Intramuscular hemangioma of the head and neck

Intramuscular hemangiomas are unusual tumors in the head and neck region that occur most frequently in the masseter muscle and are often confused with parotid neoplasms. Four cases are described and the literature reviewed. The diagnosis and management of these tumors are discussed in view of the fact that accurate preoperative diagnosis is unusual and tumor recurrence rates high. Increased awareness of the clinical presentation of intramuscular hemangiomas should enhance diagnostic accuracy and facilitate optimal treatment planning.     

Intramuscular hemangioma in the head and neck.

Intramuscular hemangioma is a distinct type of hemangioma occurring within skeletal muscle and making up less than one per cent of all hemangiomas. They occur most often in the trunk and extremities, perhaps beacuse of the larger muscle volume in thos areas. 13.5 per cent of intramuscular hemangiomas do occur in the head and neck region and for this reason they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of head and neck masses. The first case of an intramuscular hemangioma of the digastric muscle is presented and confirmed by electron microscopic sections. An interesting finding in this tumor is the proliferation of both endothelial cells and pericytes. Hemangiomas are classified according to vessel size; "large vessel" cavernous, "small vessel" capillary, and "mixed". Various etiologies and modalities of treatment are discussed, and total excision with ligation of the feeding vessels is advocated to prevent the high incidence of later recurrence.     

头颈部神经鞘瘤临床分析

目的 探讨头颈部神经鞘瘤的临床特征、诊断及治疗.方法 回顾分析1977～2006年收治的23例头颈部及颅底神经鞘瘤患者的临床资料.结果 头颈部神经鞘瘤主要表现为鼻塞、面瘫和声嘶等症状.20例患者术前行CT或MRI检查,诊断符合率分别为10%和20%.全部患者均行手术切除肿瘤,18例患者术中冰冻切片病理明确诊断.19例完整切除肿瘤,4例切除大部分肿瘤.共有19例术后随访,随访期3个月～10年,15例完整切除者无1例复发,4例部分切除者1例复发.术后并发持续性动眼神经麻痹3例,听力下降1例,声嘶1例.结论 头颈部及颅底神经鞘瘤不易早期诊断,确诊有赖于病理检查,手术完整摘除是有效的治疗方法,预后良好.     

头颈部横纹肌肉瘤的治疗

目的 探讨头颈部横纹肌肉瘤的临床表现和病理类型、治疗与预后的关系.方法 回顾性分析天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院28例横纹肌肉瘤的临床及随访资料.结果 28例中10例行手术加化疗、放疗,6例手术加化疗,2例手术加放疗,2例化疗加放疗,4例单纯化疗,2例单纯放疗,2例姑息性手术切除.总生存率3年为57.14%,5年为28.57%,其中有2例生存超过10年,均为胚胎型,属于Ⅰ期病例,采用了广泛切除术加化疗.8例生存超过5年的病例中,胚胎型6例,腺泡型1例,多形型1例.结论 采用手术与放疗和化疗综合治疗方案能明显提高患者,特别是早期患者的生存率.     

头颈部血管平滑肌瘤

目的 提高对头颈部血管平滑肌瘤（angioleiomyoma,ALM）的认识。方法　收集并分析20例头颈部ALM的临床、影像、病理及术后随访资料。结果　女性多见,发病年龄平均52.5岁。无痛性肿块13例、鼻塞或（和）反复鼻出血4例、体检意外发现病变3例。B超示呈瘤体内有较丰富散在点状或条状血流信号;MRI示T1WI呈低-等信号,T2WI呈内部为非均质高信号、边缘为环形低信号,增强后明显强化。HE染色示血管壁平滑肌呈束状排列,血管壁增厚,管腔多呈裂隙状。免疫酶标检测示calponin、desmin和SMA阳性表达;部分病例孕激素、雌激素受体阳性表达。所有病例行肿块切除后无复发、恶变及转移。结论　头颈部ALM行B超和MRI检查有助于诊断,组织学检查和免疫酶标检测可明确诊断,性激素可呈阳性表达,手术治疗预后良好。     

Incidence of lymphomas in head and neck region

In the present study 109 cases of Heck swellings were subjectedto F.V.A.C. examination. H vases teere found to he positive for lymphomas with 62.5% eases presenting as cervical lymphade.nopathy. Median age of presentation tints 48 years with preponderance of femulr patients. 57.2% of the patients presented in stage I of the disease.     

Wegener's granulomatosis in the head and neck region

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is defined as a granulomatous inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract and systemic vasculitis of small and medium sized vessels which is often accompanied by a necrotizing glomerulonephritis. The etiology of the disease is still unknown. In former times untreated WG usually ended deadly. Immunosuppressive therapy made WG a treatable disease with a chronically relapsing course. Therefore an early diagnosis of WG is of utmost importance. WG usually starts as a limited and localized organ manifestation in the upper respiratory tract and it generalizes, if untreated, with pulmonary and renal involvement. Symptoms in the head and neck region are observed in up to 95% of the patients with WG. Sinusitis, crusting of the nose, development of a saddle nose, middle and inner ear symptoms and subglottic stenosis are common manifestations. Due to the early and common manifestation of WG in the head and neck region the otorhinolaryngologist plays an important role for the early diagnosis and the fast initiation of immunosuppressive therapy but also during follow-up for activity assessment.     

