传播。     

福建省2017-2019年出生早产儿和低出生体重儿首剂乙型肝炎疫苗接种率和影响因素调查

目的了解早产儿和低出生体重儿首剂乙型肝炎疫苗(First dose of hepatitis B vaccine, HepB1)接种率及其影响因素。方法采用分层整群抽样在福建省2个市6家医院选取2017-2019年出生的早产儿和低出生体重儿开展HepB1接种问卷调查,分析接种率及其影响因素。结果早产儿、低出生体重儿HepB1接种率分别为95.34%(307/322)、99.00%(298/301),及时接种率分别为86.02%(277/322)、95.02%(286/301)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,母亲乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性的早产儿HepB1接种率低;出生体重大(≥1.50kg vs1.50kg)、乙型肝炎监测点的低出生体重儿HepB1及时接种率高。结论福建省早产儿和低出生体重儿HepB1接种率高而及时接种率偏低,该人群HepB接种存在误区。应加强HepB接种知识培训和宣传,提高该人群HepB1及时接种率。     

张掖市＜5岁儿童乙型肝炎病毒携带率和抗体水平监测结果分析

[目的]了解张掖市＜5岁儿童乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)感染现状和免疫抗体水平. [方法]采用分层抽样和单纯随机抽样的方法,采集1 178名0～4岁儿童血清标本,检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)阳性率水平. [结果]HBsAg阳性率1.19%,不同年龄组儿童HBsAg阳性率差异有统计学意义,不同县(区)HBsAg阳性率差异无统计学意义,农村儿童HBsAg阳性率高于城镇儿童;抗-HBs阳性率66.55%,不同年龄组、不同县(区)儿童抗-HBs阳性率差异均有统计学意义,农村儿童抗-HBs阳性率低于城镇儿童. [结论]国际疫苗免疫联盟(GAVI)项目乙肝疫苗(HepB)接种达到了预期的免疫效果.今后HepB免疫重点人群是农村地区儿童、母亲HBsAg阳性儿童;有必要对4岁以上儿童开展乙肝疫苗(HepB)加强免疫.     

桐庐县新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗免疫情况评价

目的 通过对常规免疫接种资料的分析,评价乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(Hepatitis B Vaccine,HepB)纳入儿童免疫规划以来,全县新生儿HepB接种情况和免疫效果.方法 收集和分析2002～2006年全县与新生儿HepB接种及免疫效果有关的常规免疫资料,计算HepB接种率和乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性率等指标.结果 全县新生儿HepB全程接种率>99%;在医院出生的新生儿HepB首针(HepB1)接种率为98.2%,及时接种率为97.3%;HepB纳入免疫规划以后出生的儿童HBsAg阳性率为0.46%(95%可信区间0.1%～5.6%),显著低于产妇HB-sAg阳性率.结论 自HepB纳入儿童免疫规划以来,全县新生儿HepB全程接种率、HepB1及时接种率达到了很高的水平,新生儿接种HepB具有良好的免疫效果.     

江西省两个地区乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性母亲所生新生儿乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播阻断效果和影响因素

目的探讨乙型肝炎(乙肝)表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性母亲所生新生儿乙肝疫苗(HepB)和乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)联合免疫后的乙肝母婴传播阻断效果和影响因素。方法2016年6月-2019年1月在江西省两个区县选择HBsAg阳性母亲所生新生儿,实施首剂HepB(HepB1)和HBIG联合免疫以及HepB全程免疫,全程免疫后1-2个月检测血清HBsAg和乙肝表面抗体(HBsAb),分析HBsAg阳性率和影响因素。结果本研究共纳入HBsAg阳性母亲所生新生儿2281名,HepB1、HepB1联合HBIG、HepB全程及时接种率分别为99.43%、94.83%、30.47%;全程免疫后HBsAg阳性率为0.61%,HBsAb阳性率为98.47%;乙肝e抗原(HBeAg)同时阳性、阴性母亲的婴儿HBsAg阳性率分别为2.08%、0.12%(Fisher确切概率法,P=0.000)。结论HepB和HBIG联合免疫可有效阻断乙肝母婴传播;需探讨HBsAg和HBeAg同时阳性孕妇所生新生儿的乙肝母婴传播阻断措施。     

上海市接种酵母重组乙肝疫苗后低(无)应答新生儿的再免疫效果

2006年全国乙型肝炎(简称乙肝)血清流行病学调查显示,全国1～4岁儿童乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)携带率下降为0.96％[1].虽然乙肝疫苗(HepB)的保护效果已获公认,但接种后仍有5％～10％的人不能产生有效的保护性抗体[2-3].笔者观察了上海市新生儿接种酵母重组HepB后的低(无)应答情况,并评价低(无)应答婴幼儿采用不同种类和剂量HepB再免疫后的效果,为进一步完善新生儿HepB的免疫策略提供依据.     

