HPV16感染与新疆哈萨克族食管癌发病及临床病理学研究

背景与目的:人乳头状瘤病毒(human papilloma virus,HPV)作为食管癌发生重要的环境因素备受许多学者的关注,但其相关性未得到一致性公认,尤其对于高发的新疆哈萨克族食管癌.本研究探讨HPV16感染与新疆哈萨克族食管痛发生、发展的相关性.方法:采用半巢式聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术检测100例新疆哈萨克族食管癌患者癌组织和100例新疆哈萨克族正常人食管正常黏膜组织HPV16 E6的感染情况.结果:新疆哈萨克族食管癌患者HPV16 E6感染率为46%,明显高于新疆哈萨克族正常人群感染率的22%(P<0.001,OR=3.020);HPV16 E6感染与新疆哈萨克族食管癌患者的发病年龄、性别、肿瘤生长部位、淋巴转移、分化程度无明显相关性(P均>0.05).结论:HPV16 E6感染与新疆哈萨克族食管癌发病密切相关,是其发病的重要因素之一.     

新疆和田地区维吾尔族妇女宫颈癌组织中HPV DNA的测定

目的:研究我国宫颈癌高发区新疆和田地区维族妇女宫颈癌发病与人类乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的关系.方法:对50例新疆和田地区维族宫颈癌患者癌组织标本采用PCR(聚合酶联反应)技术,检测HPV-C(总的HPV),HPV16,HPV18及HPV6/11.结果:HPV-C,HPV16,HPV18及HPV6/11在宫颈癌病人中的检出率分别为80.0%,66.0%,10.0%,0%,HPV16在HPV阳性患者中占的比例为91.4%,鳞癌HPV16阳性率明显高于腺癌,而腺癌HPV18检出率明显高于鳞癌(P＜0.05),HPV总感染率及HPV6阳性率与宫颈癌临床分期及病理分级之间无显著差异.结论:HPV感染与我国宫颈癌高发区新疆维族妇女宫颈癌发病有密切关系,其中,HPV16感染在新疆和田地区维族妇女宫颈癌发病中起主要作用,HPV感染与宫颈癌临床分期及病理分级无关.     

江西地区妇女宫颈癌患者人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染各亚型分布特点

目的分析江西地区妇女宫颈癌患者人乳头瘤状病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)感染分布情况及主要型别,为江西地区临床防治宫颈癌、研制适合该地区的预防性HPV疫苗提供理论依据。方法收集经病理确诊的941例宫颈癌患者治疗前宫颈脱落细胞,采用人乳头瘤病毒核酸扩增分型检测试剂盒方法,进行HPV分型检测。结果 941例宫颈癌患者中有780例HPV阳性,阳性率为82.9%,其中,单纯感染率为67.5%,混合感染率为15.4%,单纯高危感染率为66.6%。HPV16感染率最高为54.8%,宫颈癌中其他高危型的感染率从高到低依次为HPV58、18、52、31、33、39、53、45、51、68、59、66、56、35,未发现单纯HPV56感染。低危HPV型中HPV81型感染率最高为1.7%,其他低危型感染率从高到低依次为HPV44、6、42、11,未检测出低危型HPV43,且低危型HPV44仅存在于混合感染中。随着年龄增加,高危HPV16感染率呈逐渐下降趋势,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001,<0.05)。年龄≤50岁,HPV16感染率为59.5%,高于年龄>50岁HPV16感染率(50.7%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.007,<0.05)。年龄≤50岁HPV58感染率为6.7%,低于年龄>50岁HPV58感染率(11.7%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.019,<0.05)。而HPV亚型18、52、31分布均无差异。结论江西地区妇女宫颈癌患者中以HPV16、58、18、52感染为主要型别,HPV16感染是年轻宫颈癌的主要致病因素。混合感染并不增加宫颈癌的发生率。     

