外科脱位入路头凹植骨联合自体骨髓浓集液和富血小板血浆凝胶治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死的疗效分析

目的 探讨外科脱位入路头凹处清除死骨植骨联合自体骨髓浓集液和富血小板凝胶治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2014年8月-2016年12月应用外科脱位入路经头凹清除死骨植骨联合自体骨髓浓集液和富血小板凝胶治疗23例(26髋)非创伤性股骨头坏死病例资料。其中男15例(18髋),女8例(8髋);年龄21～53岁,平均36.2岁;激素性股骨头坏死12例(15髋),酒精性股骨头坏死8例(8髋),特发性股骨头坏死3例(3髋);国际骨循环研究协会(ARCO)股骨头坏死分期Ⅱb期5髋,Ⅱc期12髋,Ⅲa期5髋,Ⅲb期3髋,Ⅲc期1髋。术前制备自体富血小板血浆和骨髓浓集液,测定富血小板血浆中血小板水平以及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)的含量,检测骨髓浓集液中骨髓单核细胞数量。无菌条件下制备骨髓浓集液和富血小板血浆凝胶。采取髋关节外科脱位入路显露股骨头,经股骨头凹处开窗进行死骨清除,将自体骨粒与骨髓浓集液、富血小板血浆凝胶混合后,经股骨头凹处顺向打压植骨。记录手术时间、术中出血量,观察术后并发症发生情况。术后3、6、12个月行骨盆X线片及CT、MRI检查,观察关节面塌陷及骨修复重建情况。末次随访时采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估关节疼痛情况, 采用Harris 髋关节评分标准评定疗效。结果 富血小板血浆测定血小板水平为(1.82±0.29)×10⁶/μL,其中VEGF和TGF-β水平分别为(504.32±52.13)pg/mL、(134.19±20.52)ng/mL。骨髓浓集液中骨髓单核细胞数量为(8.17±1.54)×10⁵/L。所有患者均顺利完成手术。手术时间80～125 min,平均108 min;术中出血250～400 mL,平均320 mL。23例患者术后随访26～42个月,平均36.6个月。1例出现大转子截骨端延迟愈合,二次手术后4个月愈合。11例(11髋)出现了关节面不同程度塌陷,其中10髋关节面塌陷1.0～3.0(1.9±0.82)mm,关节间隙可,塌陷关节面下骨质密度接近正常,关节功能正常,未予处理;1例股骨头坏死面积约占股骨头体积60%,术后17个月关节面塌陷3.5 mm,关节功能受限,行人工全髋关节置换。23例(26髋)中,术后25髋股骨头植骨均重建,完全重建时间为1～1.5年。25髋末次随访Harris评分(87.38±8.21)分,高于术前的(58.92±10.42),VAS(2.58±1.58)分,低于术前的(7.42±1.20)分,差异均有统计学意义(t=26.630、26.718, P值均<0.01)。结论 外科脱位入路头凹死骨清除打压植骨治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死,可以直视下彻底清除坏死骨;同时联合自体骨髓浓集液和富血小板血浆凝胶的应用,可为骨髓间充质干细胞提供细胞支架、增加骨髓间充质干细胞的数量及VEGF和TGF-β的水平,促进股骨头坏死的修复。     

