Content and daily intake of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and mercury from dietary supplements in Mexico.

This study investigates the presence of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Hg in 24 dietary supplements purchased in different health stores across the city of Hermosillo, located in the northwest of Mexico. Analysis of metals was done by microwave digestion and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The most abundant elements in dietary supplements were Cu (<0.19-137.85 microg/g) and Zn (<2.83-4785.71 microg/g), followed by Pb (<0.003-66.32 microg/g), Cd (<0.001-2.90 microg/g), and Hg (<0.24-0.85 microg/g). The estimated daily intakes of metals were below those recommended by WHO and the Institute of Medicine, showing that little risk from heavy metals is associated with the consumption of the dietary supplements analyzed. However, some products presented more than 10% of the tolerable daily intake of Pb, indicating that production processes should be improved.     

Simultaneous determination of heavy metal pollution in commercial traditional Chinese medicines in China

A rapid and accurate method of quantifying heavy metal pollution in commercial traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) is described. The method uses modified wet digestion for sample preparation and atomic absorption spectrophotometry for detecting the content of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg). The determination limits of the method were 0.001, 0.002, 0.001, 0.001 and 0.001 mg/kg for Cu, Cd, As, Pb and Hg, respectively. The method was applied to the quantification of heavy metal pollution in 50 different commercial TCMs in a total of 250 samples. Heavy metal contents in the samples investigated were found at different levels. The level of As did not exceed the legal limit stated in the China pharmacopoeia 2010, whereas Cu, Cd, Pb and Hg were above permitted levels in some samples.     

黄连、川白芷中5种重金属的含量测定

目的:建立黄连及其炮制品、川白芷中5种重金属的最大限量标准。方法:采用微波消解法消解样品后,用原子荧光分光光度法测定药材中汞(Hg)、砷(As)的含量,用原子吸收分光光度法测定药材中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)的含量。结果:黄连中除As以外,其余重金属含量均超标;川白芷中除Cu超标外,其余重金属含量均未超标。结论:建议将黄连、川白芷中重金属含量限度规定为:Pb≤5.0μg·g-1、Hg≤0.2μg·g-1、As≤2.0μg·g-1、Cu≤20.0μg·g-1、Cd≤0.3μg·g-1。     

人工养殖赤子爱胜蚓中重金属及有害元素的测定

目的 建立人工养殖赤子爱胜蚓中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜含量测定的方法,并测定6批赤子爱胜蚓药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量。方法 采用微波消解样品,用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅、镉的含量;火焰原子吸收法测定铜的含量;原子荧光光谱法测定砷、汞含量。结果 铅的回收率为103.6%（RSD=6.4%）,镉的回收率在92.0%（RSD=7.7%）,铜的回收率在101.6%（RSD=8.1%）,砷的回收率在94.4%（RSD=4.7%）,汞的回收率在93.6%（RSD=5.4%）。结论 本方法操作简便、快速,且准确度和精密度高,适合于赤子爱胜蚓药材中铅、镉、铜、汞和砷的含量测定。     

原子吸收法测定中药材中6种重金属及有害元素的残留量

目的:建立中药中6种重金属及有害元素(铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、锑)的检测方法,测定6种中药材中的残留含量。方法:样品经微波消解,采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅、镉、锑;采用氢化物-原子吸收法测定砷;采用冷原子吸收法测定汞;采用火焰原子吸收法测定铜,并对测定方法进行了方法学考察。结果:6种重金属及有害元素的回收率为79.0%～125.8%,RSD 为0.8%～14.6%。结论:该方法简便,准确,可较好地用于中药重金属及有害元素残留量的测定。     

Quality assessment of trace Cd and Pb contaminants in Thai herbal medicines using ultrasound-assisted digestion prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A simple, efficient, and reliable ultrasound-assisted digestion (UAD) procedure was used for sample preparation prior to quantitative determination of trace Cd and Pb contaminants in herbal medicines using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The parameters influencing UAD such as the solvent system, sample mass, presonication time, sonication time, and digestion temperature were evaluated. The efficiency of the proposed UAD procedure was evaluated by comparing with conventional acid digestion (CAD) procedure. Under the optimum conditions, linear calibration graphs in a range of 2–250 μg/L for Cd, and 50–1000 μg/L for Pb were obtained with detection limits of 0.56 μg/L and 10.7 μg/L for Cd and Pb, respectively. The limit of quantification for Cd and Pb were 1.87 μg/L and 40.3 μg/L, respectively. The repeatability for analysis of 10 μg/L for Cd and 100 μg/L for Pb was 2.3% and 2.6%, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by rice flour certified reference materials. The proposed method was successfully applied for analysis of trace Cd and Pb in samples of various types of medicinal plant and traditional medicine consumed in Thailand. Most herbal medicine samples were not contaminated with Cd or Pb. The contaminant levels for both metals were still lower than the maximum permissible levels of elements in medicinal plant materials and finished herbal products sets by the Ministry of Public Health of Thailand. The exception was the high level of Cd contamination found in two samples of processed medicinal plants.     