乳腺癌组织中高危型HPV16、18检测的临床意义

目的:探讨高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)16、18型感染与乳腺癌的关系。方法:通过原位杂交方法检测高危型人乳头状瘤病毒HPV16、HPV18在乳腺癌组织、癌旁组织及正常乳腺组织中的感染情况。结果:HPV16、HPV18在乳腺癌组织中的表达均高于癌旁组织及正常乳腺组织,乳腺癌组织、癌旁组织及乳腺癌患者正常乳腺组织中HPV16的感染率分别为53.3%(32/60)、26.7%(16/60)和25.0%(5/20),在乳腺癌组织中HPV16的感染率与其它两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;HPV18的感染率分别为51.7%(31/60)、30.0%(18/60)和20.0%(4/20),在乳腺癌组织中HPV18感染率与其它两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;在乳腺癌组织、癌旁组织及乳腺癌患者正常乳腺组织中HPV16和18的共感染率分别为38.3%(23/60)、10.0%(6/60)和10.0%(2/20),乳腺癌组织中HPV16和18的共感染率与癌旁组织及乳腺癌患者正常乳腺组织比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:乳腺癌组织中高危型人乳头状瘤病毒HPV16、HPV18感染率明显高于癌旁乳腺组织及乳腺癌患者正常乳腺组织,HPV16、HPV18感染与乳腺癌的发生、发展可能有一定的关系。     

河南地区食管鳞癌和贲门腺癌与人乳头瘤病毒感染相关性的分析

目的:了解人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV16)与河南食管癌高发地区食管鳞癌、贲门腺癌发生的关系.方法:利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)对高发区食管鳞癌组织(44例)、贲门腺癌组织(18例)进行HPV-DNA检测.结果:食管鳞癌及贲门腺癌组织中均检测到HPV16 E6 DNA表达,但食管鳞癌HPV16 E6 DNA表达(84%,37/44)明显高于贲门腺癌(44%,8/18),P<0.01.食管鳞癌及贲门腺癌组织中,高危型HPV16 E6 DNA表达与患者年龄、性别、分化程度、浸润程度,淋巴结转移以及肿瘤分级无相关性,P值均＞0.05.结论:同一地区食管鳞癌和贲门腺癌均有不同程度HPV感染,提示HPV可能是两者共同相关致病危险因素,高危型HPV16感染可能在食管鳞癌和贲门腺癌发生中起重要作用.     

人乳头瘤病毒感染亚型与宫颈病变的关系

目的探讨HPV感染与宫颈病变发生的关系。方法将病理检查确诊宫颈有病变的187例患者分为3组:慢性炎症组(n=41)、宫颈上皮瘤变(CIN)组(n=62)和宫颈癌组(n=84)。采用人乳头瘤病毒核酸扩增分型技术对患者宫颈脱落细胞样本作HPV基因分型检测,分析HPV感染状况及HPV基因型在各组疾病中的分布。结果 1187例患者中共检出HPV阳性者136例,阳性率为72.72%(136/187),其中高危型HPV感染阳性率为95.58%(130/136)。在被测的21个HPV亚型中最常见的6个类型依次为16型(46.32%、63/136),58型(21.32%、29/136),52型(15.44%、21/136),18型(12.50%、17/136),33型(9.56%、13/136),31型(8.09%、11/136),未检测出44型、43型及6型。2慢性炎症组HPV阳性率为14.63%(6/41);CIN组HPV阳性率为85.48%(53/62)、其中CINⅠ组、CINⅡ组、CINⅢ组中HPV感染率分别为62.50%(10/16)、90.47%(19/21)、96.00%(24/25);宫颈癌组HPV阳性率91.67%(77/84)。CIN及宫颈癌组HPV阳性率均高于炎症组,而CINⅡ~CINⅢ组及宫颈癌组HPV阳性率又明显高于CINⅠ组。3组阳性表达率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3HPV阳性者中单一感染率为67.65(92/136),多重感染率为32.35%(44/136),其中以双重感染为主,占79.55%(35/44)。4HPV感染患者年龄以30~59岁最高,但各年龄段HPV感染检出率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。5慢性炎症组、CIN组和宫颈癌组的16型感染率分别为16.67%(1/6)、47.16%(25/53)、48.05%(37/77)。CIN组和宫颈癌组的16型感染率高于慢性炎症组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 HPV感染与宫颈病变发生、发展密切相关,HPV基因分型诊断对宫颈病变高危人群的筛查、预防、临床诊断、治疗可提供重要的理论依据。     