带旋髂深血管骨瓣转移及解剖锁定钢板加空心钉固定治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折

目的探讨带旋髂深血管骨瓣转移及解剖锁定钢板加空心钉固定治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法2011年2月～2018年4月,本院共收治19例青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折,年龄25～44岁,平均35.2岁,按骨折部位分型:头下型9例,经颈型8例,基底型2例。按Garden分型,Ⅲ型12例,Ⅳ型7例。经髋关节改良Smith-Petersen入路,显露并处理股骨颈骨折断端,行髋关节Watson-Jones入路,骨折复位前,从该切口预置解剖锁定钢板与空心螺钉,并从骨折断端确定螺钉分布合理后,更换长螺钉确切固定股骨颈骨折,股骨颈开槽,取旋髂深血管骨瓣植入骨槽内。术后观察患者骨折愈合时间,发生骨不连及股骨头坏死情况,术后1年进行患髋Harris功能评分。结果 19例患者均获得随访,最短1年2个月,最长8年4个月,平均3年6个月,2例GardenⅣ颈下型分别出现骨不连及股骨头坏死,其余均完全骨性愈合,根据髋关节Harris功能评分,优良率89.5%。结论带旋髂深血管转移及解剖锁定钢板加空心钉固定可有效治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折,降低并发症的发生。     

空心加压螺纹钉联合带缝匠肌骨瓣移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的观察空心加压螺纹钉联合带缝匠肌骨瓣移植是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的临床治疗效果。方法采用回顾性资料分析方法,选取骨科1998年至2004年收治的青壮年股骨颈骨折21例,观察用空心加压螺纹钉联合带缝匠肌骨瓣移植是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折方法治疗后,骨折愈合情况,并发症的发生率及髋关节功能恢复情况。结果经1～3年的随访,本组病例中除2例并发股骨头坏死及髋内翻畸形外,其余病例均获愈合,功能优良率达90%以上。结论空心加压螺纹钉联合带缝匠肌骨瓣移植是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折是一种较为理想的手术治疗方法。     

多孔钽棒改善股骨颈骨折术后股骨头缺血性坏死患者的髋关节功能：随机对照临床试验方案

BACKGROUND:After femoral neck fracture, avascular necrosis of the femoral head occurs because of insufficient blood supply to the femoral head, resulting in increased difficulty in treatment, and greatly influencing the recovery of hip joint function. Core decompression and bone grafting is a common treatment method of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. A porous tantalum rod is a bone trabecula-like metal implant that is used to support weight-bearing area of necrotic bone, prevent further collapse of the necrotic area, and thereby exhibits favorable effects in the early treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Few randomized controlled studies are reported on porous tantalum rod implantation for treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after femoral neck fracture surgery. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether porous tantalum rod implantation can improve the hip joint function of patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head subjected to femoral neck fracture surgery. METHODS: This is a prospective, single-center, randomized, controlled, open trial, which will be performed in the Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, China. A total of 100 patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head subjected to femoral neck fracture surgery will be randomly assigned to undergo core decompression and porous tantalum rod implantation (experimental group, n=50) or only core decompression (control group, n=50). All patients will be followed up for 1 year. Primary outcome measure is the percentage of patients whose hip joint function is graded as excellent as per Harris scores 12 months after surgery in total patient number in each group, which will be used to evaluate the recovery of hip joint function. Secondary outcome measures include (1) the percentage of patients with excellent hip joint function 1 and 6 months after surgery in total patient number in each group; (2) Visual Analogue Scale spine score prior to and 1, 6 and 12 months after surgery, which will be used to evaluate the severity of pain; (3) the percentage of patients presenting with femoral head collapse, prosthesis loosening and peri-prosthesis infection 6 and 12 months after surgery, which will be used to evaluate the biocompatibility of biomaterial with host; and (4) incidence of complications 6 and 12 months after surgery, which will be used to evaluate the safety of porous tantalum rod implantation. This study protocol has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital of China (approval number: QHY1016B) and will be performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, formulated by the World Medical Association. Signed informed consent regarding trial procedure and treatment will be obtained from each patient.  DISCUSSION: This study is powered to validate the biocompatibility and therapeutic effects of porous tantalum rods in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after femoral neck fracture surgery, which hopes to provide a novel persuasive surgical treatment method for this disease.     

