新疆伊宁市孕妇HIV流行情况及KABP调查

目的 了解伊宁市孕妇的HIV感染情况。方法2000年4月～2001年1月对在伊宁市妇幼保健院妇产科产前体检的孕妇进行问卷调查,同时进行HIV抗体检测。结果 共调查507名孕妇,查出HIV感染者1人,感染率为0.2％。随着文化程度的增高被调查孕妇对艾滋病的知晓率上升（趋势性检验x2=45.75,P<0.01）。文化程度越高对艾滋病知识的需求更高（趋势性检验x2=13.95,P<0.01）。孕妇认为产前应该进行艾滋病病毒检测的占 88.2％（447/507）。结论 伊宁市 HIV已从高危人群波及到一般人群,夫妻间性传播可能是新疆伊宁市孕妇感染HIV的主要途径。在HIV感染率高的地区对孕妇进行艾滋病知识宣传并开展产前HIV抗体检测势在必行。     

孕产妇HIV抗体筛查最佳策略的探索

目的探索在孕产妇中开展艾滋病病毒（HIV）抗体筛查的经济学效果最佳策略。方法收集我国4个HIV相对高流行地区,预防艾滋病母婴传播干预措施的实施效果指标,作为决策树模型参数,运用决策分析,对目前我国各地实施的不筛查、孕产妇自愿选择筛查和免费筛查、知情拒绝三种孕产期HIV抗体筛查策略进行评价。结果2003—2006年,孕产妇自愿选择HIV抗体筛查比例为20％,若提供免费HIV抗体筛查,孕产妇知情拒绝筛查的比例为10％,HIV感染孕产妇自愿终止妊娠的比例为25％,实施综合干预措施母婴传播率为13．83％的条件下,模拟地区成人HIV感染率在0．05％水平时,与不开展筛查、不进行任何干预策略相比,实施相同的阳性孕产妇干预措施,孕产妇自愿选择HIV筛查策略与知情拒绝筛查策略,成本为277512．88元和1248807．94元,分别可使每10万名妊娠妇女减少子代通过母亲感染HIV 1例和5．18例,效益成本比为-0．232和0．526。结论孕产妇知情拒绝HIV抗体筛查策略成本高于自愿选择筛查策略,具有最高的服务覆盖率和效益成本比。     

Patients with iron deficiency anemia have an increased prevalence of gallstones

We determined the frequency of gallstones (GS) in iron deficiency anemia (IDA) patients and evaluated factors that could affect GS formation—like lipid levels and gallbladder (GB) motilities of the patients. One hundred and eleven IDA patients (88 females, 23 males; median age, 42) and 81 healthy controls (68 females, 13 males; median age, 42) were included into our study. The clinical findings of all IDA patients were recorded down; biochemical values and body mass index (BMI) were determined; and abdominal ultrasonography was performed. In addition, GB emptying was monitored by ultrasound at 30-min intervals for 2 h after a mixed meal in randomly chosen, age-matched 25 IDA patients and 26 controls. Fasting volume (FV), residual volume (RV), and ejection fraction (EF) for all GBs were determined. The frequency of GS plus cholecystectomy was significantly higher in IDA patients (15 cases, 13.5%) than in the control group (five cases, 6.2%, p = 0.048). IDA patients with GS plus cholecystectomy were older than those without GS plus cholecystectomy (p < 0.001). FV and EF did not differ between IDA and control groups (p > 0.05). On the other hand, RV was significantly higher in IDA group than in controls (p = 0.035). The frequency of GS in IDA patients was significantly higher than in controls. The increased prevalence of GS in IDA might be explained with impaired GB motility.     

Abnormal splenic uptake of red cells in long-lasting iron deficiency anemia due to self-induced bleeding (factitious anemia)

Summary The authors report on six cases of chronic iron deficiency anemia in which a diagnosis of factitious anemia was made. Erythrokinetic studies demonstrated iron deficiency and blood loss. Besides these features, two kinetic abnormalities are described: precocious splenic sequestration of red cells and excess hemolysis. This hemolytic syndrome seems to be correlated to the duration of anemia rather than to its severity.     