河北省磁县食管癌高发区食管鳞状细胞癌组织HPV检测及FHIT表达的研究

背景与目的:河北省磁县是食管癌高发区,有关人乳头状瘤病毒(humanpapillomavirus,HPV)感染和当地食管癌发生的关系尚无研究报道。本研究旨在探讨HPV感染在当地食管癌发生中的病因学意义,同时分析与环境致癌物密切相关的脆性组氨酸三联体基因(fragilehistidinetriad,FHIT)表达与HPV感染的关系。方法:收集河北省磁县食管癌高发区128例和非高发区24例食管鳞状细胞癌石蜡包埋组织,用PCR进行HPV检测,用免疫组化方法分析FHIT在蛋白水平上的表达情况,同时分析HPV感染和FHIT异常表达的关系。结果:PCR检测结果表明,河北省食管癌高发区食管鳞状细胞癌组织中HPV检出率为20.3%,略高于非高发区(8.3%),但两者差别无显著性(P>0.05)。免疫组化结果显示,食管癌高发区食管鳞癌组织中FHIT基因异常表达率(75.6%)明显高于非高发区食管鳞癌组织(54.2%,P<0.05)。食管癌组织中HPV感染和FHIT的异常表达之间无明显相关性。结论:河北省食管癌高发区食管癌组织FHIT的异常表达率明显高于非高发区病例。     

人乳头状瘤病毒感染及人白细胞抗原-DQB1等位基因多态性与南疆维吾尔族女性宫颈癌的关系

目的 探讨人类乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染及人类白细胞抗原(HLA)-DQB1等位基因多态性与南疆维吾尔族女性官颈癌的关系.方法 采用导流杂交基因芯片技术,检测190例南疆维吾尔族女性宫颈癌组织和190例正常维吾尔族女性宫颈组织21种HPV亚型的感染情况.采用聚合酶链反应序列特异性寡核苷酸探针(PCR-SSO)检测其5个HLA-DQB1等位基因的基因频率.结果 (1)在对照组中,HPV感染17例,感染率为8.9%.190例宫颈癌中,HPV感染133例,感染率为70.0%,高于对照组(P<0.05).其中HPV16的感染率最高,为64.7%,也明显高于对照组(3.7%,P<0.05).其他亚型的感染率均远低于HPV16,依次为HPV18(2.6%)、HPV68(2.1%)、HPV45(1.6%)、HPV58(1.6%)、HPV39(1.6%)、HPV31(1.1%)、HPV56(1.1%)及HPV59(0.5%),中国汉族人常见类型HPV53和低危型HPV6的感染率均为0.5%.(2)宫颈癌组和对照组的HLA-DQBI*03基因分布差异有统计学意义(P=0.014),携带HLA-DQB1*03基因者罹患宫颈癌的风险降低31.7%(OR=0.683),其他等位基因与维吾尔族女性宫颈癌的发生无关.(3)携带HLA-DQB1*06基因的宫颈癌患者HPV和HPV16的感染率高于非HLA-DQB1*06携带者(P值分别为0.046和0.025),携带HLA-DQB1*06等位基因的维吾尔族女性更容易被HPV和HPV16感染(OR分别为1.808和1.879).其他等位基因与HPV及HPV16感染无关.结论 南疆维吾尔族女性宫颈癌患者的HPV感染率高于非宫颈癌女性,均以HPV16感染为主.HLA-DQB1*03可能为南疆维吾尔族女性罹患宫颈癌的保护基因.HLA-DQB1*06为HPV和HPV16感染的易感基因.     