Uptake of aluminum, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc by human scalp hair and elution of the adsorbed metals

Uptake of aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) from aqueous solutions by human scalp hair (water/hair = 100:1) has been studied in the concentration range 0-50 mg/L. Hair metal levels were determined by a wet digestion procedure and atomic absorption spectrometry. Under conditions used, uptake followed a sigmoid concentration-response relationship. The order of binding capacity of hair to the metals was as follows: Al greater than Cd greater than Cu greater than Pb greater than Zn. Using logit transformation 50% saturation was evaluated at the following metal concentrations (hair metal concentration of saturation is given in parenthesis): 0.34 mg/L for Al (0.154 mg/g); 1.82 mg/L for Cd (0.363 mg/g); 2.21 mg/L for Cu (0.651 mg/g); 2.52 mg/L for Pb (0.986 mg/g); 23.84 mg/L for Zn (1.616 mg/g). Percentage elution of trace metals from hair after treatment with metal-enriched solutions by five different procedures ranged from 14.5 to 46.5% for Al, from 11.1 to 28.9% for Zn, from 11.5 to 28.4% for Pb, from 8.9 to 13.6% for Cd, and from 0.1 to 11.8% for Cu. In addition, trace element concentrations were measured in tap water samples and shampoos.     

Determination of toxic elements in infant formulae by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer

In present work concentrations of toxic elements (TEs), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in seventeen imported samples of infant milk-based (IMF) and infant soy-based formulae (ISF), were measured, to evaluate whether the intakes of understudy TEs accomplished within recommended permissible levels. The TEs were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer, prior to microwave induced acid digestion. The validity of methodology was tested by simultaneously analyzing certified reference material and standard addition method. It was observed that ISF contains higher concentration of understudy toxic analytes as compared to IMF. The all three TEs, Al, Cd and Pb were detected in different branded infant formulae, in the range of (1070–2170), (10.5–34.4), and (28.7–119) μg/kg, respectively. The estimated intakes of TEs as μg/kg/week for infants (>1 year) through milk formulae are well below the recommended tolerable levels of these elements.     

滇黄芩中5种重金属残留量的测定

目的建立滇黄芩中5种重金属（铅、镉、砷、汞、铜）的测定方法。方法样品经微波消解,采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅、镉、铜;采用原子荧光法测定砷、汞。结果 5种重金属的回收率为98.23%～105.98%。结论该方法简便、准确、可较好的用于滇黄芩中重金属的测定。     

Determination of the heavy metal content of Entoban herbal medicinal product

The levels of As, Cd, Pb and Hg were investigated in the medicinal herbal syrup Entoban, which is widely used in the management of non-specific diarrhea and acute intestinal infections of various etiologies. The ingredients in Entoban syrup include 6 potent herbal drugs: Aegle marmelose, Berberis aristata, Butea frondosa, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Myrtus communis, and Quercus infectoria. Entoban medicinal plant syrup was analyzed for As, Cd, Pb and Hg by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). Contents of heavy metals in the examined samples were in the range: As (0.074–10.0 ppm); Cd (0.020–0.3 ppm); Pb (0.00–10.0 ppm) and Hg (0.00–1.0 ppm). Results were compared with permissible limit acceptability intake (AHPA). According to determined amounts of heavy metals, the investigated Entoban syrup samples were validated and considered safe for human consumption.     

丹芪偏瘫胶囊重金属的含量测定

目的：对丹芪偏瘫胶囊的5种重金属（Pb、Cd、Cu、As、Hg）含量进行含量测定。方法：采用微波消解法对样品进行处理,通过原子吸收法（AAS）进行测定。结果：10批丹芪偏瘫胶囊的重金属含量均符合要求。结论：微波消解-原子吸收法能准确测定丹芪偏瘫胶囊中重金属的含量。     

骨刺片中重金属及有害元素的控制

目的：建立骨刺片中铅（ Pb）、镉（ Cd）、砷（ As）、汞（ Hg）、铜（ Cu）等重金属及有害元素的质量控制方法。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定铅、镉含量;火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定铜含量;氢化物原子吸收光谱法测定砷含量;冷原子吸收法测定汞含量。结果5种元素的检出限范围为0．0018～0．2135μg? g－1;线性关系良好（ r≥0．9988）;平均回收率为92．0％～95．0％;RSD≤3．7％。结论该方法操作简便、快速。可用于骨刺片中重金属及有害元素含量的检测。     