2002～2006年大连市新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗免疫接种情况评价

[目的]根据常规免疫接种资料,评价乙肝疫苗（Hepatitis B Vaccine,HepB）纳入国家免疫规划以来,全市新生儿HepB接种情况和免疫效果。[方法]分析2002~2006年新生儿HepB接种常规免疫报表及免疫效果有关资料。[结果]全市新生儿HepB全程接种率〉99%;在医院出生的新生儿HepB首针（HepB1）接种率为99.41%;HepB1及时接种率为94.78%;HepB纳入国家免疫规划以后出生的儿童HBsAg阳性率为0（95%的CI为0.0~3.7）,显著低于产妇HBsAg阳性率。[结论]自HepB纳入国家免疫规划以来,全市新生儿HepB全程接种率、HepB1及时接种率达到了很高的水平,新生儿接种HepB具有良好的免疫效果。     

新生儿接种乙肝疫苗后低/无应答者再免疫的血清学分析

[目的]评价新生儿接种乙肝疫苗(HepB)后低/无免疫应答者的再次免疫效果。[方法]2009年10月,对烟台市5个县市区2009年出生的新生儿,按照"0-1-6"程序完成3剂次重组HepB(酵母)免疫后出现的无应答者,随机分为2组,按照0-1-6程序再次免疫不同种类和剂量的HepB,并评价再免疫效果。[结果]调查新生儿1 543名,有252名儿童需要再免疫。低/无应答儿童再免疫前、再免疫1剂次和再免疫3剂次后,抗乙肝病毒表面抗原抗体(Anti-HBs)几何平均浓度(GMC)分别为47.21、1 048.73、1 366.84 mIU/L。再免疫1剂次和3剂次后,免疫应答率分别是82.71%、96.06%(P<0.05)。5μg啤酒酵母乙肝疫苗组和10μg汉逊酵母乙肝疫苗组再免疫3剂次后,GMC分别为1 022.91、1 790.15 mIU/L(P<0.01)。免疫应答率分别为96.43%、95.60%(P>0.05)。[结论]HepB全程免疫3剂后,低/无应答儿童按照0-1-6程序再次免疫3剂HepB后,抗体阳转率和GMC均有较大的提高,再次免疫3剂次优于再免疫1剂次。     

乙型肝炎疫苗父婴阻断乙型肝炎病毒传播的效果评价

目的 研究父亲乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性对其子女的影响,评价兵团现行乙肝疫苗免疫策略的父婴阻断效果.方法 利用2001～2008年,HBsAg阳性母亲所生儿童,接种乙肝疫苗(HepB)或乙肝疫苗及乙肝免疫球蛋白(HepB+HBIG)免疫后的血清学监测资料,分析其血清HBsAg、乙肝表面抗体(抗-HBs)水平及疫苗保护水平.结果 HBsAg阳性父亲新生儿,接种HBIG+HepB联合免疫后,HBsAg阳性率为0,抗-HBs阳性率为82.4 %,疫苗保护率为100.0 %,免疫效果好于规范接种HepB儿童,两组儿童HBsAg阳性率、抗-HBs阳性率差异均有统计学意义;与58例母亲HBsAg阳性接种HBIG+HepB联合免疫儿童比较,两组儿童HBsAg阳性率、抗-HBs阳性率差异均无统计学意义.结论 实施HBIG+HepB联合免疫策略对父母HBsAg阳性的儿童保护效果理想.建议在孕妇自愿基础上推广实施.     

企业职工高尿酸血症与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性研究

目的探讨企业职工高尿酸血症（HUA）与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性,为企业进行健康管理提供依据。方法以中国石油长庆油田公司各下属企业为抽样单位,整群随机抽取2个单位,每个单位中所有的HUA者作为HUA组,共720人;同时在尿酸水平正常者中随机选取620人为正常组。通过Logistic回归分析HUA与年龄、性别、血压、血脂、血糖的关系。结果HUA合并高血压、高血脂、空腹m糖受损任意一项、两项、三项的比例均远高于正常组（OR值分别为：4．036,2．562,4．174）。多因素Logistic回归发现：男性、收缩压、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是HUA的危险因素（OR值分别为7．736,2．309,1．721,2．761,1．411）;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇为HUA的保护因素（OR值为0．211）。结论HUA存在性别差异,且与血压、血脂密切相关。企业对职工的健康管理应充分考虑多危险因素的综合作用,全面的进行健康教育及干预。     

癌缺氧病因及预防和治疗

目的 探讨癌及安阳林州市食管癌高发原因及癌病因预防和治疗措施.方法 对林州市食管癌等疾病现场进行调查,在进行10余年统计分析基础上,综合分析了全国156篇文献成果.结果 提出癌缺氧病因学说,使用制氧机、按摩器、饮用纯净水治疗恶性肿瘤,取得良好效果,改水能够大幅降低林州市居民食管癌发病率、死亡率.结论 癌可能是由于机体长...     

Recruitment and retention challenges and successes

Objective: Addressing health disparities requires well designed, culturally adapted research. However, recruiting/retaining minority participants has often been challenging. We present strategies used to successfully recruit and retain rural Hispanic women during a breastfeeding education intervention.

Design: This study involved a two-group repeated measures quasi-experimental design with assessments at seven intervals between enrollment and 6 months postpartum. Participants (Hispanic women?≥?15 years old) were recruited through a regional hospital.