冷冻保存异体骨膜移植治疗髋关节骨性关节炎

目的：报道采用冷冻保存胚胎颅骨骨膜移植修复髋关节软骨大面积缺损的治疗结果。方法：自1990年5月—1994年4月，对42例(47侧)髋关节软骨全厚缺损采用冷冻保存胚胎颅骨骨膜移植进行修复，其中14例股骨头骨质重度坏死者，同时施行带旋髂深血管髂骨植骨。对34例(38侧)髋关节进行了2～6年(平均40个月)随访。结果：按照吴之康髋关节人工置换术后疗效评定标准．术前平均得分6．4分，术后平均得分15.8分，优良25例，很好5例，好3例，尚可1例。结论：与自体移植物修复关节软骨大面积缺损相比，本方法无附加损伤，具有移植材料来源充分，取材量大．形态与股骨头相似等特点，是治疗髋关节软骨大面积缺损的一种有效方法。     

个体股骨头坏死三维有限元模型的建立与应用

同时基于个体股骨头坏死患者的X-ray、CT和MRI图像,采用图像配准和融合技术对包含坏死股骨头的髋关节进行三维重建,获取具有高度几何相似性的三维有限元网格模型。选择1例中年女性股骨头坏死患者,分别获取X-ray、CT和MRI三套图像,采用Mimics 13.1和Pro/E 5.1软件分别基于这三套数据建立相关三维实体模型,经图像投影转换后,确定图像之间的匹配点,进行二维图像配准,配准后对成功融合的图像进行三维有限元网格模型显示。建立了具有良好几何相似性的髋关节三维有限元网格模型,包括正常皮质骨、松质骨、关节软骨和股骨头坏死区、断裂骨小梁等六部份,较真实地反映了包含坏死股骨头的髋关节的形态特征及毗邻关系,为进一步的生物力学分析和手术模拟提供了较理想的研究平台。     

非创伤性股骨头坏死69例83髋：带血管蒂臀中肌骨瓣移植复合骨形态发生蛋白和自体松质骨的修复

背景：目前成人股骨头非创伤性坏死的治疗方法较多,但远期疗效大多不肯定。 目的：观察带血管蒂臀中肌骨瓣移植复合骨形态发生蛋白和自体松质骨治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死的临床效果。 方法：采用彻底刮除病灶死骨、骨形态发生蛋白混合自体松质骨加带血管蒂的臀中肌骨瓣移植治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死69例83髋。股骨颈部的缺损用取自大转子的臀中肌骨瓣嵌入,不作内固定。治疗后定期复查髋正位X射线片。 结果与结论：患者随访12~120个月,患者治疗后的髋关节疼痛明显缓解或消失,关节活动度改善。根据中华医学会推荐的100分评分法进行评价,优48髋(58%),良27髋(33%),可6髋(7%),差2髋(2%),优良率为90%。提示带血管蒂的臀中肌骨瓣移植复合骨形态发生蛋白和自体松质骨治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死创伤小,能促进坏死骨修复。但远期疗效尚待进一步观察。     

Stress and strain analysis of the hip joint using FEM.

Many disorders of the hip can be treated with a suitable osteotomy based on the improvement of mechanical conditions in the hip joint. These operations, such as osteotomies are very complex. The surface replacement has also been developed as an alternative to a total hip replacement for young and more active people. It is up-to-date to concern with biomechanics of pathological hips and it is necessary to supplement the existing clinical findings with the results of mechanical analyses. Several finite element (FE) models are presented in this paper. The first one offers solutions to the strain-stress analysis of the physiological hip. The second one represents dysplastic hip joint. Another two computational models of both hips of a young patient were created (FE model of physiological hip and pathological hip affected by Perthes disease with a deformed shape of the femoral head). Also a computational model is presented, which enables us to investigate strain and stress parameters in the hip joint with applied surface replacement. The strain and stress analysis was performed by means of finite element method (FEM) in ANSYS system.     