内蒙呼伦贝尔赤芍药材中5种重金属的含量测定

目的：对内蒙呼伦贝尔赤芍药材中的5种重金属（Pb、Cd、Cu、As和Hg）含量进行测定。方法：采用湿法消解对样品进行处理,通过原子吸收法（AAS）进行测定。结果：内蒙呼伦贝尔不同地区赤芍药材的重金属含量均不超标。结论：原子吸收法能准确测定赤芍中重金属的含量。     

野生与栽培地骨皮中的重金属含量测定

目的考察野生与栽培地骨皮中重金属含量情况。方法收集不同产地野生与栽培地骨皮,采用微波消解法处理样品,以原子吸收光谱法测定样品中的铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量。结果测定24批不同产地野生与栽培地骨皮样品中的铅、镉、砷、汞、铜含量,平均加样回收率在94.17%～96.11%之间。所有栽培地骨皮样品的铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量均未超出限量范围。结论在选择栽培地骨皮种植区域时,应注意当地的生态环境和土壤质量影响,以保证其质量。     

Background exposure to toxic metals in women adversely influences pregnancy during in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Low-level environmental exposure to Hg, Pb and Cd may interfere with pregnancy during in vitro fertilization (IVF). The aim of this study was to generate hypotheses concerning associations between background exposures and pregnancy. In modified Poisson regression models including 24 women and adjusted for urine Cd and creatinine, blood Pb, age, race and smoking, 1μg/L increases in blood Hg are associated with decreases of 35% (P=0.03) and 33% (P=0.01) in clinical and biochemical pregnancies, respectively. In alternate Poisson models including 26 women and adjusted for blood Pb, blood Hg, age, race and smoking, 1μg/L increases in blood Cd are associated with decreases of 94% (P=0.01) and 82% (P=0.04) in clinical and biochemical pregnancies, respectively. No effects are detected in 15 men, although inverse associations are suggested for urine cadmium and pregnancy. These data suggest that low-level, background exposures to Hg and Cd may interfere with pregnancy following IVF.     

药用玻璃容器中砷、锑、铅、镉浸出量测定方法的研究

目的建立新的药用玻璃容器中砷、锑、铅、镉浸出量的测定方法。方法采用原子荧光光谱法同时测定药用玻璃容器中砷和锑的浸出量,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定铅、镉的浸出量。结果砷在0～10μg·L^-1范围内线性良好,r=0．9996,检出限为0．0449μg·L^-1,平均回收率为101．3％,RSD=0．7％（n=9）;锑在0～10μg·L^-1范围内线性良好,r=0．9997,检出限为0．0612μg·L^-1,平均回收率为93．9％,RSD=1．9％（n=9）;铅在0～50μg·L^-1范围内线性良好,r=0．9962,检出限为0．6557μg·L^-1,平均回收率为106．0％,RSD=6．1％（n=9）;镉在0～5μg·L^-1范围内线性良好,r=0．9987,检出限为0．1000μg·L^-1,平均回收率为106．8％,RSD=2．5％（n=9）。结论新建方法符合方法验证要求,能对药用玻璃容器中砷、锑、铅、镉的浸出量进行检测。     

原子吸收光谱法测定不同产地白术中的重金属含量

目的 考察白术药材的重金属含量情况.方法 收集12个不同产地的白术样品,以原子吸收光谱法测定样品中的铅、镉、铜、砷和汞的含量.结果 所有样品的铅、铜、砷、汞的含量均未超出限量范围,但有4个产地的镉含量超出限量.结论 4个产地白术药材的重金属镉含量有超标存在,应引起高度重视.     

原子吸收法及原子荧光法测定血余炭中5种重金属及有害元素的含量

目的建立血余炭中5种重金属及有害元素（铅、镉、砷、汞、铜）的测定方法,同时测定了12份血余炭中5种重金属及有害元素（铅、镉、砷、汞、铜）的含量。方法样品经微波消解,采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅、镉,采用火焰原子吸收法测定铜,采用原子荧光法测定砷、汞。结果 5种重金属及有害元素的回收率为90.8%～101.9%,相对标准偏差为3.4%～6.4%。结论所测12份血余炭中5种重金属及有害元素含量多数超出药典规定的6种中药材的限量要求。     

鱼腥草注射液中铅镉砷汞铜残留量的测定

目的建立测定鱼腥草注射液中铅镉砷汞铜残留量的方法。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定铅、镐含量;火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定铜含量;氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定砷汞含量。结果铅、镐、砷、汞、铜的回收率分别为98．01％、90．17％、88．91％、86．68％、84．83％。结论该方法操作简便、快速,可用于鱼腥草注射液中铅镉砷汞铜残留量的测定。