Polycythemia vera masked due to severe iron deficiency anemia

Polycythemia vera is one of the chronic myeloproliferative diseases and very few patients present with its actual clinical manifestations. The most common findings are increased red cell mass and an increased leukocyte count with decreased erythropoietin. We present a case where there was a delay in the diagnosis of polycythemia because of menorrhagia in the past. On admission, the patient presented with elevated red and white blood cell counts, erythropoietin was low, and polycythemia was then suspected. A bcr-abl test was performed to rule out chronic myelogenous leukemia. JAK2 mutation was positive, and the patient was diagnosed with polycythemia vera.     

咸宁市孕妇艾滋病知识知晓情况调查

目的了解咸宁市孕妇艾滋病知晓情况以及是否存在高危行为。方法对400名孕妇进行艾滋病知识知晓情况的问卷调查。结果孕妇艾滋病知晓率为50.25%,少数孕妇有艾滋病高危行为;30岁以上孕妇知晓率相对较高(χ2=21.77,P<0.05);已婚孕妇知晓率高于未婚孕妇(χ2=8.84,P<0.05);受教育程度越高,孕妇艾滋病知识知晓率越高(χ2=28.52,P<0.05);多次怀孕者知晓率高于初孕者(χ2=4.19,P<0.05)。结论咸宁市孕妇艾滋病认知水平不高,存在高危行为,应加强宣传教育。     

A guide to diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in digestive diseases

Iron deficiency （ID）, with or without anemia, is often caused by digestive diseases and should always be investigated, except in very specific situations, as its causes could be serious diseases, such as cancer. Diagnosis of ID is not always easy. Low serum levels of ferritin or transferrin saturation, imply a situation of absolute or functional ID. It is sometimes difficult to differentiate ID anemia from anemia of chronic diseases, which can coexist. In this case, other parameters, such as soluble transferrin receptor activity can be very useful. After an initial evaluation by clinical history, urine analysis, and serological tests for celiac disease, gastroscopy and colonoscopy are the key diagnostic tools for investigating the origin of ID, and will detect the most important and prevalent diseases. If both tests are normal and anemia is not severe, treatment with oral iron can be indicated, along with stopping any treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In the absence of response to oral iron, or if the anemia is severe or clinical suspicion of important disease persists, we must insist on diagnostic evaluation. Repeat endoscopic studies should be considered in many cases and if both still show normal results, investigating the small bowel must be considered. The main techniques in this case are capsule endoscopy, followed by     

Risk factors for malaria infection and anemia for pregnant women in the Sahel area of Bandiagara, Mali

Malaria infection and anemia during pregnancy are the primary causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The aims of this study were to identify risk factors for malaria infection and to assess the relationship between malaria infection and anemia in pregnant women. Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in September 1993 and then again in May 1994 (the end of the rainy and dry seasons respectively). A total of 235 pregnant women were randomly selected from both the rural and urban areas of Bandiagara, Mali. According to results from multivariate analysis, the risk of malaria infection was significantly higher during the rainy season (OR= 4.85, 95% CI 2.42-9.75) the first trimester of gestation (OR= 2.21, 95% CI 1.00-4.87, in younger women (OR= 2.48, 95% CI 1.19-5.16), and in women living in the rural area (2.49, 95% CI 0.99-6.27). The risk of anemia was also higher during the rainy season (OR= 1.93, 95% CI 1.10-3.39, in the rural area (OR= 3.55, 95% CI 1.46-8.62). The risk of anemia was lower during the first trimester of gestational age (OR= 0.45, 95% CI 0.22-0.92). The relationship between malaria infection and anemia also varied with season. During the rainy season, the risk for anemia was similar among malaria-infected and non-infected pregnant women. In contrast, the risk was higher among infected pregnant women during the dry season (OR= 3.43, 95% CI 1.09-10.07). In conclusion, the data suggest, that earlier gestation age, living in the rural area, and young age rather than parity are important risk factors for malaria infection in pregnant women. Further, malaria infection is strongly associated with anemia in pregnant women particularly during the dry season and is most likely the cause of anemia. Thus, control measures against malaria infection should target younger rural women in their first trimester of pregnancy.     