The sphericity of the femoral head

Ten femoral heads, three of them grossly pathological, have been examined to determine their shape, employing seven types of testing. We found the sagittal section of the normal femoral head to be remarkably circular, with very close concentricity of the surface of the articular cartilage and the underlying bone. The surface of the cartilage seen in the sagittal section was even more truly circular than the surface of the underlying bone. Comparing the circularity of sections in three planes the greatest deviation from true circularity was found in the section seen in the frontal plane. We found no position of the hip joint in which the femoral head protrudes from the acetabulum more than in any other, nor have our observations revealed any inherent stability of the hip joint attributable to peculiarities in the shape of the opposed surface, enabling these to lock one into the other. Study of the circularity of the eburnated parts of arthritic femoral heads suggests that the process which keeps the normal femoral head spherical is well-known in production engineering, and is of such a nature that the attainment of high degrees of sphericity is not at all surprising.     

The sensory innervation of the hip joint - An anatomical study

Typically obturator nerve blockade is used to relieve hip pain. It sometimes only has a minor effect in resolving symptoms. This clinical observation led us to examine comprehensively the sensory nerve innervation of formalin-fixed hip joint capsules. Following macroscopic preparation, the area of the hip joint capsule was inspected with the aid of an operating microscope. We discovered a separation between the anterior and posterior sensory innervation of the hip joint capsule. The anteromedial innervation was determined by the articular branches of the obturator n. Additionally, the anterior hip joint capsule was innervated by sensory articular branches from the femoral n. In the posterior part we found articular branches from the sciatic n., which in addition to the articular branches from the nerves to the quadratus femoris m., innervate the posteromedial section of the hip joint capsule. Moreover, articular branches of the superior gluteal n. were found, which innervate the posterolateral section of the hip joint capsule. This anatomical study demonstrates that the obturator n. block is insufficient for the treatment of hip pain. Further investigations will determine if these nn. can be reached percutaneously. Effective neural blockade of the hip joint must include the femoral n., the sciatic n. and the superior gluteal n.     

Vascularized the greater trochanter grafting treatment cysts of the femoral neck

Bone cyst is a common benign bone tumor lesion, it is characterized by a clear boundary appearing round or oval osteolytic area, cortical bone thinning, and sometimes it can be visible sclerotic margin. Limb long bone cysts occur more common shares, the current jaw bone cysts are also relatively common, and most patients are asymptomatic. Femoral neck bone cyst can lead to pain and pathologic fractures, which is one of the main reasons why patients are in treatment. Due to the lesion site and patients age specificity of femoral proximal bone cysts especially femoral neck bone cysts in young adults, treatment is necessary to completely remove the lesion to prevent cyst recurrence, but also as far as possible to restore function in patients with hip joint.     

有限元分析髓芯减压并同种异体植骨治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的生物力学改变

目的:分析髓芯减压并同种异体植骨治疗早期股骨头缺血性坏死的临床应用。方法:选取收治的1例早期股骨头缺血坏死男性患者,入院后术前对患侧股骨头行多层螺旋CT扫描,然后将CT扫描的图片资料导入专业的有限元分析软件,建立股骨头缺血坏死的有限元模型,在有限元模型上模拟进行髓芯钻孔减压术,隧道植入骨块到软骨下骨约0~6 mm处,自体松质骨夯实。双足站立位为股骨头的模拟受力体位,髋关节的负荷条件为:外展肌合力M、髂胫束力T以及髋关节接触力J分别为1 060、1 721、1 621 N,选取90°、120°以及150°的坏死角度,分别计算未处理过的股骨头坏死模型的塌陷值、行单纯髓芯减压以及行髓芯减压加植骨时的塌陷值。结果:股骨头的正常骨质杨氏模量高于坏死骨的杨氏模量,正常骨质的横向变形系数低于坏死骨。行股骨头髓芯钻孔减压术后,股骨头的塌陷值显著增加,而减压隧道植入同种异体骨后,其塌陷值显著减低,但高于正常的股骨头。同时,由于股骨头坏死角度的增加,其塌陷值也明显增加。结论:髓芯钻孔减压并同种异体植骨术能有效增进坏死区的骨质修复,加强减压通道所致股骨头支撑结构的改变,防止股骨头关节面的塌陷。     