陕西省延安地区女性HPV感染及基因分型年龄分布

目的 宫颈癌的发生发展与人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)密切相关,本研究分析陕西省延安地区女性宫颈HPV感染情况及基因亚型年龄分布,为本地区女性宫颈癌防治和HPV感染的分子流行病学研究提供重要依据.方法 选择2011-01-01-2015-07-31延安大学附属医院体检(478例)、"两癌"筛查、机会性筛查(2 250例)及就诊(814例)的3 542例女性患者作为研究对象,采用PCR体外扩增和DNA反向点杂交相结合的DNA芯片技术进行HPV基因分型检测.结果 HPV感染率为40.54%(1 436/3 542),其中高危型HPV感染率38.42%(1 361/3 542);低危型HPV感染率3.78%(134/3 542);感染年龄分布以≥61岁年龄组感染率最高,其次是51~60岁年龄组.各年龄组HPV感染率和高危感染率比较差异均有统计学意义,P<0.05;低危感染率比较差异无统计学意义,P>0.05.按年龄组统计,高危亚型检出频次由高到低排列前3位,≤30岁年龄组为HPV16、HPV58和HPV39,其余各组均为HPV16、HPV58和HPV52.低危感染以HPV6和HPV11为主.单一型别感染占总感染人数的74.72%(1 073/1 436),其中单一高危感染占69.56%(999/1 436),单一低危占5.15%(74/1 436).多重感染占总感染人数的25.27%(363/1 436),最高检出四重感染.单一感染率、单一高危感染率最高的为41~50岁年龄组,多重高危感染率和高低危混合多重感染率最高的是≥61岁年龄组,各年龄组高低危混合多重感染率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余感染类型差异均无统计学意义,P>0.05.结论 陕西省延安地区HPV感染年龄分布以≥61岁年龄组较高,主要亚型为HPV16、HPV58和HPV52,感染类型以单一感染为主,提示HPV亚型的分析对疫苗的研发和宫颈癌的筛查及防治有指导意义.     

食管鳞癌中HPV-16/18感染与c-erbB-2、p53和Rb表达及其意义

目的 :探讨食管鳞癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒HPV 16 / 18感染与c erbB 2、p5 3和Rb表达及其意义。方法 :采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)法检测 90例活检存档的食管鳞癌蜡块中HPV 16 / 18的感染情况 ,从中随机选择 2 0例 ,采用免疫组化法检测单独的HPV 16感染及c erbB 2、p5 3和Rb表达。结果 :PCR检测食管癌组织HPV 16 / 18的感染率为 31 1% (2 8/ 90 ) ;免疫组化法检测食管癌组织中单独的HPV 16的感染率为 5 5 % (11/ 2 0 )。食管癌组织表达c erbB 2、Rb和p5 3和Rb的阳性率分别为 75 % (15 / 2 0 )、6 5 % (13/ 2 0 )和 80 % (16 / 2 0 )。HPV 16感染与c erbB 2、Rb和p5 3表达之间未见相关性。HPV 16感染以及c erbB 2、p5 3和Rb表达与淋巴结转移之间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。p5 3表达与食管癌组织学分级之间差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而HPV 16感染以及Rb和c erbB 2表达与食管癌组织学分级之间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :食管癌组织中HPV 16 / 18感染与c erbB 2、p5 3和Rb表达之间的关系是复杂的 ,尚有待于进一步研究。     

Viral load of HPV in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

We previously reported the presence of HPV DNA in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cases from Hong Kong and Sichuan. The role of HPV in the carcinogenesis of ESCC remains unclear, partly due to the large variations in infection rates reported by different studies. While some of these variations may truly reflect different HPV infection rates in ESCC among different geographic regions, differences in sensitivity and specificity of the detection methods used also contribute. In the present study, we used quantitative real-time PCR to determine the copy numbers of HPV-16 and HPV-18 in ESCC from 5 different regions of China with different incidence rates of ESCC. Conforming to our previous reports, HPV infection was detected in 2-22.2% of samples. Infection with HPV-16 was again shown to be more common than that with HPV-18 among Chinese ESCC patients. The copy number of HPV-16 in these ESCC cases ranged from < or =1 to 157 copies/genome equivalent, with 65% of samples harboring fewer than 10 copies/genome equivalent. The median copy number of HPV-18 was 4.9/genome equivalent. Assays were validated using cervical carcinoma cell lines with known copy numbers of HPV-16 or HPV-18. The relatively low HPV copy number and infection rate in ESCC suggest that HPV is unlikely to play as essential a role in the carcinogenesis of ESCC as in cervical cancer. However, with the consistent detection of oncogenic HPVs in ESCC from some regions of China, the possibility of HPV infection being one of the multiple risk factors of ESCC in some geographic areas cannot be excluded.     

p53 codon 72 polymorphism (C/G) and the risk of human papillomavirus-associated carcinomas in China