Results: We successfully met our recruitment goals, most women contacted were enrolled (46 of 58), and 100% completed the study.

Discussion: Research staff with ties within the community helped establish trust. Using bilingual study materials, simple language, and an interpreter addressed language/literacy concerns. Phone assessments facilitated participation as transportation was an issue. Accommodating requests to deliver or mail study materials and providing incentives were important. Extra effort was needed to maintain contact when phone service was disrupted or participants moved. Keys to success were persistence, flexibility, and alleviating barriers to participation.     

初产妇与经产妇焦虑抑郁状态分析及干预

目的：分析初产妇、经产妇心理状态特点,以便采取更有效的干预措施。方法筛选2014年6月至2015年1月在咸阳市旬邑县妇幼保健院产科门诊产前检查的健康初产和经产妇各60名,孕周为28~40周。入组时用焦虑自评量表( SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对两组孕妇进行心理评定,并给1次支持性心理干预(40~60分钟),1周后再次用SAS、SDS对两组孕妇进行评定分析。结果经产妇干预前SAS(50.73±3.45)、SDS(49.13±3.86)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(42.45±2.08)、SDS(41.77±2.21),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-15.921、-12.817,均P<0.01);干预后两组SAS、SDS评分均比干预前明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为14.999、15.413;15.724、15.832,均P<0.01);干预后经产妇 SAS(38.61±5.02)、SDS(39.10±3.03)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(34.88±3.31)、SDS(32.01±4.27),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-4.805、-10.489,均P<0.01)。结论初产妇和经产妇均伴有焦虑、抑郁情绪,干预前后经产妇抑郁、焦虑情绪均较初产妇明显,支持性心理干预能有效改善孕妇的不良情绪。     

Continuity and change in neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent depression and anxiety

We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study which includes a sample of adolescents of age 15 at the most recent wave (between 2014 and 2017) from mainly low-income urban families in the United States, to examine the association between neighborhood poverty entries and exits and adolescent depression and anxiety. In addition, we examined whether these associations differed by gender. Adolescents who consistently lived in disadvantaged neighborhoods had the highest level of depression and anxiety. Those who entered poor neighborhoods were more depressed than those who never lived in poor neighborhoods. Those who exited poor neighborhoods showed no significant difference in depression and anxiety compared to those never lived in poor neighborhoods. Furthermore, these associations applied to adolescent girls only and were not statistically significant for boys. The results suggest that neighborhood poverty has cumulative negative impacts on adolescent mental health and disproportionally affects adolescent girls. Reducing neighborhood poverty would substantially improve the health of adolescents, especially girls, which would reduce health disparities.     

Enabling positive change: Progress and setbacks in HIV and sexual and reproductive health and rights

At a point in history when the future of sexual and reproductive health including HIV looks particularly uncertain, it is helpful to recognise that many of the challenges currently faced are neither new nor insurmountable. Reflecting on past achievements and lessons learned helps us to have confidence that positive change is feasible. This paper reflects on some of the changes observed in countries like India and Mozambique and identifies a range of factors which need to coalesce to enable these developments, along with specific contextual factors. It is the combination of these influences rather than any one of them alone that brought about the change in the three instances described – fostering a positive political response to HIV in its early years in India; bringing about policy reform on abortion in Mozambique; and increasing contraceptive prevalence and age at marriage in some districts in Bihar, India. Change is always fragile and susceptible to setbacks, but change-seekers can learn in the process and gain renewed hope that progress can and often does take place if they persevere.     

儿童青少年超重肥胖评价方法及SPSS和SAS实现

超重肥胖已成为世界各国儿童青少年面临的重大公共卫生问题之一。现行的儿童青少年超重肥胖筛查标准不统一,逐条评价或自行编写程序容易出错且效率较低。本研究以中国学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查标准为例,详细介绍了国际和中国共四种评价儿童青少年超重肥胖的方法和步骤,结合具体案例详细介绍其应用方法,同时编制SPSS和SAS程序包和解...     

Car ownership and the association between fruit and vegetable availability and diet

Objective

Nearly all research on the food environment and diet has not accounted for car ownership — a potential key modifying factor. This study examined the modifying effect of car ownership on the relationship between neighborhood fruit and vegetable availability and intake.

Methods

Data on respondents' (n = 760) fruit and vegetable intake, car ownership, and demographics came from the 2008 New Orleans Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Shelf space data on fresh, frozen, and canned fruits and vegetables were collected in 2008 from a random sample of New Orleans stores (n = 114). Availability measures were constructed by summing the amount of fruit and vegetable shelf space in all stores within defined distances from respondent households. Regression analyses controlled for demographics and were run separately for respondents with and without a car.

Results

Fruit and vegetable availability was positively associated with intake among non-car owners. An additional 100 m of shelf space within 2 km of a residence was predictive of a half-serving/day increase in fruit and vegetable intake. Availability was not associated with intake among car owners.

Conclusions

Future research and interventions to increase neighborhood healthy food options should consider car ownership rates in their target areas as an important modifying factor.