动力化髋关节外固定器研制及其临床试用

目的 研制动力化髋关节外固定器,并辅助带血管蒂的髂骨瓣移植治疗股骨头坏死,评价其治疗效果.方法 根据髋关节的解剖学和运动学特点,设计动力化髋关节外固定器;对4例中年股骨头坏死患者,采用动力化髋关节外固定器辅助带血管蒂的髂骨瓣移植治疗.术前、术后进行Harris评分和常规的X线检查,并进行对比.结果 经12～30个月的随访,Harris评分由术前的平均56分提高到术后平均81分,良3例,可1例.X线检查,移植的髂骨瓣愈合良好,关节间隙平均4mm.结论 通过本组病例观察,动力化髋关节外固定器可维持髋关节的间隙,带血管蒂的髂骨瓣可恢复股骨头的血运,两者技术的结合使用较好地解决在股骨头修复期早期功能锻炼的问题.     

Core decompression and alendronate treatment of the osteonecrotic rat femoral head: computer‐assisted analysis

Femoral head avascular necrosis is a process leading to femoral head deformity and osteoarthritic changes in the hip joint. Alendronate slows down bone resorption and remodelling in rats, while core decompression hastens the healing processes. We evaluated the influence of daily alendronate treatment on the rat femoral head shape after surgical osteonecrosis with core decompression, compared with controls. No differences were found in shape factor and femoral head height/length ratios. It was concluded that alendronate treatment slows down the process of replacing osteonecrotic bone by new bone and prevents early immature new bone collapse resulting from early revascularization because of core decompression.     

髓芯减压联合同种异体骨打压植骨治疗早期股骨头坏死的疗效观察

目的 探讨髓芯减压联合同种异体骨打压植骨治疗早期股骨头坏死的临床疗效。方法 采用随机数字表法将2016年1月~2017年6月于我院诊治的早期股骨头坏死患者40例分为两组,各20例。对照组采用多孔钽棒植入治疗,观察组行髓芯减压联合同种异体骨打压植骨治疗,比较两组患者治疗前后Harris髋关节评分及临床疗效。结果 治疗前两组患者Harris评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,治疗后观察组Harris评分优于对照组[（82.56±8.42）分 vs （74.53±7.31）分],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 早期股骨头坏死患者选择髓芯减压+同种异体骨打压植骨治疗效果显著,可充分改善患者髋关节功能,促使患者尽早康复,值得临床上广泛应用。     

A2型高龄股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折的治疗策略

目的通过观察人工股骨头置换术治疗A2型高龄股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折的疗效,探讨A2型高龄股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折的治疗策略。方法自1999年1月~2010年4月对23例A2型高龄粗隆间骨折采用人工股骨头置换术,男8例,女15例,年龄75~99岁,平均年龄78.5岁。按AO分型:A2.1型8例,A2.2型12例,A2.3型3例。致伤原因:跌伤19例,车祸伤4例。观察手术时间、术中出血、术后卧床时间及治疗效果并采用Harris评分进行评定。结果 23例高龄病人均安全度过围手术期,其中1人术后3个月死于癫痫。22例随访8~18月,平均12月,术后8个月Harris评分,优17例,良3例,可2例,差0例,优良率91%。结论人工股骨头置换术治疗A2型骨折能达到即刻稳定的目的,可满足肢体早期负重活动,具有操作简单、手术时间短、出血量少等优点,对于高龄患者的治疗是一种好的选择。     

Comparison of two stretching methods and optimization of stretching protocol for the piriformis muscle