An increased prevalence of fibromyalgia in iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia minor and associated factors

In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of fibromyalgia (FM) in iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and thalassemia minor (TM) patients and associated factors. In addition, we investigated the prevalence of IDA in outpatients with fibromyalgia, and its effect on clinical findings. The study included 205 IDA, 40 TM patients and 100 healthy controls. FM was diagnosed according to 1990 ACR criteria. Whole blood count, biochemical tests, and serum iron parameters were determined. Pain, fatigue, and FM Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) functional item scores were assessed in FM subjects. In addition, the prevalence of IDA in FM patients diagnosed at the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic was determined. The prevalences of FM in IDA (17.6%) and TM (20%) groups were higher than in controls (6%; p values 0.006 and 0.025, respectively). When IDA patients with FM were compared to those without FM, it was seen that a higher percentage were females, married, and a higher percentage had history of pica (all p values < 0.05). Serum hemoglobin and iron parameters did not differ between IDA patients with and without FM. IDA was detected in 48 (24.5%) of 196 FM patients. FM patients without IDA had higher sleep disturbance scores (p = 0.012) and longer duration of FM (p = 0.045). FM was a common finding in patients with IDA and TM. FM was associated with female sex and history of pica in IDA patients, and not associated with serum hemoglobin and selected iron parameters. The presence of FM in TM had no association with any of the above-mentioned parameters.     

江苏省南部3市孕妇弓形虫感染情况调查

本次调查江苏省南部3市孕妇弓形虫感染率为3.36%,有必要加强对孕妇弓形虫感染的筛查。     

Assessment of conventional PCR and real-time PCR compared to the gold standard method for screening Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women

Group B Streptococcus is a causative agent of invasive neonatal infections. Maternal colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae is a necessary condition for vertical transmission, with efficient screening of pregnant women playing an essential role in the prevention of neonatal infections. In this study, we aimed to compare the performance of conventional polymerase chain reaction and real-time PCR assays as screening methods for S. agalactiae in pregnant women against the microbiological culture method considered as the gold-standard. A total of 130 samples from pregnant women were analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software, version 20.0. The verified colonization rate was 3.8% with the gold-standard, 17.7% with conventional PCR assay, and 29.2% with the real-time PCR test. The trials with conventional PCR and real-time PCR had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 85.6% and 73.6%, respectively. The real-time PCR assay had a better performance compared to the gold-standard and a greater detection rate of colonization by S. agalactiae compared to conventional PCR assay. With its quick results, it would be suitable for using in routine screenings, contributing to the optimization of preventive approaches to neonatal S. agalactiae infection.     

幽门螺杆菌与中青年缺铁性贫血关系的临床研究

目的:探讨幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染与缺铁性贫血(IDA)的关系以及HP相关性IDA治疗的有效方法。方法:对132例有上消化道症状的中青年患者进行内镜下组织病理检查,胃黏膜活检标本快速尿素酶试验,同时所有患者作血常规,血清铁(SI),血清铁蛋白(SF),血清HP抗体(HP-IgG)检测。将HP感染伴慢性胃炎的IDA患者(36例)随机分成A,B2组,A组给予铁剂联合HP根治治疗,B组仅给予HP根治治疗,治疗后复查上述血液学指标。结果:HP感染的92例患者中IDA者有52例,IDA的患病率为56.5%;40例无HP感染患者中IDA者有6例,IDA的患病率为15.0%,两者相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。58例IDA患者中,有52例为HP感染,HP感染率为89.7%;74例非IDA患者中,有40例为HP感染,HP感染率为54.1%,两者相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A,B2组治疗前后其血红蛋白(Hb),SI,SF均有显著性恢复,且A组比B组上述血液学指标差异有统计学意义。结论:HP感染可能为中青年IDA的病因之一,铁剂联合根治HP的治疗能显著提高中青年HP相关性IDA的治疗效果。     