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) plays an important role in the development of carcinomas at various body sites. It was found previously that the p53 codon 72 polymorphism (C/G) is a high-risk factor for the development HPV-associated cervical carcinoma. However, it still was considered controversial in several studies of cervical and esophageal carcinoma. METHODS: In the current study, the authors used an allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to analyze correlation between the p53 codon 72 (C/G) polymorphism and HPV-associated, noncancerous esophageal epithelium as well as esophageal, ovarian, and breast carcinoma in the Chinese population. Esophageal balloon cytology examination samples were obtained from high-incidence and low-incidence populations for esophageal carcinoma in Anyang (Henan Province). RESULTS: Thirty-six of 48 esophageal balloon samples from the high-incidence population were HPV positive, and 13 of 33 esophageal balloon samples from the low-incidence population were HPV positive. Thirty-nine of 62 esophageal carcinoma samples from Anyang Tumor Hospital were HPV positive. Twenty-six of 39 ovarian carcinoma samples from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College were HPV positive. Nineteen of 82 breast carcinoma samples from Beijing Cancer Hospital were HPV positive. It is noteworthy that the distribution of the p53 codon 72 Arg homozygous genotype in HPV positive samples of esophageal epithelium, ovarian carcinoma, and breast carcinoma was significantly higher compared with HPV negative tumor samples. (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The current results suggest that the p53 codon 72 Arg homozygous genotype is one of the high-risk genetic factors for HPV-associated malignancies among the Chinese population.     

高危型人乳头瘤状病毒感染与湖北十堰食管鳞癌发生的关系研究

目的:检测高危型人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)在十堰地区食管鳞癌(esophageal squa-mous cell carcinoma,ESCC)组织中的感染率,分析其相关性.方法:收集十堰地区87例食管鳞癌组织和50例对照组食管组织,实时荧光定量PCR法检测组织中HPV16感染率.结果:食管鳞癌组织和对照组食管组织中HPV16的检出率分别为57.5%和36.0%,食管鳞癌组织中HPV16感染率显著高于对照组(P=0.016<0.05).分析食管鳞癌患者年龄、性别、病理分级、大体分型、浸润深度、淋巴结侵犯以及TNM分期与HPV16感染的关系,差异均无统计学意义.HPV16感染与食管鳞癌患者临床特征未见显著相关性.结论:HPV16感染可能是十堰地区食管鳞癌发生的因素之一,针对高危型HPV感染的防治对于该地区食管鳞癌的发生具有重要意义.     

Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a multicenter study in China

A large-scale epidemiologic survey on the prevalence of different types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cancer in China is indicated because of the implications for the development of diagnostic probes and vaccines against cervical cancer. A total of 809 cervical cancer specimens were collected from 5 regions in China including Shanghai, Guangzhou, Sichuan, Beijing and Hong Kong. HPV DNA was detected in 83.7% of the specimens. HPV-16 was present in 79.6%, HPV-18 in 7.5%, HPV-52 in 2.6% and HPV-58 in 3.8% of all HPV-positive specimens. The prevalences of HPV-16 and HPV-18 in Hong Kong were 61.7 and 14.8%, respectively, representing a lower HPV-16 and a higher HPV-18 proportion compared with the other regions. HPV-16 remained the most common HPV infection in both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC). The proportion of HPV-18 infection was significantly higher in AC than in SCC.     

Detection of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus and Human Papillomavirus in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Non-Cancerous Esophageal Samples in Northern Iran

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the hypothesized causes of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but the etiological association remains uncertain. It was postulated that other infectious agents together with HPV may increase the risk of ESCC. The current investigation aimed to explore the presence of a new human tumor virus, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), together with HPV in ESCC tumors and non-cancerous esophageal samples in northern Iran. In total, 96 esophageal samples (51 with ESCC, and 45 without esophageal malignancy) were examined. HPV DNA was detected in esophageal specimens of 16 out of the 51 ESCC cases (31.4 %) and 20 out of the 45 non-cancerous samples (44.4 %). Untypable HPV genotypes were recognized in high rates in cancerous (75.0 %) and non-cancerous (55.0 %) esophageal specimens. MCPyV DNA was detected in esophageal specimens of 23 out of the 51 ESCC cases (45.1 %) and 16 out of the 45 non-cancerous samples (35.6 %). The mean MCPyV DNA copy number was 1.0 × 10^?5 ± 2.4 × 10^?5 and 6.0 × 10^?6 ± 1.3 × 10^?5 per cell in ESCC cases and non-cancerous samples, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between cancerous and non-cancerous samples regarding mean MCPyV DNA load (P = 0.353). A bayesian logistic regression model adjusted to the location of esophageal specimen and MCPyV infection, revealed a significant association between HPV and odds of ESCC (OR, 2.45; 95 % CI: 1.01–6.16). This study provides the evidence of the detection of the MCPyV DNA at a low viral copy number in cancerous and non- cancerous esophageal samples.     