Piriformis syndrome is an uncommon diagnosis for a non-discogenic form of sciatica whose treatment has traditionally focused on stretching the piriformis muscle (PiM). Conventional stretches include hip flexion, adduction, and external rotation. Using three-dimensional modeling, we quantified the amount of (PiM) elongation resulting from two conventional stretches and we investigated by use of a computational model alternate stretching protocols that would optimize PiM stretching.Seven subjects underwent three CT scans: one supine, one with hip flexion, adduction, then external rotation (ADD stretch), and one with hip flexion, external rotation, then adduction (ExR stretch). Three-dimensional bone models were constructed from the CT scans. PiM elongation during these stretches, femoral neck inclination, femoral head anteversion, and trochanteric anteversion were measured. A computer program was developed to map PiM length over a range of hip joint positions and was validated against the measured scans.ExR and ADD stretches elongated the PiM similarly by approximately 12%. Femoral head and greater trochanter anteversion influenced PiM elongation. Placing the hip joints in 115° of hip flexion, 40° of external rotation and 25° of adduction or 120° of hip flexion, 50° of external rotation and 30° of adduction increased PiM elongation by 30–40% compared to conventional stretches (15.1 and 15.3% increases in PiM muscle length, respectively).ExR and ADD stretches elongate the PiM similarly and therefore may have similar clinical effectiveness. The optimized stretches led to larger increases in PiM length and may be more easily performed by some patients due to increased hip flexion.     

骨髓间充质干细胞增殖能力与皮质类固醇性骨坏死

背景：皮质类固醇激素性骨坏死是造成髋关节功能丧失的主要病因之一。近年研究表明,激素性股骨头坏死可能与激素引起的骨髓间充质干细胞增殖能力有关。 目的：检测皮质类固醇性骨坏死患者骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖活性,为建立自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗股骨头坏死的合理性寻求证据。 方法：选取皮质类固醇性股骨头坏死病例设为股骨头坏死组,按取材部位不同再分为股骨头坏死股骨头组、股骨头坏死髂骨组,同时选取无股骨头坏死、无激素应用的拟行人工关节置换的股骨颈骨折患者设为对照组。用密度梯度离心法分离各组骨髓间充质干细胞,再经贴壁筛选法筛选,选取第3代细胞进行实验。 结果与结论：MTT结果显示,股骨头坏死股骨头组增殖能力明显弱于其他2组,其骨髓间充质干细胞在培养后1-7 d为生长滞留期,第8天达到对数生长期,以后进入到平台期,而其他2组较病例组生长曲线明显前移,并且峰值增高。流式细胞仪测定的细胞周期结果显示,股骨头坏死股骨头组中G0/G1细胞比例明显增高,而S+G2/M期细胞比例降低,细胞增殖指数较其他2组降低(P < 0.05),而股骨头坏死髂骨组的细胞增殖活性最强。结果证实,皮质类固醇性骨坏死患者股骨头来源的骨髓间充质干细胞增殖活性较低,髂骨来源的骨髓间充质干细胞活性增殖活性较高。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

髋关节冠状断层影像解剖学

目的：为髋关节疾患的影像学诊断提供冠状断层解剖学基础。方法：成年男性右髋部标本5例(新鲜3，常规固定2)．先以解剖骨性标志画线．1例先作髋部冠状位MR1扫描．所有标本冻硬后．切制髋部冠状断层标本．结果：观察每一断层标小髓关节的主要结构、殴骨头韧带，髂股韧带和其周围组织的形态．位置、毗邻的特征及在连续断层的变化规伴；测量结果如下：股骨头垂直径41．2mm，冠状径42．9mm．髋臼冠状径52．7mm．髋臼深度29．6mm．股骨头及髋臼节软骨厚各为3.3mm与2．5mm，股骨头韧带长25．1mm，厚2．6mm．髂股韧带厚7．7mm。结论：髋关节的冠状断层解剖各结构形态、位置及变化规律．为临床骨科、影像学及髋关节镜技术诊断与治疗髋关节疾患，提供了有价值的形态学依据。