兰州市孕妇AIDS/STI健康教育及相关知识分析

目的 了解兰州市孕妇艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况和艾滋病／性传播感染(AIDS／STI)及相关知识的现状。方法 对2所妇幼保健医院的孕妇进行匿名问券调查，同时进行HIV抗体检测。结果 共调查300名孕妇，未检出HIV阳性者。孕妇平均年龄27岁，以汉族、高中及以上文化程度、本地户口、工人和干部占大多数，安全套为首选避孕措施。对一般性AIDS／STI知识及性、血液、母婴三个传播途径知晓率较高。但对游泳、同厕、蚊虫叮咬认识有偏差。部分调查对象及配偶有吸毒、有偿供血、患过性病、流动性等高危行为存在。绝大多数未参加过AIDS／STD知识的宣传，其相关知识的获得以广播、电视等大众传媒为主。结论 HIV已由特殊人群向一般人群扩散蔓延，应有针对性的加强宣传，提高认识，改善检测条件，并进行大样本调查以明确事实。     

江苏省孕妇弓形虫感染情况调查

目的 了解江苏省孕妇弓形虫感染情况。 方法 2009-2010年选择全省7个市的孕妇作为调查对象,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测抗弓形虫特异性抗体IgM、IgG。按照《江苏省弓形虫病个案调查表》统一录取信息进行统计分析。结果1 081名孕妇弓形虫IgM均为阴性,IgG阳性率为3.98%（43/1 081）,与对照组的2.27%（4/176）差异无统计学意义（ χ2 =1.23,P ＞ 0.05）;各市间阳性率差异无统计学意义（ χ2 = 2.07,P ＞ 0.05）。IgG阳性率早孕组为3.78%,中晚孕组为4.17%,与对照组3组间差异无统计学意义（ χ2 = 1.33,P ＞ 0.05）。既往有病理性流产史的孕妇无弓形虫IgG阳性者。仅1.84%（8/435）的孕妇曾做过弓形虫相关检测。结论 江苏省孕妇弓形虫感染率处于较低状态,地区间差异不大;应积极开展围孕期弓形虫检测,根据不同对象采取相应的防治对策;同时需进一步在居民中开展加强弓形虫病防治知识的健康教育。［关键词］ 弓形虫;弓形虫病;孕妇;江苏省     

孕产妇首次接受HIV检测的时期及影响因素

目的了解云南省瑞丽市孕产妇在孕期首次接受艾滋病病毒（HIV）检测服务的时期及影响因素。方法利用2012年10-12月瑞丽市县乡级孕产妇艾滋病筛查登记表资料,描述孕产妇首次接受HIV检测的时期分布,采用单因素和无序多分类Logistic回归分析影响因素。结果754例孕期首次接受HIV检测的孕产妇,在孕早、中、晚期检测的比例分别为32．6％、46．2％和21．2％。以孕早期检测为对照,对孕中期检测,年龄14～〈22岁、傣族、居住在乡镇、在乡镇级机构检测的调整OR值分别为1．638（95％CI：1．038-2．583）、0．611（95％CI：0．377-0．988）、1．923（95％CI：1.177～3．140）、0．172（95％CI：0．073～0．408）。对孕晚期检测,小学及以下文化程度、居住地为乡镇、检测级别为乡镇的调整OR值分别为2．823（95％CI：1．582～5．039）、2．883（95％CI：1．619～5．135）、0．138（95％CI：0．048-0．401）。结论瑞丽市孕早期HIV检测比例仍有提升空间;居住在缅甸和乡镇的孕产妇为重点关注人群,建议提高乡镇级孕产妇HIV检测服务的可及性。     

妊娠中晚期妇女短P-R间期综合征107例分析

目的:观察及探讨妊娠中晚期妇女短P-R间期综合征的发生机制。方法:选择210例妊娠中晚期妇女及200例同龄健康非妊娠妇女,跟踪观察常规12导心电图P-R间期的变化。结果:妊娠中晚期妇女短P-R间期发生率明显高于非妊娠同龄妇女(P<0.01),并且绝大部分(91.59%)在产后可自行恢复正常。结论:对妊娠中晚期妇女短P-R间期者不宜急于诊断为预激综合征。     

Diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy in the setting of iron deficiency anemia without evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding

BACKGROUND:

The diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy (CE) in the setting of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) without evidence of occult/overt bleeding has been questioned. Often, these patients have nongastrointestinal causes of iron deficiency but undergo CE to exclude a potential small bowel source.

