老年人胃癌76例的外科治疗和围手术期处理

目的探讨老年胃癌患者的临床特点及外科治疗的合理方案,指导临床诊治。方法回顾总结76例60岁以上老年胃癌患者的术前准备、手术方式选择及术后处理。结果76例中49例(64.5%)有糖尿病、心脏病、高血压等老年常见病,术后并发症共22例(28.9%),无手术死亡。结论老年胃癌患者术前营养状况的改善以及合并症的处理是围手术期的重要环节,手术方式应强调个体化原则。     

85岁转移性大肝癌手术后并发症防治的护理（附1例报告）

目的 手术是肝癌治疗的首选方法，对于高龄患者而言，术前合并症较多，术后出现并发症的几率高。本文针对高龄患者围术期护理如何改善患者术前状况、降低术后并发症的发生、保证术后顺利恢复进行了探讨。方法 本文选取一位85岁高龄男性患者，诊断：胃癌伴肝转移。治疗：行肝右叶下段切除＋胃窦癌切除＋胃空肠吻合术，具体分析了该患者的术前准备、术后护理等方面的措施。结果 患者年老体弱、免疫功能低下、手术耐受能力差，经过有针对性的围术期的护理，患者获得了良好的疗效。结论 针对高龄患者的特点，围术期采取有针对性的护理措施，能够明显改善术后恢复、预防并发症发生、提高手术治疗成功率。     

老年胃癌患者的治疗与围手术期处理分析

目的：探讨老年胃癌的临床特点和围手术期处理方法。方法：回顾性分析我院1995年1月-2006年1月外科收治的年龄超过或等于70岁的118例胃癌患者的临床资料。结果：老年人胃癌起病隐匿，临床以上腹疼痛、饱胀或不适，以及消瘦和食欲下降为主要表现，多有合并症。临床Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者占83．1%。107例患者予手术治疗，胃切除96例，其中根治性切除71例，姑息性切除25例。并存有重要器官慢性病变107例，出现术后并发症44例。结论：老年胃癌患者多位临床Ⅲ、Ⅳ期；术后并发症发生率高，应提高早期诊断率；手术治疗及围手术期的正确处理是提高老年胃癌患者生存率的关键。     

高龄结直肠癌伴多种合并症65例围术期护理

目的:探讨高龄结直肠癌伴多种合并症患者围术期的护理方法. 方法:对65例伴多种合并症的高龄结直肠癌患者在术前积极检查并治疗合并症,并做好其它围术期的护理. 结果:患者的合并症病情平稳,可耐受手术;术后并发症包括肠瘘2例,切口裂开2例,切口感染3例,肺部感染3例,心功能不全1例,死亡1例. 结论:对高龄结直肠癌患者行手术治疗,其合并症增加手术风险,术前积极治疗合并症,加强围术期护理,可提高手术成功率,降低并发症发生率.     

高龄梗阻性结肠癌病人的围术期处理与营养支持

目的探讨高龄梗阻性结肠癌病人的围术期处理及营养支持的作用。方法回顾分析我院1997年10月~2005年11月收治的57例高龄(70岁以上)结肠癌伴梗阻病人的临床资料,对其围术期合并症的术前评估、处理及营养支持进行探讨。结果57例全部行手术治疗,其中41例行切除性手术,切除率为71.9%,术后并发症发生率29.8%,死亡1例。结论高龄梗阻性结肠癌病人术前各脏器储备功能评估、合并症处理及营养支持至关重要,对提高手术切除率、减少并发症、降低死亡率有积极的意义。     

70岁以上老年结直肠癌50例的围手术期处理

目的方法探讨围手术期高龄结直肠癌的处理。方法回顾性分析1995年至2004年期间50例70岁以上结直肠癌患者的临床资料。结果高龄结直肠癌入院前误诊率较高(38%),并存病多(52%),病程较晚(DukesC、D期占60%),术后并发症多(34.8%)。结论手术切除是治疗高龄结直肠癌患者的首选方法,围手术期处理正确以及预防和治疗并发症是提高疗效的关键。     

56例老年胃癌的外科治疗

目的：探讨老年人胃癌的外科治疗。方法：回顾性分析56例60岁以上胃癌患者的外科治疗资料。结果：老年胃癌患者常有梗阻、出血，合并症多(64％)，肿瘤切除率为86％，术后并发症发生率为38％．围手术期死亡率为5％。结论：手术切除是目前老年胃癌病人最好治疗方法，而早期诊断．选择合理的手术方式以及加强围手术期处理是提高疗效的重要措施。     

29例高龄肺癌外科治疗临床分析

目的:探讨高龄肺癌外科治疗与围手术期处理的有关问题。方法:回顾性分析29例≥70岁原发性肺癌患者临床资料及手术治疗过程。结果:手术切除率96.55%(28/29);术后出现并发症22例(75.86%),围手术期死亡1例,病死率3.45%。术后1,3,5年生存率分别为57.14%,35.71%和32.14%。结论:高龄肺癌患者并发症多,病情复杂,但高龄不是手术绝对禁忌证,经积极围手术期处理,手术仍是治疗老年肺癌较好方法。重视合并症的诊断和治疗,充分的术前准备,合理选择手术时机与手术方式,加强术中与术后监测,是减少术后并发症和病死率,提高患者生存率,改善生存质量的关键。     

老年胃癌59例手术治疗的临床研究

目的探讨老年胃癌的临床特点及其手术治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析2009年10月至2011年2月采用手术治疗59例老年胃癌患者的临床资料。结果术前并存其它疾病者51例,占86.4%。术后发生并发症11例,发生率18.6%。全部病例均无吻合口瘘发生。40例获随访1～3年,术后1年、2年、3年生存率分别为67.5%(27/40)、40.0%(16/40)、30.0%(12/40)。结论老年人易患多脏器的慢性病,做好围手术期的处理,并根据患者的基础状况、肿瘤的病理分型采取合适的手术方法。老年胃癌患者手术治疗安全、远期疗效较好,是治疗老年胃癌的首选方法。     

高龄胆囊炎患者围手术期的预见性护理

目的 探讨高龄胆囊炎患者临床护理特点及特殊护理要求,提出围手术期预见性护理.方法 对我科2002年1月～2006年10月收治的63例高龄胆囊炎患者围手术期护理进行回顾性分析与总结.结果 19例保守治疗,44例行直视微创胆囊切除术、胆囊切除 胆总管探查术、LC等,均治愈出院.结论 高龄胆囊炎患者合并症发病率高,术后并发症多,护理上有其特殊性;加强围手术期预见性护理及并发症的预防是患者顺利康复的关键之一.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.