P16INK4a Immunostaining but Lack of Human Papilloma Virus Type 16 in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Basal Cell Carcinoma: a Report from West Iran

The tumor suppressor p16 is a biomarker for transforming human papilloma virus (HPV) infections that can lead to contradictory results in skin carcinomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate p16 expression and HPV-16 infection in the cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This case-control study was performed on paraffin blocks of BCCs and SCCs and normal skin (53, 36, and 44 cases, respectively), between 2006 to 2015. Initial sections for groups were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E). Immunohistochemistry was performed for p16 expression and human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV-16) infection. Normal group was skin of mammoplasty specimens and normal skin tissue in the periphery of tumors. The mean age at diagnosis was 42.1, 61.7 and 71.4 years for normal, BCC and SCC groups, respectively. P16 positivity was more in SCC and BCC groups compared to normal group (P<0.05) and HPV was negative in all patients in three groups. Also, the mean age at diagnosis and P16-positivity were higher for the SCC group than the BCC group (P<0.005). In conclusion, in non-melanoma skin cancers (SCC and BCC), p16-positivity can be a prognostic factor but there is no correlation between HPV-16 and p16 in these tumors.     

Esophageal squamous cell cancer in patients with head and neck cancer: Prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA sequences

An etiologic role for human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in either head and neck (HNC) or esophageal carcinogenesis remains debatable. Patients with head and neck cancer are at high risk for developing a second esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC). The aim of our study was to determine whether HPV infections play a role in this multifocal carcinogenesis. Samples from 2 groups of HNC patients were studied: Random esophageal biopsies were collected from the first group of 60 patients who had been screened for asymptomatic ESCC. The second group consisted of 21 patients with pairs of HNC and ESCC. Both the fresh frozen biopsy samples of the first group and the paraffin-embedded specimens of the second group were evaluated for the presence of HPV DNA sequences by PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing. HPV DNA sequences were detected in 66.7% of normal/inflammatory (34/51) and dysplastic and malignant (6/9) esophageal tissues from HNC patients being screened endoscopically. Similarly, in the second group of 21 patients with both HNC and ESCC, HPV DNA sequences were demonstrated in 13 (61.9%) of the HNC biopsies and in 14 (66.7%) of the ESCC biopsies. The prevalence of high-risk-type HPV 16 was low (5/51, 9.8%) in normal/inflammatory esophageal mucosa but higher (10/24, 47.6%) in ESCC. The low-risk HPV 11 was present in 37.3% (19/51) of normal/inflammatory, 66.7% (4/6) of dysplastic and 28.9% (13/45) of the carcinoma samples. The same HPV type was present in only 3/21 pairs of HNC and ESCC samples, suggesting that a clonal expansion from the HNC to a subsequent ESCC, or visa versa, is unlikely. The high prevalence of "low-risk" HPV infections points to the need for studies on possible interactions of these infections with the use of alcohol and tobacco in the pathogenesis of these tumors.     

Evaluation of human papilloma virus infection in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from the Caspian Sea area, north of Iran

Introduction: HPV has been found repeatedly in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues. However,reported detection rates of HPV DNA in these tumors have varied markedly. Differences in detection methods,sample types, and geographic regions of sample origin have been suggested as potential causes of variation. Wehave reported that infection of HPV DNA in ESCC tumors depends on anatomical sites of esophagus of thepatients from Mazandaran, north of Iran. Materials and Methods: HPV DNA was examined in 46 upper, 69middle and 62 lower third anatomical sites of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma specimens collected fromMazandaran province in north Iran, near the Caspian Littoral as a region with high incidence of ESCC. HPVL1 DNA was detected using Qualitative Real time PCR and MY09/MY11 primers. Results: 28.3% of upper,29% of middle and 25.8% of lower third of ESCC samples were positive for HPV DNA. 13.6% for males and14.1% for females were HPV positive in all samples. Conclusions: HPV infection is about one third of ESCCin this area. Findings in this study increase the possibility that HPV is involved in esophageal carcinogenesis.Further investigation with a larger sample size is necessary.