OBJECTIVE:

To assess the diagnostic yield of CE, the characteristics predicting positive results, the presumed etiology of IDA in negative/normal CE and patient management after CE.

METHODS:

A retrospective review of 934 patients who underwent CE between December 2001 and February 2010 was conducted. All patients had undergone previous negative endoscopic examinations before CE. Patients with IDA but no evidence of overt/occult bleeding were separated into three categories based on CE findings: group A – positive; group B – negative/normal; and group C – incomplete/indeterminate.

RESULTS:

A total of 101 capsules in 97 patients were evaluated. Group A had 25 subjects with positive findings on CE, 18 of whom were managed supportively. Group B consisted of 69 subjects with negative/normal CE, 60 of whom were treated supportively. Group C consisted of three subjects with incomplete CE results.

CONCLUSION:

In patients with IDA without evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding, CE had a low diagnostic yield (25.7%), which increased to 45.5% after adjusting for low dietary iron intake and menorrhagia. However, CE did not alter management in most patients regardless of findings, and many of the lesions requiring intervention were within reach of standard endoscopes. No predictor of positive results was found. In this patient population, careful history taking and thorough endoscopy could improve CE utilization, although its value is still relatively limited.     

碘缺乏病病区单纯食用合格碘盐的孕妇碘营养状况调查

目的 了解碘缺乏病病区妊娠妇女单纯依靠碘盐能否满足这一特殊人群生理过程的需要。方法采用称重法进行为期4d的膳食调查,同时收集4d的尿样,测定尿碘含量。结果 孕妇从盐中摄取的碘量达到了每日推荐的供给量标准（RDA）,同时尿碘水平表明孕妇的碘营养状况良好。结论 孕妇单纯依靠食用碘盐做为碘的来源能满足各孕期的生理需求。     

幽门螺杆菌感染与缺铁性贫血的关系

目的：探讨幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染与缺铁性贫血(IDA)的关系，以及HP相关IDA的治疗。方法：①分别统计46例IDA伴慢性胃炎与50例非IDA慢性胃炎两组HP感染率。②将42例HP感染相关IDA随机分成两组，分别应用根除细菌加口服铁剂与单用铁剂方案治疗，检测治疗前后血液学指标、观察疗效。结果：IDA伴慢性胃炎者HP感染率高于非IDA慢性胃炎者，两者差异有统计学意义；HP感染相关IDA患者接受根除细菌加铁剂治疗前后其Hb、血清铁、铁蛋白均显著增高，而单用铁剂组治疗前后血液学指标无显著变化。结论：HP感染与IDA可能有一定相关性，当IDA患者铁剂治疗效果不显著时宜考虑是否存在HP相关IDA．根除HP感染后对IDA有一定治疗作用。     

深圳市光明新区孕妇梅毒感染状况及危险因素分析

目的了解深圳市光明新区孕妇梅毒感染状况并分析其危险因素。方法对所有首次到医院进行产前检查的孕妇,采用梅毒甲苯胺红不加热血清试验（TRUST）进行初筛,阳性血清采用梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验（TPPA）进行确认;再采用单因素Logistic和非条件多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 2003年1月至2011年11月,梅毒免费筛查孕妇60 992人,检出梅毒阳性孕妇400人,阳性率0.66%。单因素分析显示,孕妇的户籍、文化程度、性伴文化程度、职业、不良妊娠结局史、泌尿生殖道炎症、近5年性伴数、性伴近5年的性伴数、首诊孕周等,与孕妇梅毒的发生有统计学意义。多因素分析发现,职业、不良妊娠结局史、近5年性伴数、性伴近5年性伴数和首诊孕周,是孕妇梅毒发病的独立危险因素。结论深圳市光明新区孕妇人群梅毒感染率处于较高水平,加强性病健康教育、改善就医条件以及关心育龄人群的业余生活等,有助于降低发病率。