Navigation-supported surgery in the head and neck region

Few of the pioneering manufacturers who attempted to develop navigation systems have been able to establish themselves within the market long-term. The same applies to the technological basis of these systems which aid intraoperative anatomical orientation. The first few systems registered the mechanical displacement of the navigational instrument's axes. Optoelectronic and electromagnetic methods are now prevalent. In contrast to electromagnetic systems, the "line of sight" between the camera system, the reference markers placed on the patient's head and the navigation instruments must remain unobstructed during the navigation process when using electrooptical navigation systems. Whereas, in the past, only preoperative CT scans were used for navigation, the integration of MRI and sonography--whose images can now be fused with each other and with those provided by other intraoperative imaging techniques such as fluoroscopy and endosonography--has become increasingly popular. Navigation systems require input of information about spatial conditions. This is carried out via procedures of registration and referencing, by means of which the relative position of reference markers at the head of the patient is correlated with the image data. The equipment is calibrated in the same way. Headsets, headbands and bone-anchored adapters are available for the fixation of the markers in the patient's head. Whereas the use of a headband or headset requires considerably less time, bone-anchored referencing increases the precision of the navigation system. The surgeon must be able to manage the different methods. In order to reduce the time required for preoperative preparation and to enhance the handling of the navigation processor for the surgeon, it is essential to have a clear menu. The surgeon is able to plan the steps involved in the surgery using the processor, define the access to the surgical site and control the surgery intraoperatively. Preoperative segmentation of functionally and clinically relevant structures enables minimally invasive surgery to be carried out, such as procedures with the aim of acquiring biopsy tissue and the search for foreign bodies. Following the technical development of the systems, the manufacturers are endeavouring to simplify their handling in close coordination with the users. The next step has to be the clinical evaluation of the navigation systems in accordance with the EBM standard, in order to establish this assistive method as routine clinical practice while applying meaningful medical criteria.     

Neurogenic neoplasms in the head and neck region

Thirteen cases of neurogenic tumor in the head and neck region experienced during the past fifteen years were reported. Six of them were neurilemmomas, three neurofibromas associated with von Recklinghausen's disease, two ganglioneuromas and two paragangliomas (chemodectomas). Representative cases were reported in detail in conjunction with considerations regarding diagnosis, treatment, and histopathologic findings by reviewing pertinent papers.     

Extramedullary plasmacytomas in the head and neck region

Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) arises outside the bone marrow, particularly in the head and neck region (nasopharynx, nose cavity, sinuses, and tonsils), and can be associated with multiple myeloma (MM). Three cases of EMP in the head and neck region are described: a first case describes an EMP of the subglottis 3 years after treatment of MM, a second case of an EMP solitary in the middle ear presenting as a jugular foramen syndrome, and a third case of an EMP localised at the epiglottis, recurring at the floor of the nose cavity. Treatment of each EMP was surgical. We reviewed literature about aetiology, clinical course, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis. Important presenting symptoms vary from epistaxis, rhinorrhoea, a sore throat, dysphonia to haemoptoea. Association with MM must be confirmed or excluded. Histopathological examination, with immunological staining or flow cytometry confirms the diagnosis. CT and MRI are useful in staging EMP. The treatment of EMP is surgery and/or radiotherapy. The prognosis depends on tumour size (>5 cm) and nodal involvement. The 10-year survival rate is 50-80%.     

Cervical bronchogenic cysts in head and neck region

Congenital cysts of the neck are not uncommon. Most of these are thyroglossal, branchial cleft and thymic cysts. Bronchogenic cysts are uncommon developmental anomalies of the tracheobronchial tree and rarely occur in the neck. More than 70 cases of bronchogenic cysts in the head and neck region have been reported in the literature. We report three cases presenting with neck swelling in the hyoid region that were diagnosed as bronchogenic cysts based on clinical and histopathological findings.     

Intramuscular head and neck myxoma: report of a case and review of the literature

Intramuscular myxoma of the head and neck is a rare lesion with only six cases documented in the literature. The tumor demonstrates a benign clinical course without a tendency to recur and is occasionally associated with fibrous dysplasia. It thus deserves to be considered in a separate class from other soft tissue myxomas. The seventh case of a head and neck intramuscular myxoma is presented and the clinical, pathological, and CT characteristics of this tumor are reviewed.     

Venous haemangioma of the neck and mediastinum

A case of cervico-mediastinal venous haemangioma with diffuse upper respiratory airway involvement is reported. The lesion was considered to be an ordinary supraglottic haemangioma at first. We recommend that adult cases of laryngeal haemangioma should be carefully examined for extra-laryngeal lesions.     

Intramuscular myxoma of the neck

Intramuscular myxomas are extremely rare tumors in the neck. In reviewing the world literature, we found a total of five cases of intramuscular myxoma that occurred in the head and neck region. The purpose of this study is to report an unusual case of intramuscular myxomas that were found bilaterally in the digastric muscles of a girl who presented with a painless palpable mass in the neck.